Protecting Our Common Homestead:A Comparative Study on Attitudes Towards Man and Nature in Chinese and the Western Culture

In light of increasingly worsening environmental pollution,this paper,through comparing different attitudes towards the relationship between man and nature in Chinese and the western culture,points out rebuilding a harmonious relationship between man and nature is the common object of human being,and appeals to people to shake off man-centered thinking pattern,and to treat nature as our friend.

The Thought of the Oneness Between Man and Nature in Walden

From the view of the ecological theory, this paper tries to analyze that Thoreau uses Chinese traditional philosophical thought--- the oneness of man and nature to deal with the relationship of human beings and the nature in Walden.

Harmony between man and nature:the base for the harmonious society

The harmony between man and nature is the base for the harmonious society. It is determined by the eco-ruleand eco-economic rule. Human being should not violate the eco-rule. However, human being can make eco-systemsupply suit economic growth and its speed through systematical innovation and restriction of human economic activityand choice. Through technological innovation, efficiency satisfaction of unit resource can be increased; structure andfunction of eco-system can be perfected; supply capability of eco-system can be improved. To build the harmonioussociety, human should consider the reasonable distribution of limited resources from two sides. The first one is that theutilization of two functions of resource supply and pollution purification to nature should not exceed its special supplycapability formed under its special structure and function states, i.e. harmony between man and nature. The second sideis human being should think over the reasonable and effective distribution of limited resources in economic society, i.e.harmony between human beings and society. The reasonable economic activity of human being is the key to the harmo-nious development of man and nature.

LET MAN DEVELOP IN HARMONY WITH NATURE

The development of human society is a process of continuous evolution in which humankind learns to understand, make use of, renovate and adapt itself to nature. Invariably,the CAS always attaches great importance to the comprehensive study of the protection and upgrade of the ecosystem for human existence and the co-ordination of relations between humankind and nature,and considers it of strategic significance for the overall S&T development of the country.As a result of painstaking efforts by generations of CAS professionals, a comprehensive research contingent has

On the Theory of Harmonious Co-existence between Man and Nature by Marx and Engels

Marx and Engles believed that man and nature develop harmoniously, when the activities of man constitute the content of nature, which is changed constantly because of the activities of man. Marx and Engles also pointed out the duality of the conquest, change and influence exerted on nature by man. On one hand, it can improve people’s living conditions and make people free from the enslavement of the nature. On the other hand, it may also lead to excessively snatching and wrecking nature, then make the deterioration of the environment and ecology out of balance. They also, from the technical angle of ecology, put forward the concrete measures to realize the harmonious symbiosis of man and nature in the development of economy. They also believed that only when socialism or communism is realized, can the conciliation of mankind and nature be realized finally. Marx and Engle’s theory of harmonious symbiosis of man and nature is of great theoretical directive significance for us to insist on the scientific development view.

Ways for Ecological Cultural Construction in Colleges and Universities

The steady and sound development of colleges and universities cannot go without the adoption of ecological thinking.However,the current construction of campus culture is disrupted by such prominent problems as insular ecological ethics,utilitarian talent cultivation pattern,poor academic atmosphere and distortion of values,hindering the rapid development of colleges and universities.Integrating the concept of ecological culture into the construction of campus culture and turning it into the mainstream culture serve as effective pathways to solve these problems and realize their mission of inheriting and passing on civilization.Advocating the harmony between man and nature,Natural History education is in line with ecological development concept and is an integral part of education on ecological pro-gress.The integration of Natural History education into the traditional education system in institutions of higher learning is conducive to educational diversity,cultivation of ecological awareness among students and transmission of socialist core values.College ecological culture can be better cultivated by establishing Natural History clubs,opening Natural History courses,carrying out ecological ethic education and implementing cultural communication on schools within the community.

