Exploring Enablers and Barriers to Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Technologies Adoption in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) becomes a point of focus globally due to its harmful effects on the environment and human health if it is not managed properly. MSW was proved globally to be used as a resource, and it has a major opportunity in the realm of conversion technologies. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the enablers and barriers to six different MSW management (MSWM) technologies adopted in the Kingdom of Bahrain, in order to ensure the successful adoption of these technologies that are Anaerobic Digestion (AD), Incineration, Pyrolysis, Gasification, Composting and Refused Derived Fuel (RDF). This study provides sufficient information to the decision and policy-makers for the processes of selection and adoption of the MSWM technologies in Bahrain, using a qualitative approach “mainly semi-structured interviews” with experts and then Thematic Analysis using nvivo12 software. The results show that the main themes that enablers and barriers fall under are: political (e.g. national waste management strategy), technical (e.g. segregation at source), managerial (e.g. capacity building), social (e.g. public awareness), economic (e.g. incentives to investment) and environmental (e.g. air quality). This study concluded that in order to succeed in the MSWM technologies adoption, the resulted barriers should be overcome. Furthermore, Incineration was recommended as the best solution to manage MSW which has the least barriers and most enablers in Bahrain as per the experts.

Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Management of Bins Using GIS. A Case Study: Nuseirat City

Solid Waste Management, SWM, is an integral part of public health and environmental control. Improper SWM leads to both economic and environmental sufferings. Almost all factors related to solid waste management have both spatial and non-spatial components. Thus, traditional ways of storing and analyzing data keep data in an isolated form, which results in an inefficient management system. This research aims to optimize municipal solid waste management of bins using GIS. Nuseirat City is chosen as a case study to evaluate SWM of recycle bins to allow the collection process to get less cost and less time as well as to determine the best routes for the trucks to collect the bins. Using Location-Allocation technique, the study indicates that 50 bins from the existing 222 bins do not meet the required selection criteria and need to be re-distributed. It also shows that there are many areas which are not serviced and that the existing bins do not cover all areas in Nuseirat. Nuseirat municipality needs to supply 173 bins besides the existing bins in order to fully cover the city. Moreover, the best tracks to be followed by vehicles that will reduce the financial cost using Vehicle Routing Problem Analysis are determined using GIS network analysis. It is recommended the use of GIS in the administration, especially the management of solid waste and the consideration of it mainly in the general system of municipalities working in the Gaza Strip. Extensive attention should be focused on the collection of solid waste because it is important in the development of cities and it gives a wonderful cultural landscape.

Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Better-Quality Public Health and Environmental Sustainability in the Freetown Metropolitan City in Sierra Leone

Managing waste has been an aged-old challenge, especially in developing cities, like the Freetown Metropolitan City. Solid Waste and/or waste in general is an artefact of human activities that can spring from individuals, families, community, commercial/industrial operations etc. This study is a qualitative investigation, and it is intended to gather an inclusive knowledge of solid wastes management for better public health in Freetown, the Capital City of Sierra Leone. Statistical analysis was employed to observe numerical representations on a wide range of selected data. In an attempt to achieve the aim of this research project, reviews of available online resources were exploited, and juxtaposed with everyday knowledge in the existing state of the Freetown’s municipality solid waste management. The study revealed that residents in Freetown produce an average 0.45 kg of solid waste per individual per day. It was further established that biodegradable/organic matters comprise approximately 75% to 85% of total waste stream along with assorted retired furniture, scarp metals and plastic bags as most important recyclable elements. The hitches connected with municipal solid waste management in Freetown have become palpable, spanning from the past decade to date. Among many other factors, an upsurge influx urbanisation after the 11 years brutal civil war that ended in 2001, combine up with insufficient approved dumping sites for waste disposal and institutional incapability stand out. In this project, the contemporary approach of solid waste disposal in Freetown was carefully assessed with efforts to bring out the most feasible alternatives of solid waste disposal and acclaim ways of refining its activities. It was concluded from the study that, solid wastes in the Freetown Municipality must be tackled in a synergetic approach. That is, government corroborating with private solid waste managing actors so as to enhance an excellent better-public health, sustainable environmental, urban economic development and a resourceful energy paradigm.

