DEAR EDITOR,The key features of functional extinction include continuous reproductive failure,lack of new recruitment,and persistent population decline(Jarićet al.,2016;Roberts et al.,2017).However,the conclusion of f...DEAR EDITOR,The key features of functional extinction include continuous reproductive failure,lack of new recruitment,and persistent population decline(Jarićet al.,2016;Roberts et al.,2017).However,the conclusion of functional extinction for the Chinese pangolin(Manis pentadactyla)by the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation(CBC-GDF)based on preliminary field information is unconvincing as they did not assess reproductive function or new individual recruitment of Chinese pangolin populations(Supplementary Materials).展开更多
Potential zoonotic pathogens may be transmitted from wildlife to humans through the illegal wild meat trade,which has become a pressing issue.However,research on the antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs)of Malayan pang...Potential zoonotic pathogens may be transmitted from wildlife to humans through the illegal wild meat trade,which has become a pressing issue.However,research on the antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs)of Malayan pangolin(Manis javanica)intestinal bacteria is limited.Here,multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli M172-1(ST354)isolated from Malayan pangolin feces in 2019 was found to be resistant to 13 antibiotics.BGWAS analysis revealed 4 plas-mids,namely,pM172-1.1,pM172-1.2,pM172-1.3,and pM172-1.4,in the isolate.The pM172-1.2,pM172-1.3,and pM172-1.4 plasmids carried ARGs,namely,IncHI2-HI2A,IncX1-X1,and IncX1,respectively.pM172-1.3 and pM172-1.4 contained intact IntI1 integrons(Is26/IntI1/arr2/cmlA5/blaOXA-10/ant(3′′)-IIA/dfrA14/Is26).No-tably,pM172-1.3 resulted from the fusion of 2 pM172-1.4 copies and carried many more ARGs.In addition to pM172-1.3 from the same host,other drug-resistant bacteria(E.coli M159-1(ST48),E.coli S171-1(ST206),and Klebsiella pneumoniae S174-1(ST2354))in the same Malayan pangolin fecal samples also carried 3 plasmids with 100%gene coverage of pM172-1.4 and 99.98%identity.Therefore,ARGs in IncX1 might spread in the intestinalflora of Malayan pangolin and between species via the illegal food chain,posing a potential threat to public health and safety.展开更多
An earthquake of Ms=7.4 occurred in Mani, Xizang (Tibet), China on November 8, 1997. The moment tensor ofthis earthquake was inverted using the long period body wave form data from China Digital Seismograph Network(CD...An earthquake of Ms=7.4 occurred in Mani, Xizang (Tibet), China on November 8, 1997. The moment tensor ofthis earthquake was inverted using the long period body wave form data from China Digital Seismograph Network(CDSN). The apparent source time functions (AS TFs) were retrieved from P and S waves, respectively, using thedeconvolution technique in frequency domain, and the tempo-spatial rupture process on the fault plane was imagedby inverting the azimuth dependent AS TFs from different stations. The result of the moment tensor inversionindicates that the P and T axes of earthquake-generating stress field were nearly horizontal, with the P axis in theNNE direction (29), the T axis in the SEE direction (122) and that the NEE-SWW striking nodal plane andNNW-SSE striking nodal plane are mainly left-lateral and right-lateral strike-slip, respectively; that this earthquakehad a scalar seismic moment of 3.4xl02o N. .m, and a moment magnitude of Mw=7.6. Taking the aftershock distribution into account, we proposed that the earthquake rupture occurred in the fault plane with the strike of 250,the dip of 88 and the rake of 19. On the basis of the result of the moment tensor inversion, the theoretical seismograms were synthesized, and then the AS T Fs were retrieved by deconvoving the synthetic seismograms fromthe observed seismograms. The A S T Fs retrieved from the P and S waves of different stations identically suggestedthat this earthquake was of a simple time history, whose ASTF can be approximated with a sine function with thehalf period of about 10 s. Inverting the azimuth dependent A S T Fs from P and S waveforms led to the imageshowing the tempo-spatial distribution of the rupture on the fault plane. From the 'remembering' snap-shots, therupture initiated at the western end of the fault, and then propagated eastward and downward, indicating an overallunilateral rupture. However, the slip distribution is non-uniform, being made up of three sub-areas, one in thewestern end, about 10 km deep ('western area'), another about 55 kin away from the western end and about 35 Iondeep ('eastern area'), the third about 30 km away from the western end and around 40 km deep ('central area').The total rupture area was around 70 km long and 60 km wide. From the 'forgetting' snap-shots, the rupturingappeared quite complex, with the slip occurring in different position at different time, and the earthquake being ofthe characteristics of 'healing pulse'. Another point we have to stress is that the locations in which the ruptureinitiated and terminated were not where the main rupture took place. Eventually, the static slip distribution wascalculated, and the largest slip values of the three sub-areas were 956 cm, 743 cm and 1 060 cm, for the western.eastern and central areas, respectively. From the slip distribution, the rupture mainly distributed in the fault about70 km eastern to the epicenter; from the aftershock distribution. however, the aftershocks were very sparse in thewest to the epicenter while densely clustered in the east to the epicenter It indicated that the Maul Ms=7.9 earthquake was resulted from the nearly eastward extension of the NEE-SWW to nearly E-W striking fault in thenorthwestern Tibetan plateau.展开更多
