Development and Application of Integrated Indicators for Assessing Healthcare Waste Management Systems in Kenyan Hospitals

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is an important aspect of healthcare delivery globally because of its hazardous and infectious components that have potential for adverse health and environmental impacts. The paper introduces a set of indicators for assessing HCWM systems in hospitals. These indicators are: HCWM policies and standard operating procedures, management and oversight, logistics and budget support, training and occupational health and safety, and treatment, disposal and waste treatment equipment housing. By plotting a mark on a continuum which is defined as good and poor on the extremes and is connected with all other marks in a spoke arrangement, it’s possible to describe a baseline for HCWM in any specific hospital. This baseline can be used to improve awareness of the actors and policy-makers, compare the same hospital at a different point in time, to compare observations by different evaluators and to track improvements. Results suggest that in Kenya, the application of such indicators is useful for evaluating which priorities should be addressed to improve outcomes in HCWM systems. Systematic sampling technique was used to identify and collect data by use of observational checklist, interviews, visual verification and review of documents and a HCWM assessment tool. The objective is to suggest an integrated management tool as a method to identify prevailing problems with a HCWM system. The method can be replicated in other contexts worldwide, with a focus on the developing world. The integrated indicators focus on management of HCW and not its potential impact on human health and environment, an area recognized to be critical for future research.

PDCA管理法对儿科护士穿刺技术的影响分析

目的分析在儿科护理管理工作中合理运用PDCA管理法来改进儿科护士穿刺技术的具体效果。方法选取2022年1月—2023年2月常德市妇幼保健院的10名儿科护士作为研究对象,2022年8月—2023年2月在儿科护理管理中实施PDCA管理法设为研究组,2022年1—7月在儿科护理管理中实施常规管理模式设为参照组。对比分析在不同护理管理模式下,儿科护士的一次性穿刺成功率以及儿科护士的静脉穿刺护理操作质量评分。结果在应用PDCA管理法后,研究组中儿科护士的一次性穿刺成功率显著高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组中儿科护士在护理责任心、专业实操能力、医疗险情处理、护患沟通能力等4个维度的静脉穿刺护理质量评分均显著高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论将PDCA管理法合理运用至儿科护士静脉穿刺操作技术的持续性改进中的效果显著,既有助于促使护士的一次性穿刺成功率明显提升,也有利于显著性提高儿科护士的整体静脉穿刺护理质量。

Conflict： Efficient State or State Under the Rule of Law？-- The Hungarian Case of the Victory of the Efficient State over the State Under the Rule of Law

This study is seeking an answer as to whether the efficient state and the state under the rule of law are indeed irreconcilable, as well as to whether these two categories are by nature to be seen as contrary concepts. The basic issue is whether efficiency is to be handled as an ＂extralegal＂ category, or whether legal regulation, in accordance with public administration traditions in Europe, can in itself meet the requirement of efficiency. Also the study presents the formation of the issue of conflict between the effective state and the state under the rule of law in Hungary after the election held in 2010 in the practice of economic policy and legislation of the Orban government. We are trying to answer the question of the tendency of power concentration to really menace the principles of a traditionally-formed state under the rule of law, as well as whether the economic policy of the government can be implemented effectively in a strongly centralized political and state administrative system.

Research on the Core Factors of Influencing College Students Entrepreneurial Success Rate under the Perspectives of the Law and Team Management Perspectives

In this paper, we conduct research on primary core factors of influencing college students＇ entrepreneurial success rate under the perspectives of the law and team management perspectives. College students＇ entrepreneurship education is cultivating he students innovative spirit and creative ability as the basic value tendency, in order to cultivate creative talents as the main goal of education, it is an extension of the quality-oriented education, is the comprehensive development of students＇ qualities of wisdom education is the all-round development of students＇ personality education ＇is pay more attention to the body of the human spirit, the humanist education. Carrying out entrepreneurship education, the reform and development of higher education to improve the quality of talent training levels promote national independent innovation and entrepreneurship has important significance. Our research proposes the novel perspective on the issues that is meaningful.