Constraints of Municipal Solid Waste Management： A Case Study of Mbarara Municipality

Despite the presence of bye-laws, solid waste management continues to be an issue in Mbarara municipality with households and businesses continuing to dump solid waste on open plots, low-lying areas, public spaces and rivers, or simply burning it in their backyards. This qualitative study aimed at establishing reasons as to why there was still improper solid waste management in Mbarara municipality and also establishing its constraints. Tools used included semi-structured questionnaires, observation and photographs. Two hundred and ninety-four participants （24 solid waste collectors, eight municipal council members and 262 community members） participated in the study. The study revealed both insufficient budget （87.5%） and insufficient equipment （50%） as the most common policy challenges in implementing proper solid waste management. Solid waste collectors not being comfortable with their salaries （79.2%）, limited sensitization regarding solid waste management （66%） and limited necessary tools （58.3%） as other challenges faced by solid waste management policy makers and implementers and finally, community members having limited awareness about laws governing solid waste management （61.1%）. In conclusion, insufficient budget, insufficient equipment, poor motivation and inadequate sensitization were found to be the major reasons as to why there was still improper solid waste management in Mbarara municipality, western Uganda.

Current Situation Analysis and Suggestions for Solid Waste Management Practices among Households in Freetown

Freetown which is the capital city of Sierra Leone is facing challenges with population growth, urbanization, and industrialization, leading to an increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. The study aims to evaluate MSW generation, composition, and disposal methods, as well as the impact of collection fees, policy implementation, and women’s participation in municipal solid waste management (MSWM). The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. The study administered 393 structured questionnaires in three selected sections to collect data on variables such as family size, education, level of knowledge, etc. The study used door-to-door data collection to determine the rate of solid waste generation, composition, and disposal in 66 households from two of the selected sections and 34 households from the other section to evaluate the current situation of MSWM practices among households in Freetown. The study used a descriptive statistic to analyze the data collected using Origin-Pro9 and MS Excel software. The findings showed that with a 4.2% urban growth rate, Freetown had a population of 1,467,543 in 2023, generating 851 tons of MSW per day, with organic waste accounting for 78% of the total MSW generated. Plastic waste generation also increased from 7.6% in 2020 to 13% in 2023. The study emphasizes the need to sustain the MSWM system by prioritizing solid waste collection fees, policy enforcement, and women’s participation in the MSWM sector. It further suggests and provides recommendations for developing an efficient and sustainable MSWM system in Sierra Leone, including knowledge transfer from countries like China and the US.

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Constantine, Algeria

Constantine, with a population of 480,000 and containing 90,000 households, generated 164,250 tons of solid waste in 2015 in which domestic waste is the primary source. The aim of this study was to assess the situation of municipal solid-waste (MSW) management in Constantine. Actually, the collection and transportation of solid waste is managed by the municipality, with a small participation of the private sector. More than 90% of the municipality solid waste is disposed and treated in an environmentally sound manner (landfill). Unfortunately, there is a poor culture with respect to the 3R principles (reduce, reuse, recycle) in Constantine leading to a rapid growth of waste generation which has overwhelmed the capacity of the already saturated available landfill. There remain important challenges in solid waste management for the municipal authorities in Constantine which include: the proper management of the financial resources, public education aimed at reduction and separating household waste and optimizing the existing collection system.

Zero Waste and Conversion Efficiencies of Various Technologies for Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste

Zero waste is a philosophy and a design principle of dealing with our waste stream for the ~21st century. After reviewing the available information, the goal of zero waste from landfill is considered to be unachievable by using known and proven methods and ~approaches . The comparison of various technologies shows that the conversion efficiencies depend upon the type of system chosen for processing residual waste, and the best overall diversion rate of waste management system that can be achieved is about 71%. The maximum achievable overall diversion rate can be increased to approximate 92% if current environmental regulations to permit the routine use of the bottom ash or char for advanced thermal technologies.

An Analysis of Solid Waste Generation and Characterization in Thika Municipality of Kiambu County, Kenya

The rapid increase in population in Thika has led to increase in municipal solid waste generation, which has posed challenges in the waste disposal and management. This study was carried out to quantify and characterize the waste generated within Thika municipality. Six months data （between March 2014 and August 2014） of waste stream at the dumpsite was reviewed and analyzed. The survey indicated that 66.95% ± 0.34% of the total waste dumped originated from the municipal council ofThika （MCT）. It constitutes of domestic, commercial and institutional waste. 33.05% is industrial waste. Sixty eight percent （68%） of the waste consisted primarily of four components： paper, plastic, organics and food. Food accounted for 15.51% ± 0.95%, paper 18.31% ± 1.7%, plastics 17.89% ± 0.81% and organics other than food 16.51% ±1.01%, respectively obtained at 95% confidence level. Each of the components has some level of recovery. Some of the reusable and recyclable materials were being recovered, food waste had the highest recovery rate of 23% ± 1.7% and was used as animal feed, while plastic （soft plastic） 17% ± 0.93% was sold to recyclers. Recovery of materials for recycling and composting was estimated at 10.21 tonnes or 11.35% of daily generation, leaving 76.44 tonnes per day that can be converted into useful energy. The study shows waste in this dumpsite can be exploited to by converting it to energy thus a good solution for waste management.

