Exploring Phonetic Differences and Cross-Linguistic Influences: A Comparative Study of English and Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation Patterns

Exploring the differences in phonemes and cross-linguistic influences, particularly by comparing the pronunciation patterns of English and Mandarin, is crucial for language learners. Such comparative studies can help learners better understand and overcome the pronunciation difficulties encountered during second language acquisition. English and Mandarin have significant differences in their vowel and consonant systems, tones, intonation, and syllable structures. A deep understanding of these differences allows learners to engage in targeted pronunciation training, reducing accent interference. This research provides guidance for improving language teaching methods, enabling teachers to design more effective pronunciation strategies and exercises based on the students’ native language backgrounds, thus enhancing learning outcomes. Additionally, cross-linguistic studies aid in improving speech recognition and conversion technologies, achieving higher accuracy and naturalness in multilingual speech processing systems. From a cultural exchange perspective, understanding and respecting the phonetic characteristics of different languages help to enhance the effectiveness and mutual understanding in cross-cultural communication. The comparative study of English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns not only provides a theoretical foundation for language education and technological applications but also promotes effective communication in multilingual environments. This thesis uses a comparative research method to elucidate the study of English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns. It begins with an analysis of the characteristics and similarities of the pronunciation patterns in both languages. The thesis then examines the differences between English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns through four aspects: the number and complexity of vowel phonemes, types and distribution of consonant phonemes, tones and stress, and intonation and phonetic phenomena. Finally, based on the comparative analysis of the differences, the thesis offers targeted policy recommendations for learning English and Mandarin.

MANDARIN T ONE RECOGNITION IN SPE E CH DISORDER THERAPY SYSTEM

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Effect of ChREBP on carbohydrate feeding regulation in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi

Carnivorous fish have poor tolerance to carbohydrate in feed and low utilization rate of carbohydrate.Therefore,the balance of carbohydrate and lipids in the nutrient metabolism of carnivorous fish,the ef fective conversion and utilization of carbohydrate and lipids,and the feedback regulation of feeding are the key links for the e fficient utilization of carnivorous fish feed.Carbohydrate response element binding protein(ChREBP)is a new transcription factor found in recent years in the glucose signaling pathway,and can also participate in feeding regulation.We performed in-vivo and in-vitro experiments to reveal the role of ChREBP in the glucose metabolism and feeding in mandarin fish.The mRNA expression of ChREBP and appetite regulatory factors were measured after intraperitoneal injection of glucose in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and cotransfection with glucose and glucose+siRNA in the hypothalamic cells in mandarin fish.The results reveal that at hour 2 and 4 post intraperitoneal injection with 1 mg/g BW glucose,the blood glucose level of the mandarin fish increased significantly,but food intake decreased significantly,and it also displayed a significantly increased ChREBP mRNA expression levels in liver.At hour 4 post injection,hypothalamic ChREBP mRNA level was significantly increased,whereas the mRNA expression levels of appetite genes neuropeptide Y(npy)and agouti-related peptide(AgRP)were decreased significantly.When the glucose concentration was 40 mmol/L,the expression level of ChREBP mRNA in mandarin fish hypothalamic cells was significantly up-regulated,but the expression level of appetite gene npy mRNA was down-regulated.When siRNA and glucose were co-transfected into mandarin fish brain cells,the expression level of chrebp mRNA was significantly decreased,and the appetite gene npy mRNA was significantly increased.The results indicated that glucose regulated food intake through the modulation of appetite gene npy by ChREBP.