Emancipative Development in Contemporary World Politics

In the contemporary world, various political actors, both within and outside of states, have continued to break through subjective and objective constraints to participate more and more widely in the political activities of the world society, which has promoted inclusiveness in the relationship between all actors and fostered reconciliation between man and nature. Historically, the political development of the world has followed two routes: one involves inter-personal relationships, which have evolved gradually through violent and non-violent forms of revolution from one marked by the conflict between the oppressed and the oppressors and between the exploited and the exploiters, to one marked by equality and mutual respect; and the other involves the progress of the forms of production organization and society made possible by the productive forces driving the production relations forward and the change to the economic foundation that forced the superstructure to experience fundamental transformation. The latter is fundamental and recessive, while the former is dominant, which has a direct impact on states and the broader world. In such a progressive evolution, the political transformation of the world has gradually changed from a violent one to a more peaceful one, and the grander trend has changed from having the features of national independence and liberation as well as a people's revolution, to having the features of seeking development in an all-around way and forging a harmonious world free from threat, fear and anxiety.Hereinto, the dominant role of rational human self-restraint is becoming more and more obvious, with which the actors, even those who onceopposed each other, are seeking mutual tolerance, acceptance and cooperation, including human respect for nature and the environment. In essence, this is indicative of the emancipation of human sociality and the reconciliation between man and nature, which is still currently under way.

中国式现代化与绿色发展

中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化,绿色发展是其显著特征和突出品质。中国积极推进生态环境建设,人与自然的关系相应地从生态赤字缓慢扩大期、生态赤字快速扩大期、再进入生态赤字缩小期、局部生态盈余期,未来将转向生态盈余期。党的十八大以来,中国生态文明建设在生态环境质量改善、生态保护修复、绿色低碳转型、全球生态治理贡献、中国特色制度体系创新等方面发生了历史性、转折性、全局性变化,但生态环境保护仍面临基础性问题,结构性压力、根源性压力、趋势性压力尚未根本缓解。为此,中国必须坚持长期主义,避免短期机会主义,坚持绿色增长,追求绿色发展的长期价值,并以绿色发展推进人与自然和谐共生现代化,即高质量发展与高水平保护统筹推进,整体推进与重点攻坚协同并进,科技创新与制度创新双轮驱动,正向激励与反向倒逼双向发力,多元参与与协同治理并行不悖,实践探索和经验总结紧密结合。

人与自然和谐共生现代化的生成逻辑

受“利益至上”发展理念影响,以资本主义私有制为制度基础的西方现代化对内剥削、对外殖民扩张,造成了人与自然关系的异化,激化了生态矛盾。不同于服务少数精英阶层的西方现代化,中国共产党冲破西方现代化藩篱,以中华优秀传统文化为依托,以马克思生态思想为指引,以中国共产党人百余年生态建设为实践,形成了符合中国国情、具有中国特色的中国式现代化,并以“促进人与自然和谐共生”为中国式现代化的本质要求。人与自然和谐共生的现代化体现了中国式现代化对自然规律的遵循、对人民利益的维护、对人自由全面发展的追求。

经济绿色发展对资本主义“自然悖论”的超越

在世界历史的进程中,资本主义大工业将科学和自然力运用到生产过程中,促进了生产力的进步与技术的提升。然而,由于资本主义的生产以价值增殖为根本目的,其最终成为生产力发展的桎梏和生态环境受到污染和破坏的根源,因此造成了不可避免的“自然悖论”。资本本性的剥削性和无限扩张特征,促使其对生态环境无止境地滥用与掠夺,资本主义再生产在充分利用生态环境的过程中造成了人与自然、人与人的“物质变换断裂”,产生了各种“城市病”和“文明病”。不同于资本主义“竭泽而渔”式的发展,以习近平同志为核心的党中央在经济发展方面始终坚持走绿色发展道路,推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化建设,强调经济社会发展与生态环境保护的具体的历史的统一。面对资本主义的“自然悖论”及其造成的“文明病”,中国特色社会主义的绿色发展理念坚持和发展了马克思主义理论,坚定不移走中国特色社会主义道路,奠定了高质量发展和高水平保护的制度性基础,促进了环境正义与社会正义的相互融合,在未来社会的绿色变革中发挥着重要作用。

