Activity 1Before you read, match the word or phrase to a definition.a. a design created by a repeated arrangement of lines, shapes or colours b. cut food such as fruit or meat into thin, flat pieces c. do something th...Activity 1Before you read, match the word or phrase to a definition.a. a design created by a repeated arrangement of lines, shapes or colours b. cut food such as fruit or meat into thin, flat pieces c. do something that you shouldn’t to get an advantage d. get an idea from something or someone.展开更多
17至19世纪,东南亚地区吸引了大量外来移民,其中中国移民群体尤为显著。这一时期,郑信、莫玖和罗芳伯等华人移民群体领袖,相继成为暹罗、湄公河三角洲及婆罗洲等一些地区的外来统治者。作为“有能力的人”(Man of Prowess),这些华人政...17至19世纪,东南亚地区吸引了大量外来移民,其中中国移民群体尤为显著。这一时期,郑信、莫玖和罗芳伯等华人移民群体领袖,相继成为暹罗、湄公河三角洲及婆罗洲等一些地区的外来统治者。作为“有能力的人”(Man of Prowess),这些华人政治领袖通过与当地人通婚,发挥了自身卓越的经济和军事才能,成功地吸引不同群体的追随者。他们在当地的统治体现了一种独特的“陌生人-王”模式。在这一模式中,外来统治者并不是单纯依靠获得当地民众的支持来确立自己的权威,而是首先构建以本族群追随者为核心的支持基础,随后逐步赢得本土居民的拥护,最终在异国他乡确立自己的统治。这种“陌生人-王”统治模式突出了族群力量的重要性。就当时的情况而言,华人政治领袖在东南亚的出现并非孤立现象,当时东南亚地区还出现了白人及阿拉伯人等“陌生人-王”,出现这种现象的根源在于东南亚本土的社会文化结构、商业世界主义和曼陀罗政治规则。这些“陌生人-王”政治领袖遵守本土的社会文化规范,并依据曼陀罗的互动规则行事,成为相互嵌入的本土曼陀罗体系中的一部分。展开更多
Current geopolitical strategies of countries or trading partners reflect a“New Great Game”in the wake of the Covid19 pandemic,especially across Eurasia.Strategies range from modification of China’s decade-long“Bel...Current geopolitical strategies of countries or trading partners reflect a“New Great Game”in the wake of the Covid19 pandemic,especially across Eurasia.Strategies range from modification of China’s decade-long“Belt and Road”Initiative,Russian Federation’s Eurasian Union,to Japan’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific geopolitical program,coupled with“Build Back Better World”(“B3W”)initiative advanced by the Group of Seven(G7)at its 12 June 2021 meeting at Carbis Bay,Cornwall,England.This came as United States forces withdrew from Afghanistan chaotically.Russia,China,and the West each compete to become the more effective chess player in Eurasia.Competitor countries have developed traditional and novel soft power tools to construct relationships across that supercontinent.What countries will endure,meet the test of time?This chapter will address those issues individually,collectively,drawing upon forecasts advanced in this century,post-pandemic assessments,with triangulation of information available currently in the literature of“New Great Game”players.Much is at stake,from Eurasia’s future to prospective statehood in East Turkmenistan(China’s Xinjiang)to peace across Asia,global tranquility.All nations must meet global expectations and regulations,be rewarded when they do,ostracized in failure.Brazil,India,and countries driving trade should be considered seriously for greater roles in global governance.展开更多
Through field investigation, field surveying and mapping, image analysis, and other methods, this paper discusses the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of Tibetan settlements around Xiba Temple in...Through field investigation, field surveying and mapping, image analysis, and other methods, this paper discusses the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of Tibetan settlements around Xiba Temple in two and three dimensions. It finds that under the influence of the spatial order culture of Buddhist “mandala,” Tibetan settlements in the surrounding area of Xiba Temple are characterized by centripetal, symmetrical, and vertical distribution. They are typical representatives of Tibetan settlements built around the temple in the mountain area. The results of this paper may provide a new idea for studying the spatial pattern and spatial structure of Tibetan temple settlements and their surrounding settlements.They can also be used to guide the spatial distribution pattern of Tibetan-inhabited villages under the background of religious culture, and guide the protection, planning, and construction of cultural landscapes in traditional Tibetan settlements.展开更多
This paper is an inquiry into possible motivations for representing timber-flame architecture in the Buddhist context. By comparing the architectural language of early Buddhist narrative panels and cave temples render...This paper is an inquiry into possible motivations for representing timber-flame architecture in the Buddhist context. By comparing the architectural language of early Buddhist narrative panels and cave temples rendered in stone, I suggest that architectural representation was employed in both masonry and timber to create symbolically charged worship spaces. The replication and multiplication of palace forms on cave walls, in ＂pagodas＂ （futu浮圖,fotu 佛圖, or ta 塔）, and as the crowning element of flee-standing pillars reflect a common desire to express and harness divine power, a desire that resulted in a wide variety of mountainous monuments in China. Finally, I provide evidence to suggest that the towering Buddhist monuments of early medieval China are linked morphologically and symbolically to the towering temples of South Asia through the use of both palace forms and sacred man. d. alas as a means to express the divine power and expansive presence of the Buddha.展开更多
This work focuses on the spatial compositions and characteristics of religious sites and surrounding pilgrimage space in the city of Lhasa, which is the sacred center of Tibet. The modernization and urbanization of th...This work focuses on the spatial compositions and characteristics of religious sites and surrounding pilgrimage space in the city of Lhasa, which is the sacred center of Tibet. The modernization and urbanization of the city in recent decades have transformed the spatial and socioeconomic positions of its urban religious sites. The present study offers insights into the composition of urban religious spaces in the city of Lhasa with consideration to the spatiality and sociality of these spaces. After examining the current situations of retigious spaces, we classify the target spaces into five types using the duster analysis method and identify the characteristics of each type. We then discuss the socioeconomic values of each type of religious space and derive recommendations for planners. The analysis performed in this study may contribute in the soeciat planning for the protection of religious traditions.展开更多
文摘Activity 1Before you read, match the word or phrase to a definition.a. a design created by a repeated arrangement of lines, shapes or colours b. cut food such as fruit or meat into thin, flat pieces c. do something that you shouldn’t to get an advantage d. get an idea from something or someone.
