Psychometric properties and characteristics of the Diabetes Self Management Scale

Objective:Assessing diabetes self care management is essential for nursing care for diabetes.There is a need to have valid and reliable scales that assess the actual performance of diabetes self management,The purpose of this study was to revise and conduct psychometric testing and analysis of the Diabetes Self Management Scale(DSMS).Methods:A cross-sectional methodological design was used.A convenience sample was used and 78 adults with diabetes and taking insulin from five sites in the Midwest area of the U.S participated in the study.Reliability analysis was done using Ferketich techniques to make decisions about whether any given item should be retained or deleted.Results:A descriptive analysis for the 60 items of the scale was conducted;several items had low variability compared to the other items on the scale.The correlation matrices showed that a total of 20 items had poor item characteristics.These 20 items were deleted resulting in developing 40-item version of the scale.The 40-item scale had high level of internal consistency(Cronbach'sα=0.947).The validity testing of the 40-item scale was guided by the Research Model for Diabetes Self Care Management;results were congruent with the model and showed strong correlation with self efficacy,moderate correlation with self care agency,and weak correlation with diabetes knowledge.Conclusion:The items and the scale(DSMS)have undergone careful psychometric testing.The 40-item DSMS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure diabetes self care management among people with diabetes.

Optimal Mode of Agricultural Moderate Scale Management Based on Measurement of Moderate Scale of Wugang City in Henan Province

The issue of agricultural moderate scale management is always a hot spot. In 2016,the No. 1 document of the central government once again set forth the requirement of bringing into play leading role of moderate scale management in various forms of agriculture. In the economic new normal,the solution to this issue is of great significance to promoting agricultural modernization. However,there are still problems such as unsmooth transfer of rural labor force,fragmentation of rural land management and low benefit of land scale management. Taking Wugang City in Henan Province as an example,this paper attempts to find out the optimal land management scale in accordance with the actual situation in Henan Province. It is concluded that small family farm is the optimal mode for agricultural moderate scale management.

A Study of Grain Scale Management Mode in Hubei Province

In order to better ensure the food security in China,this paper explores the grain scale management mode in Hubei Province. It analyzes the grain production situation in Hubei Province as well as the existing scale management mode,and according to the main mode of grain scale management in Hubei Province and the main problems,it puts forward related recommendations to improve the productivity of grain and promote the development of Hubei's grain scale management.

Literature Review of Agricultural Scale Management and Efficiency

Scale management remains the core position in entire development process of the economics and is a major issue of academic research and government concern. Focusing on related problems of agricultural scale management,this paper explored 4 aspects of past literature.( i) It defined the agricultural scale management based on economies of scale theory and changes in returns to scale.( ii) From the perspective of the returns to scale of grain production,there are changes in returns to scale of China's grain production,but the measured changes are not significant.( iii) Existing analysis on factors influencing agricultural scale management mainly includes factors influencing farmers' willingness of scale management and restrictive factors of implementation of scale management.( iv) In studies of the relationship between land management scale and production efficiency,many scholars made qualitative and quantitative analysis on land scale efficiency on the basis of economic indicators they defined,but they reached different conclusions. Finally,it summarized literature and pointed out several issues needing special attention in this field.

Coupling Relationship between Integrated Land Consolidation and Farmland Scale Management in Villages over Coal Resources:A Case Study of Zezhou County in Shanxi Province

Through field sampling survey of 18 villages over coal resources in 3 townships and towns in Zezhou County,Jincheng City,Shanxi Province,this paper analyzed the favorable conditions and obstacles for villages over coal resources to carry out farmland scale management.On this basis,combined with the integrated land consolidation measures in villages over coal resources and their effectiveness,and using the principles of system dynamics,it studied the coupling relationship between integrated land consolidation in villages over coal resources and farmland scale management and built a coupling model.It found that the integrated land consolidation system of villages over coal resources has a coupling relationship with the external and internal conditions of the farmland scale management system at the regional and project scales.The two systems interact with and influence each other through the"bridge"of"agricultural modernization condition".The study indicates that at the same time of integrated land consolidation of villages over coal resources caring about the improvement of internal conditions,it is also necessary to improve the external conditions of farmland scale management through regional scale measures such as laws and policies,to support the implementation of land consolidation projects,and realize farmland scale management.

Do large-scale farmers use more pesticides? Empirical evidence from rice farmers in five Chinese provinces

It is of great theoretical and practical significance to understand the rules of the differences in pesticide use behaviors between large-scale and small-scale farmers,so as to regulate the behavior of farmers differently and improve the quality and safety of rice.The overall pesticide use behavior of large-scale farmers was characterized by large doses and high application frequency,while that of small-scale farmers was characterized by small doses and low application frequency.The econometric test showed that(i)the proportion of staple food ration has a significant negative impact on the single dose exceeding the standard and pesticide application frequency of small-scale farmers,and the increase of the proportion of staple food ration will reduce the demand among small-scale farmers for pesticides;(ii)yield effect has a greater impact on the frequency of pesticide application by large-scale farmers,and the large yield effect will increase the frequency of pesticide application among large-scale farmers.Therefore,in pesticide use behaviors,large-scale farmers should reduce pesticide quantity and increase efficiency,while small-scale farmers improve the level of plant protection.