Generation, Characterization and Management Practices of Household Solid Wastes in Cowfield, Paynesville City, Liberia

The success of any waste management system requires accurate and up-to-date data on quantity, composition of waste. Waste generation data from household are needed to address issues relating to municipal solid wastes such as management method, performance improvement, policy, regional and local planning, administrative, cost accounting, design and operation of landfill facilities and environmental quality. This study was conducted to provide empirical data on generation rates, quantity and composition, management practices, challenges and strategies from urban household. Waste collection, weighing, questionnaires survey and field observation were methods used during the study. Waste was collected and weighed from 60 households using multi-stage sampling technique for seven days. Questionnaires were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 and Excel. A total of 1125.2 kg of waste was recorded. The average household waste generation was 3 kg per day with per capita generation rate of 0.41 kg/cap/day. The compositional analysis showed that Organic (53%), Plastic (11%), Textile (6%), Metal (2%), Glass (1%), Paper and Cardboard 4% and others (22%). Solid waste management practices are very rudimentary. Burning (53.7%) and Open Dumping (30%) were found to be the most commonly used method of disposal with very limited collection service (33.3%) and segregation. The most challenges faced by households were communal disposal area (66.7%) and waste service providers (21.7%) storage bins (11.6%). Waste to energy (48.3%) and compositing (23.3%) were the most considered option for waste management by the respondents.

Evaluating the Effects of the Concentration of Large Scale Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Facilities Using Geographical Information System

In Japan, each municipality generally has its own municipal solid waste incineration facilities because of the principle of self-management in the respective territories. Typically, a small municipality often owns a small facility. However, a large facility which can run continuously at high temperature with stability would be preferable if the dioxin generation mechanism is to be considered. Accordingly, municipalities in contiguous areas should cooperate mutually by using a large facility. To evaluate the effect of the concentration of large facilities, the authors created a GIS （Geographic Information System） based database of combustible waste generation at town level in Shizuoka Prefecture. Focusing on large facilities in Shizuoka City and superannuated facilities in Shida area, the authors evaluated the effect of the concentration of large facilities in Shizuoka city on utilization rate of facilities, energy balance and CO2 emissions. Our results showed the amount of light oil consumption and CO2 emissions increased because the mileage distance of garbage collection trucks becomes longer. However, the utilization rates of facilities and the amount of energy recovery from waste are improved. From these standpoints, the authors conclude that the concentration of large facilities is better compared to a single municipality based facility.

Analysis of the Per Capita Generation of Municipal Solid Waste by Socioeconomic Strata in Veracruz, Mexico, Using a Statistical Experimental Design

The management of municipal solid waste （MSW） is currently one of the major environmental concerns in Mexico. Therefore, municipalities must develop local programs for prevention and integrated management of MSW based on the data of MSW generation; however, these are scarce and diffuse. It is known that the MSW generation is affected by many factors, including life level. Given the importance of having reliable data, the objective of this study was to determine the per capita MSW generation of a small urban locality in the state of Veracruz and test whether there were significant statistic differences of per capita M SW generation among the life levels. The households were randomly sampled according to the Mexican standard of reference and were classified as popular, middle and residential. The per capita MSW generation determined was 0.355 kg·inhab^-1.day^-1. This value was lower than the value estimated by the national reference, suggesting that it might be overestimated and consequently lead to errors in estimating installations costs for the MSW treatment. The result of the experimental design revealed that there were significant statistic differences in the per capita MSW generation among the three socioeconomic strata. This study will allow the municipality to establish better strategies within the municipal program and differential rate for the provision of public clean service and it also provides a solid basis for future research under similar conditions.