The Grammatical Categorization of Mandarin在/zài:Spatiality,Temporality and Semantic Construal

Mandarin在(pinyin:zài)is the most frequently used character in representing spatial and temporal relationship.Current studies mostly focus on its lexical meaning and syntactic structure while cognitive features of its grammatical categories have been neglected.This paper investigates into the categorization of zài by conducting a morphosyntactic test among College English majors in China.The results show that:prototypes are organizing the grammatical categories of zài at all levels in terms of intra-categorial gradience;the semantic construal of zài construction could significantly influence the accuracy of the grammatical categorization of zài;the syntactic structure can provide viable cue for the identification of grammatical categories of zài;spatiality,temporality and the status of existing are three essential semantic features encoded by zài,the concurrence of which leads to various degree of inter-categorial vagueness,indicating a conflict between the rigid grammatical classification and the indeterminate nature of the grammatical functions of zai,suggesting the necessity to reconsider the efficacy of applying indiscriminately the Anglo-Saxon grammar into the study of Chinese spatial-temporal constructions.

Investigation on the Integration of “Gao” in Hong Kong Chinese and Mainland Mandarin

From the diachronic dimension,this paper makes a two-way interactive investigation on the integration of Hong Kong Chinese and Mainland Mandarin.“Gao”is a delexical verb in contemporary Chinese.In different words and expressions related to“gao”character,there are mutual absorptions between Chinese mainland and Hong Kong,which is characterized by starting from nothing to something and from less to more.

Reflection on Dialect Interference on Mandarin and the Second Language Acquisition of English Learners of Huangshi Dialect

Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.

满语研究二题:mandarin与cihakū

英语mandarin一词原意不是"清代北京官话",不能把它音译为"满大人"。该词来自葡萄牙语,最初是葡萄牙人对中国官员的称谓,其意为"指挥、命令",后来引申为"官话"。满语cihakū不是名词,依据其用法特点应视为无变化动词。

《日清字音鑒》音系研究

《日清字音鑒》是1895年出版的供日本人學習北京官話的教材。本文根據教材中羅馬字注音材料歸納整理出《日清字音鑒》的語音系統,着重分析其知莊章組聲母合而爲一、不分尖團、果攝處於分化演變階段等語音特點,並與同時期記音材料比較,初步窺見清末民初北京官話的面貌。

Study on Aroma Components in Fruit From Three Different Satsuma Mandarin Varieties

Fruit aroma of Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari from three different Satsuma mandarin varieties were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with GC-MS. The results showed that there were 73, 71, and 66 aroma components in the three varieties, and the total contents were 584.67,505.29, and 494.63 μg g^-1, respectively. Total 29 constituents were common in the three varieties. It was also found that Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari had 12, 5, and 2 unique components, respectively. The key aroma components were limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene, β- myrcene, α-pinene, and octanal in the three fruits. Guoqing 1 contained more key aroma compounds than Miyagawa Wase and Owari.

Development of a script of phonemically balanced monosyllable lists of Mandarin-Chinese

Objectives To develop a set of monosyllable audiometry test material that can be used in speech recognition testing in Mandarin Chinese. Materials and Methods In an effort to improve reliability and efficiency in clinical practice, a set of 30 test lists of 25 monosyllable test items each was designed with consideration of the following: length of the list, phonemical balance (PB), word utility frequency, coverage of common words, and equivalency among lists. The 30 lists contained 750 monosyllabic words and were constructed on the basis of Chinese phoneme distribution probability summarized in the Manual of Acoustic. The occurrence incidence of the 22 consonants, 36 vowels, and 4 tones of the Chinese Mandarin characters in the 30 test lists were calculated. To achieve PB, 489 monosyllables were selected from the 2500 most commonly used Chinese characters and the 4000 most commonly used Chinese phrases to compile the 30 monosyllable test lists using a computer algorithm with manual adjustment. Results Thirty phonemical balanced word lists of common Mandarin Chinese monosyllabic words were compiled. Each list consisted of 25 monosyllables. A total of 489 phonemes (consonants, vowels and tones) were included in the set. Conclusions This set of lists can potentially be used as the basic lists for future development of Mandarin PB monosyllable speech test materials.