文摘17至19世纪,东南亚地区吸引了大量外来移民,其中中国移民群体尤为显著。这一时期,郑信、莫玖和罗芳伯等华人移民群体领袖,相继成为暹罗、湄公河三角洲及婆罗洲等一些地区的外来统治者。作为“有能力的人”(Man of Prowess),这些华人政治领袖通过与当地人通婚,发挥了自身卓越的经济和军事才能,成功地吸引不同群体的追随者。他们在当地的统治体现了一种独特的“陌生人-王”模式。在这一模式中,外来统治者并不是单纯依靠获得当地民众的支持来确立自己的权威,而是首先构建以本族群追随者为核心的支持基础,随后逐步赢得本土居民的拥护,最终在异国他乡确立自己的统治。这种“陌生人-王”统治模式突出了族群力量的重要性。就当时的情况而言,华人政治领袖在东南亚的出现并非孤立现象,当时东南亚地区还出现了白人及阿拉伯人等“陌生人-王”,出现这种现象的根源在于东南亚本土的社会文化结构、商业世界主义和曼陀罗政治规则。这些“陌生人-王”政治领袖遵守本土的社会文化规范,并依据曼陀罗的互动规则行事,成为相互嵌入的本土曼陀罗体系中的一部分。
文摘Current geopolitical strategies of countries or trading partners reflect a“New Great Game”in the wake of the Covid19 pandemic,especially across Eurasia.Strategies range from modification of China’s decade-long“Belt and Road”Initiative,Russian Federation’s Eurasian Union,to Japan’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific geopolitical program,coupled with“Build Back Better World”(“B3W”)initiative advanced by the Group of Seven(G7)at its 12 June 2021 meeting at Carbis Bay,Cornwall,England.This came as United States forces withdrew from Afghanistan chaotically.Russia,China,and the West each compete to become the more effective chess player in Eurasia.Competitor countries have developed traditional and novel soft power tools to construct relationships across that supercontinent.What countries will endure,meet the test of time?This chapter will address those issues individually,collectively,drawing upon forecasts advanced in this century,post-pandemic assessments,with triangulation of information available currently in the literature of“New Great Game”players.Much is at stake,from Eurasia’s future to prospective statehood in East Turkmenistan(China’s Xinjiang)to peace across Asia,global tranquility.All nations must meet global expectations and regulations,be rewarded when they do,ostracized in failure.Brazil,India,and countries driving trade should be considered seriously for greater roles in global governance.
基金supported by the Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)entitled by Research on the Characteristics and Evolution Mechanism of Settlement Landscape Based on Multidimensional Index in the Upper Minjiang River(No.52008342)the NSFC Regional Program entitled by Spatial Mechanism and Method for Optimizing Village Settlements in the Longitudinal Ridge and Valley Area from a Territorial Space Perspective(No.52168012)。
文摘Through field investigation, field surveying and mapping, image analysis, and other methods, this paper discusses the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of Tibetan settlements around Xiba Temple in two and three dimensions. It finds that under the influence of the spatial order culture of Buddhist “mandala,” Tibetan settlements in the surrounding area of Xiba Temple are characterized by centripetal, symmetrical, and vertical distribution. They are typical representatives of Tibetan settlements built around the temple in the mountain area. The results of this paper may provide a new idea for studying the spatial pattern and spatial structure of Tibetan temple settlements and their surrounding settlements.They can also be used to guide the spatial distribution pattern of Tibetan-inhabited villages under the background of religious culture, and guide the protection, planning, and construction of cultural landscapes in traditional Tibetan settlements.
文摘This paper is an inquiry into possible motivations for representing timber-flame architecture in the Buddhist context. By comparing the architectural language of early Buddhist narrative panels and cave temples rendered in stone, I suggest that architectural representation was employed in both masonry and timber to create symbolically charged worship spaces. The replication and multiplication of palace forms on cave walls, in ＂pagodas＂ （futu浮圖,fotu 佛圖, or ta 塔）, and as the crowning element of flee-standing pillars reflect a common desire to express and harness divine power, a desire that resulted in a wide variety of mountainous monuments in China. Finally, I provide evidence to suggest that the towering Buddhist monuments of early medieval China are linked morphologically and symbolically to the towering temples of South Asia through the use of both palace forms and sacred man. d. alas as a means to express the divine power and expansive presence of the Buddha.
基金Acknowledsments We acknowledse the generous financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 51308463 and No. 51578453） and the research funds provided by the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province （No. 2014JY0231）. We also thank LetPub for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
文摘This work focuses on the spatial compositions and characteristics of religious sites and surrounding pilgrimage space in the city of Lhasa, which is the sacred center of Tibet. The modernization and urbanization of the city in recent decades have transformed the spatial and socioeconomic positions of its urban religious sites. The present study offers insights into the composition of urban religious spaces in the city of Lhasa with consideration to the spatiality and sociality of these spaces. After examining the current situations of retigious spaces, we classify the target spaces into five types using the duster analysis method and identify the characteristics of each type. We then discuss the socioeconomic values of each type of religious space and derive recommendations for planners. The analysis performed in this study may contribute in the soeciat planning for the protection of religious traditions.