Methods of Domestic Solid Waste Management in Hohoe Urban in the Volta Region

Solid waste management has become the greatest public health problem facing many urban and semi-urban areas in Ghana. Great wealth can be generated from wastes if managed effectively but also has high probability of causing serious health and environmental problems if not effectively managed. The study sought to determine factors militating against domestic solid waste management in Hohoe, possible ways of curbing them and also to assess the methods of domestic solid waste management. This study used descriptive cross-sectional survey and structured questionnaire to obtain the required information from respondents. A total number of 403 respondents were recruited into the study. The data collected were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. The relationships between socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their use or non-use of apt domestic solid waste disposal methods were examined using chi-square analysis. The study found that 44% of respondents disposed domestic waste into central skip over dustbins. Spilled over of skip over dustbin has caused 8% of respondents to practice open burning. 7% dumped on undeveloped building plots, 5% dumped elsewhere, and 3% dumped into the river course. About 78% of respondents reported that mobilization of cleanups was irregular. The result from the study also showed a statistical significant association between practice of domestic solid waste management and religion [χ2 (2, 403) = 60.9484, p α = 5%]. About 96% of Christians practiced good methods of domestic solid waste management compared to 4% of Muslims. The findings painted a gloomy picture of poor domestic solid waste management practice among the respondents in the study communities.

A mixed integer linear programming approach for municipal solid waste management

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Assessing the Factors Influencing Effective Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Barishal Metropolitan Areas

Unorganized municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal system leads to stress on ecosystems and disturbs various nature cycles and human health. Solid waste management all over world is looked as a major challenge to civil bodies, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. The proper management system of municipal solid waste depends on various factors like social, cultural, financial, political, environmental, physical and institutional and so on. The purpose of this study is to explore the leading factors that affect the solid waste management in Barishal city. For achieving this purpose, this research first has identified the socio-economic, cultural, physical and technical, institutional and environmental factors and then analyzed the factors which affect the solid waste management system in the study area. To achieve the purpose of the study, quantitative method has been used in this research. As a sample of this study, 150 household heads from total household members of the city have been selected randomly by using lottery method. A structured questionnaire has been constructed for collecting quantitative data. The quantitative data have been analyzed in this study by using SPSS Program, and Microsoft Excel. The findings of the study show that all city people know solid waste and solid waste management stakeholders present in the city and waste pickers collect all types of waste in the city and socio-economic, cultural, physical and technical, institutional factors affect the effective solid waste management in the study area where environmental factors have no influence on effective solid waste management in the study area. The study people have a bad impression of the current existing management system of the solid waste and they express their expectations where they mention that if municipal authorities improve the condition of the infrastructure, roads and vehicles;allow more budgets to manage waste;take proper strategies and planning to manage waste smartly like imposing fines, set up rules, then the municipal authorities will be able to manage solid waste properly. Finally, this research has proposed some recommendations that might be helpful for the policy-makers in the study area for making policies and further research regarding solid waste management.

Engineering properties for high kitchen waste content municipal solid waste

Engineering properties of municipal solid waste （MSW） depend largely on the waste＇s initial compositionand degree of degradation. MSWs in developing countries usually have a high kitchen waste content（called HKWC MSW）. After comparing and analyzing the laboratory and field test results of physicalcomposition, hydraulic properties, gas generation and gas permeability, and mechanical properties forHKWC MSW and low kitchen waste content MSW （called LKWC MSW）, the following findings wereobtained： （1） HKWC MSW has a higher initial water content （IWC） than LKWC MSW, but the field capacitiesof decomposed HKWC and LKWC MSWs are similar; （2） the hydraulic conductivity and gaspermeability for HKWC MSW are both an order of magnitude smaller than those for LKWC MSW; （3）compared with LKWC MSW, HKWC MSW has a higher landfill gas （LFG） generation rate but a shorterduration and a lower potential capacity; （4） the primary compression feature for decomposed HKWCMSW is similar to that of decomposed LKWC MSW, but the compression induced by degradation ofHKWC MSW is greater than that of LKWC MSW; and （5） the shear strength of HKWC MSW changessignificantly with time and strain. Based on the differences of engineering properties between these twokinds of MSWs, the geo-environmental issues in HKWC MSW landfills were analyzed, including highleachate production, high leachate mounds, low LFG collection efficiency, large settlement and slopestability problem, and corresponding advice for the management and design of HKWC MSW landfills wasrecommended.

Selection of Landfill Sites for Solid Waste Treatment in Damaturu Town-Using GIS Techniques

Landfill has been recognized as the cheapest form for the final disposal of municipal solid waste and as such has been the most used method in the world. However, siting landfill is an extremely complex task mainly due to the fact that the identification and selection process involves many factors and strict regulations. For proper identification and selection of appropriate sites for landfills careful and systematic procedures need to be adopted and followed. Wrong siting of landfill many result in environmental degradation and often time public opposition. In this study, attempts have been made to determine sites that are appropriate for landfill siting in Damaturu town Nigeria, by combining geographic information system (GIS) and a multi-criteria decision making method (MCDM) known as the analytic network process (ANP) for the determination of the relative importance weights of factors (criteria). The land suitability output is presented from less suitable to the most suitable areas. The final map produced show areas that are suitable for landfill siting. Based on the analysis fourteen sites were identified to fulfill the required criteria, however, only seven met the land availability criteria of twenty hectares and above. The results showed the efficacy of GIS and multi-criteria decision making method in decision making.

