Green High-yield and High-efficiency Cultivation Techniques of Integrated Management of Water and Fertilizer for Maize under Mulch Drip Irrigation

The green high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of integrated management of water and fertilizer for maize under mulch drip irrigation are described from the aspects of high yield target of maize and its component factor indexes,pre-sowing preparation,sowing,post-sowing management,field management at the seedling stage,integrated management of water and fertilizer for target yield of maize,rational application of micro-fertilizer,comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests,timely harvest,etc.,in order to provide a reference for agricultural technicians,maize farmers and maize industry development in northern Xinjiang.

Evaluating the Effects of Sustainable Chemical and Organic Fertilizers with Water Saving Practice on Corn Production and Soil Characteristics

The rapidly growing world population,water shortage,and food security are promising problems for sustainable agriculture.Farmers adopt higher irrigation and fertilizer applications to increase crop production resulting in environmental pollution.This study aimed to identify the long-term effects of intelligent water and fertilizers used in corn yield and soil nutrient status.A series of field experiments were conducted for six years with treatments as:farmer accustomed to fertilization used as control(CON),fertilizer decrement(KF),fertilizer decrement+watersaving irrigation(BMP1);combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer+water-saving irrigation(BMP2),and combined application of controlled-release fertilizer(BMP3).A significant improvement was observed in soil organic matter(14.9%),nitrate nitrogen(106.7%),total phosphorus(23.9%),available phosphorus(26.2%),straw yield(44.8%),and grain yield(54.7%)with BMP2 treatment as compared to CON.The study concludes that integrating chemical and organic fertilizers with water-saving irrigation(BMP2)is a good approach to increasing corn productivity,ensuring water safety and improving soil health.The limitations of the current study include the identification of fertilizer type and its optimum dose,irrigation water type,and geographical position.

Interactions of Water Management and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization in Rice

The interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied in rice with Wuxiangjing9 (japonica). The results showed that the nitrogen uptake and remaining in straw increased and the percentage of nitrogen translocation (PNT) from vegetative organs, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) decreased with nitrogen increasing. The nitrogen uptake and NGPE decreased when severe water stressed. However, rice not only decreased the nitrogen uptake but also increased the PNT from vegetative organs, NDMPE and NGPE when mild water stressed. There were obvious interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and water management, such as with water stress increasing the effect of nitrogen on increasing nitrogen uptake was reduced and that on decreasing NDMPE was intensified.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss Law and Emission Reduction Effects Under Water and Fertilizer Management Integrated Mode in Dike Paddy Field

To achieve the purpose of reducing farm non-point source pollution, we integrated site specific nitrogen management precise irrigation, controlled drainage, and wetland eco-repair system in dike area of Taihu basin. During investigation, it had given prominence for the water and fertilizer coupling effects of precise irrigation and site specific nutrient management, the characteristics of integration on controlled irrigation, controlled drainage and wetland ecosystem non-point source pollution control. Then the water and fertilizer integrated management mode of paddy field was put forward in Taihu basin where the water production efficiency increased to 1.64 kg. m-3, water saved 37.8%, fertilizer use efficiency raised 15,4%, yield raised 10%, and N, P load decreased 26%-72%. The modern agricultural and farmland ecosystems that control and cut down the farm non-point source pollution came into being, which can be a reference by Taihu basin to control its agricultural non-point source pollution and eutrophicated water body.

Effects of the fertilizer and water management on amino acids and volatile components in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines

The amino acids and the volatile substances in grapes and wines play important roles in their quality,and the concentrations of these substances can be changed by how a vineyard is managed,e.g.,irrigation and fertigation regimes.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fertilizer and water management on the distribution of amino acids,the volatile component profiles,and the sensory characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines.The results showed that the amino acid concentration in grape berries was the highest under the 100%local fertilizer rate(HF)and 100%water irrigation quota(HW)treatment,and the volatile component concentration in wine was the highest under HF and 80%water irrigation quota(MW)treatment.The effect of irrigation on the amino acid content in grapes was greater than that of fertigation.The synergistic effect of fertilizer and water on arginine,serine,and glutamine in grape berries was significant.The interactive effect of fertigation and irrigation on the volatile substance in grapes was greater than that of fertigation and irrigation alone.The influence of irrigation on volatile substances in wines was greater than that of fertigation.In addition,there was also a correlation between the concentrations of multiple amino acids in grapes and volatile components in wines.Principal component analysis showed that the wine from the HFMW treatment had the best quality among all treatments.

Effects of Different Nutrient Management Systems and Cultivation Methods on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices （including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods） on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K （NH4OAC-K） increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.