研究PDCA管理法对儿科护理质量的影响

目的分析儿科护士应用PDCA管理法对于提高护理质量的效果。方法选取青岛市市北区水清沟街道社区卫生服务中心的24名儿科护士为研究对象,2023年1—6月采用常规管理(对照组),2023年7—12月采用PDCA管理法(观察组),比较两组儿科护士的一次性穿刺成功率、护理质量、护士管理满意度。结果观察组一次性穿刺成功率为99.96%(12450/12453),高于对照组的99.67%(12322/12362),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=32.165,P<0.001)。观察组的护理质量评分(护患沟通能力、医疗险情处理能力、专业实操能力、护理责任心)高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组护士对管理的满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论儿科护士应用PDCA管理法可以提高护士一次性穿刺成功率,提高护理质量。

Human Rights Protection in the Context of Ruling the Country by Law

At a conference in Beijing on December 4, 2012 marking the 30th anni- versary of the adoption of the current Constitution, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂To fully implement the Constitution is the primary task and the basic work in building a socialist nation ruled by law.＂ He also said, ＂A country ruled by law should be first ruled by the Constitution, and lawful governance should be based on the Constitution.＂

Impact of Plastic Waste on the Human Health in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Background: Plastic pollution is the accumulation of waste composed of plastic and its derivatives all over the environment. Whether in the form of visible garbage or microparticles, as it slowly degrades, plastic pollution poses significant threats to terrestrial and aquatic habitats and the wildlife that call them home, whether through ingestion, entanglement or exposure to the chemicals contained in the material. Unfortunately, there is a lack of documentation on the impact of plastic waste on human health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We searched five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Global Health, CINAHL and Web of Science) and gray literature, following the preferred reporting elements for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), for the impact of plastic waste on human health in developing countries. We included quantitative and qualitative studies written in English and French. We assessed the quality of the included articles using the Mixed Methods Appraisal tool (MMAT). Results: A total of 3779 articles were initially identified by searching electronic databases. After eliminating duplicates, 3167 articles were reviewed based on title and abstract, and 26 were selected for full-text review. Only three articles were retained. The three articles dealt with practices likely to lead to oral exposure to plastic chemicals in human health, as well as the level of awareness of participants concerning the possible impact of plastic on human health, namely, the use of plastic baby bottles, the use of microwaves to cook food and reheat precooked food, the use of plastic bottles to store water in the refrigerator, water purifier containers with plastic bodies and plastic lunch boxes, the reuse of plastic bags and the inadequacy of treatment facilities. Conclusion: Plastic waste poses different risks to human health at every stage of its life cycle. Hence, strategies must be adopted to raise public awareness of the dangers of plastic waste to their health. Trial registration: The review protocol is registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (ID = CRD42023409087).

A pattern for partnership between LMDH and Perhutani to enhance local community prosperity and preserve the forest:a case study at RPH Besowo,Kediri Regency,Indonesia

The deforestation in Indonesia is already alarming.One of the strategies used by the government to overcome forest deforestation is social forestry.This program is called PHBM(Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat/Joint Forest Management) which is basically a partnership program.This study aims at describing the partnership program between a local organization(i.e.LMDH) and a government unit(i.e.RPH of Perhutani) within the PHBM program.The objectives of this study are to(a) describe the model of partnerships between LMDH and RPH Besowo for sustainable forest management and local community empowerment;(b) determine the contribution of the forest to the national economy and rural household income;and(c) determine the obstacles commonly found in Besowo forest that have to be faced during the implementation of the partnerships.The study shows that with good partnership between these two units,the prosperity of the local community can be enhanced and the forest preservation can be maintained.The model of the partnerships in this particular area in Indonesia is expected to be applicable as well in other rural areas in Indonesia,as well as in other developing countries.

Management of neuroblastoma in limited-resource settings

BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma(NB)is a heterogeneous disease with variable outcomes among countries.Little is known about NB in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).AIM The aim of this review was to evaluate regional management protocols and challenges in treating NB in paediatric oncology units in LMICs compared to high-income countries(HICs).METHODS PubMed,Global Health,Embase,SciELO,African Index Medicus and Google Scholar were searched for publications with keywords pertaining to NB,LMICs and outcomes.Only English language manuscripts and abstracts were included.A descriptive review was done,and tables illustrating the findings were constructed.RESULTS Limited information beyond single-institution experiences regarding NB outcomes in LMICs was available.The disease characteristics varied among countries for the following variables:sex,age at presentation,MYCN amplification,stage and outcome.LMICs were found to be burdened with a higher percentage of stage 4 and high-risk NB compared to HICs.Implementation of evidence-based treatment protocols was still a barrier to care.Many socioeconomic variables also influenced the diagnosis,management and followup of patients with NB.CONCLUSION Patients presented at a later age with more advanced disease in LMICs.Management was limited by the lack of resources and genetic studies for improved NB classification.Further research is needed to develop modified diagnostic and treatment protocols for LMICs in the face of limited resources.