Forecasting the Municipal Solid Waste Using GSO-XGBoost Model

Waste production rises in tandem with population growth and increased utilization.The indecorous disposal of waste paves the way for huge disaster named as climate change.The National Environment Agency(NEA)of Singapore oversees the sustainable management of waste across the country.The three main contributors to the solid waste of Singapore are paper and cardboard(P&C),plastic,and food scraps.Besides,they have a negligible rate of recycling.In this study,Machine Learning techniques were utilized to forecast the amount of garbage also known as waste audits.The waste audit would aid the authorities to plan their waste infrastructure.The applied models were k-nearest neighbors,Support Vector Regressor,ExtraTrees,CatBoost,and XGBoost.The XGBoost model with its default parameters performed better with a lower Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE)of 8.3093(P&C waste),8.3217(plastic waste),and 6.9495(food waste).However,Grid Search Optimization(GSO)was used to enhance the parameters of the XGBoost model,increasing its effectiveness.Therefore,the optimized XGBoost algorithm performs the best for P&C,plastics,and food waste with MAPE of 4.9349,6.7967,and 5.9626,respectively.The proposed GSO-XGBoost model yields better results than the other employed models in predicting municipal solid waste.

Root Analogous Solid Waste Management System (RA-MSW for Biocells)

Root Analogous Municipal Solid Waste System “RA-MSW” is a novel management system that manages waste, biogas, and leachate in bioreactor landfill. Different than conventional disposal at landfills, waste is penetrated by synthetic roots that serve dual mission for biogas collection and leachate recirculation. RA-MSW roots are permeable hydropho- bic polymer material that are formed on-place or prefabricated at factory from recyclable material available on the dumping area. Since the material is hydrophobic, it does not contain water in the voids providing more space for gas transport and collection. The roots are also interchangeably used for leachate recirculation where the parameters of wa- ter content, nutrients, pH, and temperature are optimized to enhance biogas production simultaneously with leachate treatment. RA-MSW provides new approach of waste management and control;it has new virtues of landfill operation;new material medium for biogas collection;new biocell design configuration;new manipulation for leachate and biogas. The approach adds new merits for solid waste management, bio-energy utilization, and the concept of 5 R’s cycle for MSW management.

Some Aspects of Waste Management of Ukraine

The development of waste management can be considered in some way dictates of time. Ukraine has unique conditions of the secondary usage of natural resources, which is particularly important given to the increasing generation of waste and its progressive accumulation. The relevant provisions relate to the industrial sector as well as areas of consumption. However, for most of recyclable materials is still low. The formation of market relations in Ukraine contributed to enhance this process and relevant field of entrepreneurship. Now the formation of a separate segment is taking place. The state and the perspectives of the development of collection, accumulation and recycling of waste stream have been analyzed in the article. Conceptual position of the legislative regulation of this field is defined. The ways of improving the legal support of secondary raw materials have been defined. The peculiarities of waste management of Ukraine are considered.

GHG Emissions Estimation from Household Solid Waste Management in Jakarta, Indonesia

This study defines and compares four scenarios for MSW （municipal solid waste） management： Scenario 1, unsorted waste taken to a landfill （baseline scenario）; Scenario 2, sorted waste used for home or communal composting; Scenario 3, sorted waste used for anaerobic digestion; and Scenario 4, sorted waste taken to a composting centre. The results of this study suggest that Scenario 1 would emit the highest levels of GHG （greenhouse gas） emissions, 692 x 103 tonnes CO2eq per year. Scenario 3 would have the lowest levels of GHG emissions, 195 x 103 tonnes CO2eq per year. Compared with the baseline scenario, it yields a 72% reduction of GHG emissions with a total savings of 498 ~ 103 tonnes CO2eq per year. The second-best option is Scenario 2, followed closely by Scenario 4, both yield 66.6% reductions with deviation by 0.03%. The deviation is due to transportation, which emission is negligibly small. The amounts of GHG savings for Scenario 2 and 4 are 461.3 ×10^3 tonnes CO2eq per year and 461×10^3 tonnes CO2eq per year, respectively It is evident from these results that anaerobic digestion has the highest potential for reducing GHG emissions.