Research on Optimized Utilization of Naphtha Resources Based on Adsorptive Separation with Zeolite

By means of molecular scale management, the technology of separating normal paraffins from naphtha through adsorption using 5A molecular sieves was studied with the purpose of optimizing the utilization of naphtha. The raw materials used in steam cracking and catalytic reforming processes could be allocated properly. During the adsorption process, the separation efficiency of the normal paraffins was above 99.9% with the purity of normal paraffins in the desorption oil exceeding 98.2%. With the use of the desorption oil as the feedstock of steam cracking, the ethylene yield increased from 29.7%-35.0% to 41.4%- 49.2% compared to that of the naphtha in the existing plant under similar operation conditions. The potential aromatic content of the raffinate oil rose from 30.6% to 43.5% compared to that in naphtha. The research octane number of the raffinate oil reached more than 85 with an increase of 20 units compared to that of naphtha, so the raffinate oil is more suitable for use as a blending component for high-octane clean gasoline.

论高等学校大型仪器设备的开放与共享

大型精密仪器设备是高等学校优质的教学资源,是进行高水平实验教学和科学研究的重要工具,也是高等学校办学实力和科研水平的重要标志。但由于高等学校大型仪器设备封闭式管理,导致重复购置;购置可行性论证不足,造成严重的资源浪费;购入后维护经费不足,造成大量仪器设备闲置等原因,是高等学校大型仪器设备利用率不高的主要原因。这些因素制约了高等学校大型仪器设备的开放与共享,因此,高等学校建立开放共享的管理机制,形成组织保障、经济保障和设备效益评估机制,建立大型仪器共享平台,设立大型仪器设备使用基金,鼓励大型仪器设备对外开放,服务社会。提高高等学校仪器设备利用率,保障教学科研工作正常进行,促进高等学校的可持续发展。

Large Scale Infrastructure Projects: The Art of Project or Change Management?

Although it is generally understood that change is a fundamental component of managing projects in the construction industry in general and an inevitable challenge for large scale infrastructure project in particular, there has been little to no attention in the literature to understand change in this context from a more holistic perspective. For this purpose, this work looks at change through the eyes of a framework of six batteries of change that seem essential to charge an organization's capabilities for change. The framework brings together the expertise of four specialists that all have developed their insights over many years of study and practice, and has been validated through an extensive review of the management literature on organization development and change. Reflections on the application of this model in the construction industry and in large scale infrastructure projects demonstrate that energizing organizations to successfully deal with change goes beyond the traditional techniques of managing change from a program or project management perspective. Assessing the six batteries of change in this context can help organizations to develop capabilities for change that build change energy by balancing formal/rational methods with informal/emotional interventions at both a local(department/subproject) and global(business) level.

Is Larger Scale Better? Evidence from Rice Farming in Jianghan Plain

Small-scale household agricultural production has been in conflict with China＇s agricultural modernization.In the context of vigorously promoting rural land circulation and moderate scale management nationwide,research on the relationship between farm size and scale efficiency has become increasingly important.In this paper,we use the ＂DEA-OLS＂ two stage method to analyze data from 368 surveys of rice farming households in the Jianghan Plain.The scale efficiency of rice farming was calculated,and the relationship between farm size and scale efficiency investigated.The results indicate that（1） the rice farm size is generally small in Jianghan Plain,with an average of 0.77 ha.The average scale efficiency is 0.88,and it is the main factor limiting an increase in comprehensive technical efficiency.Moreover,88.32% of households are in the stage of increasing returns to scale.（2） There is a stable inverted ＂U＂ type relationship between rice farm size and scale efficiency.Considering characteristics of the householder,the household and land quality,the maximum scale efficiency corresponds to a household with 5 ha of rice farm.（3） Among householder characteristics,age has a significant negative influence on scale efficiency,and scale efficiency is lower for a household whose householder is engaged in non-farm work than for one whose householder is devoted to farming.As for land quality,there was a significant positive effect of irrigation on scale efficiency.Among family characteristics,the application of a machine during the seeding process increased scale efficiency by 3.07%.Therefore,we suggest that local government should actively promote rural land circulation,implement a staged-scale management subsidy,and other forms of support for the purchase of agricultural machinery and technical popularization.Increased investment in irrigation improvements and mechanical facilities and encouragement of farmers to enlarge their farm size could improve scale efficiency and farming profit and lead to the development of moderate scale management.

How farmers’non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China?

To clarify the impact of non-agricultural employment on rural land circulation in China,we built logit models using the Chinese Household Income Project 2013 dataset,which includes 18,948 household samples over 15 provinces,126 cities and 234 counties of China in 2013.We use the proportion of non-agricultural income,the proportion of non-agricultural laborers and non-agricultural fixed operating assets to reflect the degree of the households’dependence on agriculture,the degree of the households’laborers committed to non-agricultural employment and the stability of non-agricultural employment,respectively.The results show that the stability of non-agricultural employment is an important reason for farmers to transfer out their land,and an increase in non-agricultural income is the fundamental reason.The proportion of non-agricultural assets has the greatest impact on the decision to transfer land,followed by the proportion of non-agricultural income.Per unit increase in the non-agricultural income ratio has a stronger effect on the transfer-out decision than it does on the transfer-in decision,which is a 0.09 increase of the probability of transfer-out the land and a 0.07 decrease of the probability of transfer-in the land.In terms of regional differences,when considering the impact of non-agricultural employment on the land transfer-out decision,the impacts of non-agricultural income and labor force are the greatest in the Central region.The impact of non-agricultural assets is the greatest in the Eastern region.For the Eastern region,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets and the non-agricultural labor force,and the decision to transfer in land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets.In the Central and Western regions,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural income and the non-agricultural labor force,in that order.The decision to transfer in land in the Central region is not significantly affected by non-agricultural employment.The decision to transfer in land in the Western region is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural labor force and non-agricultural income,in that order.We note that non-agricultural assets have a prominent impact on land transfer,which shows that the stability of non-agricultural employment has an important impact on land transfer decision-making.Vocational training for rural labor forces may be an effective means to promote stable non-agricultural employment and simultaneously facilitate rural land circulation,especially in Central and Western China.