Research on Management Mode of Small-scale Irrigation Works for Farmland Based on Self-governance

The paper analyzes the practical use of management mode of small-scale farmland irrigation works in China,and studies various problems existing in the present management mode.It puts forward a mode named Water-consumer Association which is the most practical one at present.It points out some rules which must be mastered in solving problems appearing in using this mode.

Effects of drip irrigation modes on growth and physiological characteristics of Arabica coffee under different N levels

The objective of this study was to obtain the water-saving and efficient production mode of Arabica coffee. The effects of three drip irrigation modes,conventional drip irrigation( CDI),alternate drip irrigation( ADI) and fixed drip irrigation( FDI) on growth,photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation and irrigation water use efficiency of Arabica coffee were investigated under three nitrogen levels,high nitrogen( NH),middle nitrogen( NM) and low nitrogen( NL). The results show that there was a significant Logistic curve between the plant height,the stem diameter of Arabica coffee and growth days. Compared with CDI,ADI had no significant effects on leaf net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,instantaneous water use efficiency and biomass accumulation above ground of Arabica coffee,while FDI decreased significantly,ADI and FDI increased irrigation water use efficiency by 50. 59% and 32. 85%,respectively. Compared with NH,with the reduction of N application rate,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,biomass accumulation above ground and irrigation water use efficiency decreased by 6. 81%-12. 30%,13. 70%-22. 69%,9. 61%-16. 67% and 9. 78%-15. 64%,respectively. Compared with CDINH,ADINHdecreased net photosynthesis rate and the stomatal conductance not significantly,other treatments decreased by 9. 16%-19. 22%,14. 49%-32. 91%,and decreased biomass accumulation above ground by 8. 26%-27. 34% except ADINH,and increased irrigation water use efficiency by 16. 46%-60. 95% except CDINMand CDINL. Therefore,alternate drip irrigation under high N level( ADINH) is the best water and nitrogen coupling mode of young Arabica coffee tree for water efficiency.

Water,Nitrogen and Plant Density Affect the Response of Leaf Appearance of Direct Seeded Rice to Thermal Time

Field experiments were conducted in the Ebro Delta area （Spain）, from 2007 to 2009 with two rice varieties： Gleva and Tebre. The experimental treatments included a series of seed rates, two different water management systems and two different nitrogen fertilization times. The number of leaves on the main stems and their emergence time were periodically tagged. The results indicated that the final leaf number on the main stems in the two rice varieties was quite stable over a three-year period despite of the differences in their respective growth cycles. Interaction between nitrogen fertilization and water management influenced the final leaf number on the main stems. Plant density also had a significant influence on the rate of leaf appearance by extending the phyllochron and postponing the onset of intraspecific competition after the emergence of the 7th leaf on the main stems. Final leaf number on the main stems was negatively related to plant density. A relationship between leaf appearance and thermal time was established with a strong nonlinear function. In direct-seeded rice, the length of the phyllochron increases exponentially in line with the advance of plant development. A general model, derived from 2-year experimental data, was developed and satisfactorily validated; it had a root mean square error of 0.3 leaf. An exponential model can be used to predict leaf emergence in direct-seeded rice.

Soil and Water Resources and Land Sustainable Productivity in the Catchment Area with Intensive Management in Hilly Red Soil Regions,China

Taking an example of Majiayu Catchment Area (14.15 ha) in Taoyuan County of HunanProvince, the soil and water resources dynamics, fertility evolution characteristics andland productivity changing situation were studied. Fixed observation results from 1993to 2002 showed that pools covering about 15% of total area could store up 10% of surfacerunoff, keep 78.1% of eroded soil and 65.4% of lost nutrients. The yearly ratio ofinterception and evapotranspiration in land, storage in pools and drainage was 7:2:1,which ensured the resources and nutrients equilibrium and a benign recycle in thecatchment area system, and benefited the aquatic culture and helped to resist seasonaldrought. Moreover, the results showed that soil erosion modulus decreased significantly,equal to or lower than soil loss tolerance (≤500 tkm-2) in reddish yellow soil regions.Soil organic matter, total and available N content in sloping land, dryland and paddyfield increased steadily (>10%); water storage enhanced by more than 20% in sloping landand dryland in drought season; crop production increased by more than 20%; and productionof trees, fruits, tea and fish as well as land productivity increased yearly.

Sustainable Nutrient Management in Chinese Agriculture: Challenges and Perspective

China has to raise agricultural productivity in its limited and shrinking farmland to guarantee food security for its huge and ever-growing population. Sustainable soil nutrient management is of paramount importance to the world's most populous country. Critical challenges the country is facing in sustaining soil fertility and in alleviating the hazardous impact of intensive fertilizer use are discussed in this paper. It is emphatically pointed out that national strategies as well as area-specific action plans with respect to scientific nutrient management are urgently needed to balance productivity and sustainability in the future. Relevant proposals for addressing those challenges are also presented.