New language outcome measures for Mandarin speaking children with hearing loss

Objective:The paper discusses recent evidence on the assessment of language outcomes in children with hearing loss acquiring oral language. Methods: Research emphasizes that language tests must be specific enough to capture subtle deficits in vocabulary and grammar learning at different developmental ages. The Diagnostic Receptive and Expressive Assessment of Mandarin (DREAM) was carefully designed to be a comprehensive standardized Mandarin assessment normed in China's Mainland. Results:This paper summarizes the evidence-based item design process and validity and reliability results of DREAM. A pilot study reported here shows that DREAM provided detailed information about hearing impaired children's language abilities and can be used to aid intervention planning to maximize progress. Conclusion: DREAM represents an example of translational science, transferring methods from empirical studies of language acquisition in research environments into applied domains such as assessment and intervention. Research on outcomes in China will advance significantly with the availability of evidence-based comprehensive language tests that measure a sufficient age range of skills, are normed on Mandarin speaking children in China's Mainland, and are designed to capture features central to Mandarin language acquisition.

Effects of Gamma-Irradiation Mutagenesis for Induction of Seedlessness, on the Quality of Mandarin Fruit

Gamma irradiation mutagenesis is a technique commonly used to induce seedlessness in citrus fruits. We compared fruit quality traits of eight different seeded mandarin varieties within the Israeli citrus breeding collection with those of their corresponding gamma-irradiated low-seeded mutants. The mandarin varieties compared were: “Rishon” with “Kedem”;“Michal” with irradiated “Michal”;“Merav” with “Meravit”;“Vered” with “Vardit”;“Ora” with “Or”;“Murcott” with “Mor”;“Shani” with irradiated “Shani”;“King” with irradiated “King”. Mutational breeding by gamma irradiation reduced average fruit seed number by 70% - 92%. Furthermore, mutational breeding by gamma irradiation delayed ripening of the early-season mandarin varieties “Rishon” and “Michal” by 8 - 13 days, but did not delay ripening of most mid- and late-season varieties. Gamma-irradia- tion mutagenesis also reduced fruit weight of seven of the eight tested low-seeded varieties by 6 - 41 g per fruit. Gamma-irradiation mutagenesis had variable effects on biochemical composition and nutritional quality, in that some irradiated clones presented no changes whereas other had either higher or lower levels of juice total soluble solids, acidity, vitamin C and total antioxidant activity. Finally, sensory evaluations by a trained panel revealed that the flavor of most of the low-seeded, gamma-irradiated varieties was slightly or significantly preferable to that of unirradiated varieties.

Early Practice of Chinese Europeanized Grammar-Take the Plural of the First-Person Pronoun in The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin as an Example

The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin translated by the British missionary William Chalmers Burns in the 1860s is regarded as one of the typical representatives of the early Europeanized vernacular texts.Compared with the ancient vernacular,the frequency of the inclusive usage of“wǒmen”has increased significantly,which is directly influenced by the plural usage of first-person pronoun in English.Tracking back the origin of Chinese Europeanized grammar is an important part of the study of modern Chinese grammar,which not only is helpful to have a clear understanding of the characteristic of Europeanized grammar in the pre-development stage of modern Chinese,but also can lay a certain foundation for the comparative study of Europeanized grammar in different periods.In addition,this study can also provide linguistic basis for investigating the influence of western missionaries’Chinese translation on the formation of new literature.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Quality and Appearance of Statuma Mandarin Fruit

Six-year Statuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. Cv. Miyagawa Wase) trees were used as materials to investigate the effects of plastic film mulching on quality and appearance of Statuma mandarin fruit during three periods of cell division, cell enlargement and mature stages. The results showed that mulching during the cell division and early-mature stages increased total sugar and reduced sugar content of fruit as well as the Vc content, compared to the control. However, the titratable acid content, fruit size, peel weight and single fruit weight were all lower than the control. Film mulching during the cell division phage resulted in higher edible fruit rate, while the fruit shape index was similar to the control. Mulching during the early-mature stage didn’t affect the edible rate of fruit, but caused lower fruit shape index. Compared to the control, film mulching during the cell enlargement period caused lower total and reducing sugar content, titratable acid content and edible rate, while the Vc content was a little bit higher than the control. In addition, the fruit size, peel weight, single fruit weight and fruit shape index were all lower than the control. Mulching during the early-mature period effectively enhanced the content of total and reduced sugar and Vc and decreased the titratable acid content. Hence, it increased fruit quality but had negative effect on fruit appearance.