面向人与自然和谐共生的环境党内法规的治理逻辑

建设面向人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化,中国式法治化是必然要求,其中环境法治不可或缺。中国式的环境法治必然要重视党内法规的特殊法治和治理功能。可从着力发挥党内法规在环境法治中的特殊作用、统筹推进环境综合治理的规范功能、推动构建人类环境命运共同体的制度文明三方面,揭示出环境党内法规所秉持环境系统观、环境效能观、环境文明观的政理法理。环境党内法规有广义和狭义之分,环境党内法规所承载上述治理逻辑的规范样态,不仅包括符合《中国共产党党内法规制定条例》严格形式要件的狭义党内法规,也包括引领环境法治发展的环境政策、起到监督保障等作用的党内环境规范性文件。从环境党内法规的政治功能和规范效力来讲,将以决议、决定、意见、通知等为主要载体的环境政策视为广义的环境党内法规,符合新形势下环境党内法规体系构筑的核心要义。从目前党内法规体系的构成情况看,起到监督保障作用的党内环境规范性文件成为了主力军,但其数量庞杂又单线作战的实践困境使其亟需完善以形成治理合力。因此,应进一步探讨党的环境政策和党内环境规范性文件向狭义党内法规的有机转化,使狭义的环境党内法规成为环境党内法规体系的主体部分。广义视阈下的环境党内法规,在面向人与自然和谐共生的现代化中发挥着规范、治理与重塑的制度功能。环境党内法规通过将党的不成文的环境文明提炼转化为具有约束力的制度形态,从而使其获得长远的效能力和长期的执行力。环境党内法规通过为生态文明建设提供制度赋能,从而全面发挥其环境治理的政治效能、预防效能和发展效能。环境党内法规以党的领导为本质特征的政治结构为环境文明奠基、以人民为中心的人本理念为环境文明铸魂、以党规国法共治为保障的外部制度为环境文明塑形,使其实质上具备了打造人类环境文明新形态的重塑功能。需要注意的是,完备的环境党内法规体系对上述功能的系统发挥尤为重要,因此,面向人与自然和谐共生的环境党内法规,还有待进一步体系化完善。

习近平关于气候变化全球治理的重要论述及其启示

习近平以马克思主义人与自然关系思想为理论根基,从“和合共生”的中华智慧中汲取营养,立足中国应对气候变化的探索实践,围绕气候变化全球治理这一时代课题作出一系列重要论述。习近平明确了气候变化全球治理要坚持人与自然是辩证统一关系的科学认识,要协调人与人、人与自然的关系;主张坚持公平正义的价值取向,构建公平合理、合作共赢的全球气候治理体系;强调气候变化全球治理的大国担当,以中国在气候变化全球治理中的担当来促进应对气候变化的国际合作;提出绿色低碳可持续的发展道路,指明气候变化全球治理的实践方向。习近平关于气候变化全球治理的重要论述彰显了哲学思维和哲学智慧,其重要启示在于:新时代我们应该坚持以人为本维护全球气候正义;坚持共商共建共享的理念,推进全球气候治理秩序迈向公正合理;深入认识人与自然的辩证统一关系,创建人与自然和谐共生新格局,构建“人与自然生命共同体”引领全球生态文明建设。

人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化道路对西方现代化的四重超越

西方现代化进程伴随着生态环境恶化,生态环境问题因现代化产生,也应在现代化中解决。基于对西方现代化的生态反思,中国式现代化是中国共产党在继承马克思主义生态思想和中华民族生态智慧的基础上,经过百年接续探索于新时代形成的“人与自然和谐共生”的社会主义现代化道路。人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化是以辩证统一看待人与自然关系为前提、以绿色发展为路径、以生态为民为价值取向、以构建地球生命共同体为目标的现代化,从人与自然关系、发展方式、价值取向、目标导向四个层面实现了对西方现代化模式的生态超越,不仅为全球生态文明建设贡献了中国力量,也为世界各国走向生态现代化提供了道路选择。

引领新时代水土保持之科技前瞻

中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于加强新时代水土保持工作的意见》,对水土保持高质量发展提出了新的时代要求。全面提升水土保持功能和生态产品供给能力是新时代水土保持攻坚的目标与任务。新时代水土保持科学技术支撑十分重要和紧迫,应从以下几方面加快科技创新和应用:区域水土流失治理减量降级目标与评价,实行水土保持率不同阈值的区域水土保持分类指导,构建水土保持功能分析指标体系,探索生态系统水土保持功能提升技术;建立水土保持重点区域空间管控制度,实施差别化管理,探索并推广不同类型农林开发活动水土保持技术措施;生产建设项目水土保持方案智慧管理,水土流失风险评价与智能预警,建立绿色设计绿色施工标准,探索视频监控与跟踪管理;加强山水林田湖草沙系统治理技术支撑,以生态清洁小流域促进乡村振兴与共同富裕,探索水土流失治理中生态系统多样性、稳定性、持续性提升技术,推进水土流失科学治理智慧指导与智能管理;加快水土保持碳汇研究与市场交易,建立水土保持生态损害价值评估体系,深化水土流失测报与动态监测等基础研究。以创新理论、技术、机制的新探索,全面提升水土保持治理体系和治理能力现代化水平,服务高质量发展。