The Changing Labour Relations during the Period of Economic Reform:A Case Study of Chinese Township and Village Enterprises in Yangtze River Delta

The economic reform launched in the People's Republic of China(China) led to a rapid growth in non-state sectors.Various forms of corporate governances and ownerships emerged during the last two decades,especially the Township and Village Enterprises owned by local residents.This article is conducted on the changing labour relations in Chinese Township and Village Enterprises(TVEs) despite their increasing contributions to China's transition from planned economy to market economy,and studies the labour market and the Labour Law to understand the unique labour mobility and to test the relationship between Human Resource Management(HRM) practice and the performance among TVEs.

Latent dimensions between water use and socio-economic development: A global exploratory statistical analysis

Water use and socio-economic development are interconnected in complex ways.Causalities are not easy to identify but it is evident that a nexus between water use and socio-economic development does exist.Considering the diversity of national situations relating to these interrelated phenomena,its study should be considered from a global perspective.This article critically reviews the literature and information from official sources on the relevance of water use and circular economy in order to create a global picture,linking water with socio-economic development.Data from 195 countries were analyzed statistically.A factor analysis defined five essential latent dimensions on the nexus between water use and socio-economic development:development and basic services,population and resources,economic volume,health and well-being,and population density.Based on the identified factors,countries were classified into six groups:Global South in difficulty,global semi-periphery,advanced economy,Middle East and other Global South developing economy,global weight,and small highly developed economy.The clustering results clarify connections between water use conditions and socioeconomic development.Understanding the variety of national profiles is helpful to reveal the magnitude and urgency of dealing with the nexus between water use and socio-economic development for many countries.

The Accounting Profession： A Descriptive Study of the Common and Code Law Countries

The accounting profession does not have a long history. It is mainly evolved in the last 150 years in the modem sense. Many factors influence the development of accounting and there are many reasons why countries have developed different accounting systems. Among these factors, the relationship between the legal system and the accounting profession is considered worthy of examination. For this purpose, the accounting professions of selected countries are studied. This study clearly demonstrates that the accounting profession in a country has been significantly affected by the judicial system of that country. In addition, the accounting and auditing environment is divided into two separate professions in the code law countries, whereas in the common law countries the profession is mainly organized under one title. However, because of historical or cultural influences, exceptions do exist in countries like Japan, Bulgaria, and Greece.

Constructal Law of Institutions within Social Organizations

This work looked for a unifying theory between physical-biological domain and social sciences. Constructal law unified physical and biological domain by telling the general sense in which flow systems tend to evolve. Management theory looks for relations between institutions and human agency. Although being state of mind entities, institutions follow constructal law. This work proposed the main organization flows are information and credit. Biologic instincts derived from Darwinian natural selection are the driving or blocking forces of such flows. Once biologic instincts systematically block information and credit flows in large numbers, this work proposed every human organization must have institutions to inhibit some behaviors. Those institutions need to be present, at least partially, in formal rules of social groups. This way it is possible to predict expansion or downfall of human groups using objective and quantifiable data. Therefore, further studies may employ classical history to confirm this theory. This work analyzed some case studies to show qualitatively the application of proposed theory. Concluding, this work gave physically-biologically grounded guidance for institutional changes.

Assessment of the Methodology for Studying the Pricing Mechanism in the Transition Time of the Ukrainian Electricity Sector to the Free Market Principles

Electricity Market Act№2019-VIII passed in 2017 by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine enacts in July 2019 and causes the transition of this segment of the economy to the free market principles.The implementation of this Act is perceived ambiguous.Many experts criticize this Act,which have numerous risks,especially pricing risks.In order to better understand the implications of the enactment of the adopted Act,a study was carried out on the methodology of the pricing mechanism in the retail segment of the electricity market based on the Demand Side Management(DSM)approach.In the study,one of the varieties of DSM models was used–a dynamic demand-supply model for describing the pricing mechanism and short-term forecast of retail prices.Test and comparative analysis were conducted.The last one based on possibilities of short-term forecasting of prices of DSM model with the well-known Holt-Winters method.For testing were set historical data on electricity prices in England and Wales,during the transition period from a model similar to the current model of the Ukrainian electricity market.