基于柑橘叶面积指数和产量的WOFOST模型关键参数校正

为进一步分析不同水肥管理条件对柑橘产量的影响使其更广泛的应用于不同区域,并探明WOFOST模型参数针对柑橘果树生长模拟时的参数敏感性结果和取值情况,开展2021-2022年柑橘不同生育期滴灌水肥控制试验,采用EFAST方法对WOFOST模型模拟叶面积指数(LAI)和产量所需的叶片生长、CO_(2)同化、同化物转换和叶片营养物质等25个参数进行了敏感性分析,使用PEST软件完成高敏感参数的优化,并利用田间试验观测数据对模型模拟的LAI和产量进行验证。结果表明,模型模拟LAI和产量的敏感参数相似,均包括叶面积指数的最大相对增长率、比叶面积、单叶片CO_(2)同化效率,叶片同化物转换效率,初始根长,区别为LAI模拟对茎同化物转换效率,积温等参数敏感,而产量模拟对叶片干物质最大钾浓度敏感;基于2021年数据校正后最优参数模型模拟的不同灌溉管理下LAI最大值(LAI_(m))模拟值与实测值之间R2=0.5800,NRMSE=15.10%,产量模拟值与实测值之间R^(2)=0.6471,NRMSE=6.81%;2022年数据验证表明模拟果实膨大期进行HWMF处理的果树模拟精度最高,果实膨大期各处理LAIm模拟值与实测值之间R^(2)=0.4726~0.8492,NRMSE=13.09%~15.26%,产量模拟值与实测值之间R^(2)=0.4063~0.7022,NRMSE=6.33%~11.33%。研究表明,校正后的WOFOST模型在田间尺度取得了较高的模拟精度,可以开展不同灌溉管理方式对柑橘生长影响的定量化分析。

Different Fertilization Modes of Sugarcane in Latosolic Red Soil of Guangxi

[Objectives] This study aimed to compare the effects of water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation modes and traditional fertilization mode on growth,yield,production costs and economic benefit of sugarcane in latosolic red soil of Guangxi. [Methods]A field test was conducted. [Results] The agronomic traits and comprehensive economic benefit of sugarcane under the water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation modes were superior to those under the traditional fertilization mode. Among them,the comprehensive economic benefit of sugarcane with special granular fertilizer as the base fertilizer and water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation as topdressing were the highest,increased by 15 813 kg/ha,an increase of 15. 8%. Considering the cost input,the comprehensive economic benefit increased by 5 676 yuan/ha. [Conclusions]Taking the production cost,economic benefit and input-output ratio into account,it is recommended to promote the application of water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation mode in bases with water and fertilizer equipment conditions.

不同水稻种植模式下淹水及排干期土壤性质和微生物的变化

为揭示不同水稻种植模式、不同水分管理时期对稻田土壤性质和微生物的作用效应,利用长期定位监测试验比较分析单季稻不施肥、单季稻单施化肥、烟稻轮作3种种植模式和淹水期、排干期2种水分管理条件下稻田土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:烟稻轮作模式稻田土壤有机质、全氮质量分数分别比单季稻模式提高了32.88%~34.79%和38.22%~44.39%。淹水期稻田土壤可溶性总氮以可溶性有机氮为主,占56.06%~62.54%;排干期以硝态氮为主,占62.34%~74.05%。烟稻轮作模式可显著提高淹水和排干条件下稻田土壤中可溶性有机氮和铵态氮质量分数,但对硝态氮质量分数的影响不明显。相较单季稻处理,烟稻轮作模式提高了稻田细菌Sobs、Shannon和Ace指数。好氧或兼性厌氧的酸杆菌属、黄色杆菌属均是3种水稻种植模式的优势菌属。3种种植模式淹水条件下稻田脱硫弧菌属、互营杆菌属等硫酸盐还原菌类存在显著差异,排干条件下硝化螺旋菌属也存在显著差异。淹水条件下烟稻轮作模式稻田土壤甲烷氧化菌相关的甲烷氧化单加氧酶基因α-亚基(pomA)的绝对丰度比单季稻处理降低了18.45%~18.54%。可见,水稻种植的淹水期和排干期的土壤可溶性氮组成和细菌群落结构存在显著差异;而烟稻轮作模式较单季稻模式可提高土壤肥力,改善微生物群落结构,增加硫酸盐还原菌类细菌丰度,降低产甲烷菌相关的甲基辅酶M还原酶基因丰度。