现代农业创新的生态关联性及其农业伦理原则

现代农业创新的生态关联性既体现在自然生态系统对现代农业创新的基础性支撑方面,也体现在现代农业创新对自然生态系统造成的多重影响和生态后果方面。理解现代农业创新的生态关联性不仅具有重要的实践价值,而且具有开创人类文明新形态的道德意义。现代农业创新所面临的诸多问题表面上看是技术问题或环境问题,但深层次的原因在于农业伦理的缺失。走向负责任、可持续的现代农业创新必须重构农业创新和自然生态的多重关联,确立人与自然和谐共生的农业伦理原则。

论乡村振兴中“道法自然”的中式智慧

中华文明的核心价值表现为“天人合一”,这也是传统农耕文明的智慧结晶,所遵循的原则是道法自然。以今日之表述,强调“生态-生物-生命”的“三生共同体”整体观。我国正在实施的乡村振兴战略,是在传统文明基础和基因上的守正创新。中华文明的这些博物精粹,尤其表现在“三农”之中,需要我们认真地加以辨析和传承。当今世界遇上了生态危机、生物多样性危机,乃至生命危机,即所谓“三生”危机。中华传统中生态文明与乡土社会相契合的智慧值得传承和发扬,能否做到这一点,是检验乡村振兴战略成功与否的重要依据。同时,学界也希望将这些中式生态智慧贡献给世界。

论“人与自然是生命共同体”理论创新的三个维度

“人与自然是生命共同体”是习近平生态文明思想的重要理念,它强调整个地球生态系统各要素之间、人与自然之间以及人与人之间是共生共存的关系,为当代建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化提供了重要的观念前提和哲学基础。从人类生态文明思想发展的视野来看,“人与自然是生命共同体”在总结历史又立足当下的基础上实现了重大的理论创新,这一理论创新主要包括3个维度:一是继承和发展了马克思主义生态观中人与自然物质变换关系的思想;二是在传承与弘扬中华优秀传统文化中天人合一思想的整体性原则基础上,对其进行了创造性转化和创新性发展;三是在对西方生态理论的反思与批判中,实现了对“人”与“自然”二者非此即彼的对立思维的理论超越。

批判、构建与实现:人与自然和谐共生现代化的三重逻辑

人与自然和谐共生的现代化思想基于马克思人与自然的关系理论,批判了西方现代化的实现路径及其造成的人类生存危机,开辟了非西方的现代化思想,是批判与构建相统一的中国特色现代化思想。构建人与自然和谐共生的现代化是新时代条件下对什么是现代化、如何进入现代化的实践指向和要求。人与自然和谐共生的现代化通过生态生产力、实现绿色发展,满足人民对美好生活的向往,最终实现生态文明,是人民至上、生态优先的现代化。

建设人与自然和谐共生现代化的模式探索——基于学术史的考察

建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化这一重要论断蕴含着一个如何正确处理生态环境与经济现代化之间的内在关系问题。从学术史上考察,对于这一问题的思考其实早有传统A模式和布朗B模式之说,前者注重从“经济”的角度看环境,是一种“浅绿”思潮的表征;后者注重从“环境”的角度看经济,是一种“深绿”思潮的表征。但无论是“浅绿”A模式还是“深绿”B模式,它们最终都走向了极端,无益于建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化。然而,一种超越于A模式和B模式的升级版C模式对于建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化更具合理性和现实性,它是一种从我国基本国情出发而凝练出的“一体三面四驱动”模式。“一体”即广义上的绿色发展,“三面”即循环经济、低碳经济和绿色经济,而“四驱动”则主要指作为生态现代化推动、生态致富路开辟、生态经济带贯通和生态试验区引领的驱动路径。该模式各维度是相互联系和交叉渗透的,共同构成了一个有机整体,对于建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化具有重要意义。

以“六个必须坚持”引领建设人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化

建设人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化是一项系统工程,必须坚持好、运用好科学的立场、观点和方法。党的二十大报告提出“必须坚持人民至上、必须坚持自信自立、必须坚持守正创新、必须坚持问题导向、必须坚持系统观念、必须坚持胸怀天下”。这六个方面集中体现了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的鲜明特质,既是新时代谱写马克思主义中国化时代化新篇章的基本原则,也是建设人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化所必须坚持的科学方法。明晰其要义和核心要求,对建设人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化具有重要的方法论意义和实践意义。