Effects of Co-60 gamma-irradiation and refrigerated storage on the quality of Shatang mandarin

The effectiveness of Co-60 gamma irradiation in controlling citrus red mite(Panonychus citri McGregor)had been proved in our earlier work.However,whether it could be used as an alternative method to replace the current way of quarantine treatment against citrus red mites depends on the performances of effective doses on citrus fruits.This study was conducted to explore the effects of Co-60 gamma irradiation on the nutrient composition of citrus(Shatang mandarin);selected fruits were divided into different groups and each group was irradiated at 0.0,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,and 0.6,respectively.And then the treated fruits were stored at 4◦C and the nutrient composition was studied in the following days.The results showed that the shelf-life could be extended when fruits were irradiated in the dose range of 0.2–0.4 kGy,while most unirradiated citrus decayed by 15 d.It also turned out that the citrus irradiated at 0.5 and 0.6 kGy were fully decayed within 45 d of refrigerated storage.The content of total soluble solids(TSS),total sugar,ascorbic acid(AA),and titratable acidity had no significant differences compare to those of the control during the 15 d storage period.Nevertheless,the activities of peroxidase(POD)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)decreased after 15 d;the improvement of storage quality and shelf life may be explained by the change of the protective enzyme activity.In conclusion,the results of citrus fruit treated with irradiation at a certain dose indicated the potential use of Co-60 gamma irradiation as a safe quarantine treatment.©2014 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Distribution of Mandarin Mingled by Cantonese: Survey Based on Pearl River Delta in China

Mandarin Mingled by Cantonese is common in Guangdong dialect area.Its main manifestation is the heterogeneous pronunciation and vocabulary,and its performance degree can measure speakers’Mandarin level.In the summer of 2019,this paper conducted a survey on the Pearl River Delta area and found that:(1)the rank of Mandarin of each city is from high to low:Shenzhen,Dongguan,Guangzhou,Zhuhai,Foshan,Huizhou,Zhongshan,Jiangmen,Zhaoqing;(2)The degree index of Mandarin Mingled by Cantonese in the Pearl River Delta is calculated.It’s wise to strengthen the promotion of Mandarin in Guangdong,to promote the balanced development of regional economic integration.

Geographical classification of Nanfeng mandarin by near infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics methods

Near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS),coupled with principal component analysis and wavelength selection techniques,has been sed to develop a robust and reliable reduced-spectrum classifi-cation model for determining the geographical origins of Nanfeng mandarins.The application of the changeable size moving window principal component analysis(CSMWPCA)provided a notably improved lassification model,with correct classification rates of 92.00%,100.00%,90.00%,100.00%,100.00%,100.00%and 100.00%for Fujian,Guangxi,Hunan,Baishe,Baofeng,Qiawan,Sanxi samples,respectively,as well as,a total dassification rate of 97.52%in the wavelength range from 1007 to 1296 nm.To test and apply the proposed method,the procedure was applied to the analysis of 59 samples in an independent test set.Good identification results(correct rate of 96.61%)were also received.The improvement achieved by the application of CSMWPCA method was particularly remarkable when taking the low complexities of the final model(290 variables)into account.The results of the study showed the great potential of NIRS as a fast,nondestructive and environmentally acceptable method for the rapid and reliable determination for geographical classifcation of Nanfeng mandarins.