水分优化管理对稻虾共作模式水稻产量及土壤还原性物质的影响

通过探索水分优化管理对稻虾共作模式水稻产量及土壤还原性物质的影响,为该模式下水稻水分管理和土壤改良提供科学依据。在水稻直播和机插两种种植方式下,分别设置以水稻分蘖后期和成熟期两次重晒田等措施为主的水分优化管理处理、以水稻分蘖后期和成熟期两次轻晒田等措施为主的水分常规管理处理,于湖北省潜江市采用田间定位试验开展研究。结果表明,在水稻直播和机插条件下,水分优化管理相对于常规管理平均增产率分别为8.5%和9.4%,增产效果均达到显著水平。相对于常规管理,水分优化管理对水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数的正效应大于结实率和千粒质量。水稻分蘖后期,水分优化管理相对于常规管理0~10 cm土层亚铁含量下降40.8%~41.8%,0~20 cm土层还原性物质总量下降45.1%~46.4%;与分蘖后期相比,水稻收获后0~20 cm土层亚铁和还原性物质总量总体呈下降趋势。由此表明,稻虾共作模式下分蘖后期和成熟期两次重晒田等水分优化管理措施能够显著增加水稻产量,缓解土壤潜育化程度。

中卫市退砂土地农作物复垦的可行性分析研究

本研究旨在分析宁夏中卫市沙坡头区退砂地的土壤质量提升及农作物种植适宜性。通过连续3年的田间试验,收集并分析了8种宁夏地区广泛栽培的耐旱作物对土壤理化性质的影响及其经济效益。分析了退砂耕地适生农作物对当地土壤质量的影响及经济效益。结果表明,朝天椒和红葱在退砂地上表现出较高的产量和产值,且投入产出比大,是退砂地优先选择的作物。此外,玉米和小杂粮等作物轮作种植也显示出改良土壤结构和提高肥力的潜力。本研究为退砂地的科学利用提供了理论依据和实践指导,有助于推动中卫市经济社会可持续发展。

中小学节水教育基地管理之我见

中小学作为九年义务基础教育中两个重要阶段,对新课改教学目标实现有直接影响。中小学节水教育基地作为对学生节水意识培养的重要举措,可以借助中小学节水教育基地建设的意义与有效管理方式,促进教学目标实现。为此,本文对中小学节水教育基地建设意义与管理方式进行探讨。

秋露地大白菜高产栽培关键技术

为了促进秋季露地大白菜优质高效生产,基于北京市“2023年秋露地大白菜高产擂台赛”活动中67个生产主体的生产情况,总结分析了选用丰产、稳产品种是高产的前提,适期播种、育苗移栽是高产的基础,种植密度、成品率和单株质量是产量构成的三要素,水肥管理是获取高产的保障,应用轻简技术是高效生产的关键等高产经验。同时,探讨提出以下几个关键技术点,以期为露地秋白菜生产提供参考,包括冬储型大白菜生产品种可以选择北京新3号、金黄美、2171、乌冬菜和绿油3号;直播生产方式适宜播种日期为8月5—12日,育苗生产方式宜8月下旬移栽定植;大株型品种适宜每667 m^(2)种植3000~3500株、小株型品种适宜每667 m^(2)种植7000株左右。

以“五化”为核心的精细注水管理体系的构建与实施

以“五化”为核心的精细注水管理体系是通过开展水质综合治理、开展井筒专项治理,落实欠注井治理,强化分注管理手段,确保水井运行平稳。形成了技术管理专业化、水质治理标准化、细分工艺精准化、分层测试高效化及作业施工环保化的“五化”管理模式,通过一年多的实施,井筒水质进一步净化,共减少洗井5921井次,节约洗井成本约2960.5万元;分层注水进一步细化,细分层段由2.6段增至5.2段,单卡单砂体比例由17.6%提高到71.8%;单井细分层段由2.6段增至2.9段;测试效率进一步提升,单井单次测调时间约节省0.75天;全力开创注水井精细管理持续稳健发展新局面。

依托神经网络的玉米水肥智能决策系统软件开发

基于神经网络技术,设计开发了玉米水肥智能决策系统,旨在为农业从业者提供高效的水肥配施决策。系统采用B/S架构的三层架构,依托Django框架实现业务逻辑,MySQL数据库和Redis技术用于数据存储和提升系统性能。系统的核心功能模块包括数据管理、模型管理、信息交互、资料管理、账户管理和系统管理,数据库设计以MySQL为基础,构建了完备的表格关系模式,为用户提供了便捷的决策支持和交流互动平台。