Empirical Test of Wagner＇s law in New Public Management Countries＇ Tax Revenue

The essence of empirical test of Wagner characteristic in new public management countries＇ tax revenue is to test the influence of economic growth on tax growth since new public management movement. Under IMF statistical framework, by using E-G two-step method in co-integration test and Granger causality test and empirically testing of the gross tax revenue and classified tax revenue in Australian, Canada, France, America, Britain these five countries, we can find that most indicators in most countries do not confirm to Wagner＇ s law. With the growth of GDP, tax revenue as a percentage of GDP rises periodically but not permanently. This period can be called the validity period of Wagner＇ s law in financial scale.

Improvement of Urban Rail Transit Laws and Regulations System in China

Legal management is the fundamental guarantee of urban rail transit management＇s benign operation; and the comprehensive legal management of urban rail transit is also the important development trend of urban rail transit in the world. This article aims to analyze the problems existing in China＇s urban rail transit legal management, to improve the corresponding laws and regulations system, and to put forward some suggestions on how to optimize the urban rail transit legal management.

Model of Pollution Management Control in Badung River： Enhancing Role of Traditional Law on Common Resource

Badung River in the Denpasar city of Bali Province, Indonesia, faces many challenging issues recently. As a common pool resource, the river has been under pressure from many activities including household activities which dump household wastes, and pollution externalities arising from dyeing and screen-printing of fabric industries. Conventional approach to control the pollution might not be effective since it will end up in zero sum game. This paper attempts to explore the role of traditional institituion in managing common pool resource such as controlling river pollution. This research is aimed to know the effectiveness of traditional law on managing pollution of printing and dyeing industries on this big river. Survey method was used for collecting primary data and then the data was analyzed by ordinal regression to determine the effect of internal and external factors which influence the intensity of pollution. The result indicates that even though traditional might help to influence household and industry＇s decision making, it might not sufficient enough to reduce the pollution of the river. Other factors are influencing the waste management, such as level of waste management knowledge of the entrepreneur, the attitude of the entrepreneur toward public program especially on waste and pollution management, the financial support, and the education level of government supervision. Furthermore, Government of Denpasar City need to arrange policy that giving incentive to businessman who handling waste properly and also giving reward to traditional organization who implementing local wisdom and norm to control river pollution strictly.

Mr.Wolfgang Gotsmy,NEW COUNTRY MANAGER

Upon completing his studies of Sinology and Economics in Vienna, WolfgangGOTSMY had his first contact with China in Taipei and Shanghai in the exportbusiness for Austrian Companies. He joined Austrian Airlines in early 1996 andafter a 15-month Internal Management Training Program was assigned to the

Characteristics and trends of integrated ocean management under the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

As the international community place high value on the ocean,protecting the marine environment and promoting the sustainable development of the ocean have become the consensus of all countries around the world.Integrated ocean management,as an important part of the ocean governance mechanism within the framework of the United Nations,have approached to the scene view of human gradually.Taking the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as the framework,the current international integrated ocean management is summarized and the future development trend of ocean management is analyzed,providing reference for China to build a maritime power and a maritime community with shared future.

Diagnosis and Management of Obesity: A Joint Statement by Practicing Endocrinologists

Obesity is not always recognized as a primary disease, leading to shortage of insurance coverage, clear dispositions about therapeutic strategies, prevention programs and legislation. Worldwide, physicians face the challenge to design affordable and effective treatments against obesity, to improve patient health and wellbeing and reduce the burden on healthcare systems. While international guidelines for obesity management are available, straightforward recommendations applicable in developing countries are needed. In order to develop local consensus recommendations, a panel of endocrinologists with experience in overweight and obesity convened and provided opinions about obesity aetiology, diagnosis, and management, in a structured discussion. Opinions were then developed into recommendations. There was unanimous agreement on recognizing obesity as a disease, which could be diagnosed by any trained physician and best managed by endocrinologists or obesity-trained physicians. The panel reiterated that lifestyle and behaviour changes remain the cornerstone of treatment;underscoring, however, the need for pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery in some cases. They also identified stakeholders in the fight against obesity (ministries, third-party payers, healthcare providers and others). The establishment of an obesity registry was encouraged, which will pave the way for enhanced obesity research and prevention programs. These recommendations, endorsed by the World Obesity Federation, would be of interest to clinicians worldwide. .