Investigation into Phonological Attrition among Beginner Chinese Mandarin Language Learners

Studying foreign language attrition is important in the context of Chinese language learning because, in light of a growing worldwide interest in learning Chinese languages, language professionals need to understand the complexities of Chinese language acquisition. However, little research exists to date on foreign language attrition among Chinese language learners. In this study, we examined the features of language attrition,especially phonological attrition, among Mandarin learners in a higher educational institution in Brunei Darussalam. Additionally, we sought to test, in a Bruneian context,prominent theories and hypotheses about language attrition, including markedness theory and functional load theory. Our sample consisted of 86 beginner Mandarin students who spoke Malay as their native language and English as the academic language. Participants were 18-20 years old and studied Mandarin formally 4 hours per week for 14 consecutive weeks, during which they were also required to study for 8 hours per week on their own.Subsequently, they took a 3-month break from studying. We tested participants before and after the break and computed descriptive statistics to compare the results of the two tests. Our results showed the greatest attrition rates in tones and special structures of Mandarin, with less attrition in final and initial sounds. We discuss specific phonological findings as they relate to native Malay speakers, and we describe how our findings confirm or contradict,within the Bruneian context, existing theories. We conclude that markedness theory is applicable in our research context, but our findings failed to support functional load theory.

Optimization of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Conditions for the Identification of Volatiles Compounds from the Whole Fruit of Lemon, Lime, Mandarin and Orange

An optimum method has been developed for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which contribute to the aroma of different species of citrus fruit (orange, lemon, lime, and mandarin). Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) coupled with flame ionization detection (FID) is used as a very simple, efficient and non-destructive extraction method. A three phase 50/30 μm PDV/DVB/CAR fibre was used for the extraction process. The optimal sealing time for volatiles reaching equilibrium from whole fruit in the headspace of the chamber was 20, 16, 8 and 16 hours for lemon, lime, mandarin, and orange respectively. Optimum fibre exposure times for whole fruit were 2, 4, 2 and 2 hours for lemon, lime, mandarin, and orange respectively. Three chamber volumes (500, 1000 and 2000 ml) were evaluated for the collection of VOCs with the 500 ml chamber being selected. The 500ml chamber produced the highest quality peak areas and quantity of extracted volatiles. As a result of fruit respiration, the percentage of oxygen (O2) of all citrus fruit species in 500 ml chamber decreased from 21.8% to 18.8% in the 20 hours sealing time, while carbon dioxide (CO2) contents increased to 2.9% also in the 20 hours sealing time. The results of this study showed the feasibility of this technique for identifying VOCs from four of the citrus fruit species and its potential as a routine method for physiological studies on citrus fruit or on other fruit species.

Infection Characteristics and Interaction of Three Species of Penicillium in the Postharvest Storage of‘Gonggan'Mandarin(Citrus reticulata)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the infection characteristics of Penicillium on‘Gonggan’mandarin(Citrus reticulata)and its effects on postharvest storage quality.[Methods]Nine inoculation treatments were designed and tested for the three identified Penicillium species,namely:three single inoculation experiments,four compound inoculation experiments,and two controls without inoculation.After treatment,the fruit was put into plastic film fresh-keeping bags and stored at a natural room temperature.The determined and analyzed indexes included fruit disease incidence,disease index,disease symptoms,disease spot expansion speed and weight loss rate,soluble solid content and organic acid content in different inoculation treatments.[Results]All‘Gonggan’fruit inoculated with Penicillium were diseased 2 d after inoculation,and completely rotted 14 d later.Of the three Penicillium species isolated and identified,Penicillium digitorum and its combinations were the most harmful to‘Gonggan’fruit.The hazard of Penicillium italicum was equal to or even weaker than that of Penicillium expansum.Eventually,P.digitorum dominated when coexisting on the same fruit.Different species of Penicillium obviously showed competition and antagonism in the process of growth and infection,especially for P.digitorum which was stronger,but other two species of Penicillium also had obvious self-protection ability.Low-temperature storage played a crucial role in the preservation of‘Gonggan’fruit,because it could significantly inhibit Penicillium infestation,and suppress fruit weight loss and the reduction of the contents of soluble solids and organic acids.[Conclusions]The infection characteristics and interaction relationship of Penicillium in the postharvest storage of‘Gonggan’fruit were revealed.