By using the D-InSAR technique, we have acquired the temporal-spatial evolution images of preseismic.cosesimci-postseismic interferometric deformation fields associated with the M 7.9 earthquake of Mani, Tibet on 8 No...By using the D-InSAR technique, we have acquired the temporal-spatial evolution images of preseismic.cosesimci-postseismic interferometric deformation fields associated with the M 7.9 earthquake of Mani, Tibet on 8 November 1997. The analysis of these images reveals the relationships between the temporal-spatial evolution features of the interferometric deformation fields and locking, rupturing, and elastic restoring of the source rupture plane, which represent the processes of strain accumulation, strain release, and postseismic restoration. The result shows that 10 months prior to the Mani event, a left-lateral shear trend appeared in the seismic area, which was in accordance with the earthquake fault in nature. The quantity of local deformation on the north wall was slightly larger than that on the south wall, and the deformation distribution area of the north wall was relatively large. With the event impending, the deformation of the south wall varied increasingly, and the deformation center shifted eastward. Two and half monthd before the event, the west side of the fault was still locked while the east side began to slide, implying that the whole fault would rupture at any moment. These features can be regarded as short-term precursors to this earthquake. Within the period from 16 April 1996 to two and half months before the earthquake, the most remarkable deformation zones appeared in the north and south walls, which were parallel to and about 40 km apart from the fault, with accumulated local displacements of 344 mm and 251 mm on the north and south walls, respectively. The south wall was the active one with larger displacements. Five months after the earthquake, the distribution feature of interferometric fringes was just opposite to that prior to the event, expressing evident right-lateral shear. The recovered displacements are -179 mm on the north wall and -79 mm on the south wall, close to the east side of the fault. However, in the area of the south wall far from the fault there still existed a trend of sinistral motion. The deformation of the north wall was small but recovered fast in a larger area, while the active south wall began to recover from the east section of the fault toward the WSW.展开更多
Breakthrough point source model, extended earthquake source model is used to calculate more seismic source parameters in this paper. We express seismic source using higher degree moment tensors, to reduce a Iarge numb...Breakthrough point source model, extended earthquake source model is used to calculate more seismic source parameters in this paper. We express seismic source using higher degree moment tensors, to reduce a Iarge number terms originally presenting in higher degree moment tensor representation, Haskell rupture model is used. We in verted the source parameters of Mani earthquake in Tibet using broad-band body wave of 32 stations of Global Seismograph Network (GSN), the results show that it is a strike-slip fault, rupture direction is 75°, rupture duration is 19 s, the fault plan is φ=77°， δ5=88°, A=0°, the auxiliare plane is φ=347°, δ=90°, k=178°, and the fault dimension is 47 km×28 km. These results will give new quantitative data for earth dynamics and have practical meaning for seismic source tomography research.展开更多
Origin of ancient Indian toxicology can be dated back to vedic literature.Toxins of both animate and inanimate world were very well understood during the era.Rig and Atharva vedic texts describe such details.After cla...Origin of ancient Indian toxicology can be dated back to vedic literature.Toxins of both animate and inanimate world were very well understood during the era.Rig and Atharva vedic texts describe such details.After classifying such toxins,Charaka Samhitha,thebasic literature of Indian Medicine used gold and ghee as panaceas to counter act them.Ayurveda considers toxicology as one among the eight specialized branches of medical wisdom.Unfortunately,the available literature on this is very limited.Moreover,they have been discussed briefly in Charaka and Sushrutha Samhitha.Mangarasa I,a Jain scholar who lived on the foothills of the Western Ghats,in Southern India in 1350 A.D.,felt this vacuum and composed an independent,elaborate Kannada text on toxicology.His less known text Khagendra Mani Darpana(KMD)is the first ever documented complete text on toxicology in the world.Medieval Indian wisdom on plant and animal diversities are very well reflected in this unique toxicological text.Centuries past to Linnean era,KMD gives vivid descriptions on zoological and botanical diversities of the time.This astonishing fact is an evidence of our ancestor's curiosities about the nature around them.A critical overview of the bio-diversity described in KMD text is discussed in this paper.展开更多
Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a kind of new earth observation technique and great development has been made in the recent ten years. In the paper, InSAR and Differential Interferometric Synthetic ...Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a kind of new earth observation technique and great development has been made in the recent ten years. In the paper, InSAR and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) are generally introduced; then the factors affecting the data accuracy are primarily discussed. The 1997 Mani earthquake was selected as an example to obtain the coseismic deformation field with the three-pass differential interferometric processing method. The results show that the coseismic deformation field is about 200 km in length and 115 km in width. The interferometric fringes spread in the area with the NEE-trending seismogenic fault the Margaichaka fault as the center and they are primarily parallel to the fault. Based on the analysis to the interferogram, the seismogenic fault can be divided into three segments. The whole fault is about 110 km and the length of each segment from the west to the east is about 23 km, 60 km and 26 km. The maximum uplifting displacement in the side-looking direction near the seismic center is about 162.4 cm, the maximum subsiding displacement in the side-looking direction in the western part of the fault is about 103.6 cm, and the maximum horizontal surface dislocation near the seismic center is about 7.96 m.展开更多
Earthquake activities in history are characterized by active and quiet periods. In the quiet period, the place where earthquake M_≥6 occurred means more elastic energy store and speedy energy accumulation there. When...Earthquake activities in history are characterized by active and quiet periods. In the quiet period, the place where earthquake M_≥6 occurred means more elastic energy store and speedy energy accumulation there. When an active period of big earthquake activity appeared in wide region, in the place where earthquake (M_≥6) occurred in the past quiet period, the big earthquake with magnitude of 7 or more often occur there. We call the above-mentioned judgement for predicting big earthquake the 'criterion of activity in quiescence'. The criterion is relatively effective for predicting location of big earthquake. In general, error of predicting epicenter is no more than 100 km. According to the criterion, we made successfully a middle-term prediction on the 1996 Lijiang earthquake in Yunnan Province, the error of predicted location is about 50 km. Besides, the 1994 Taiwan strait earthquake (M_s=7.3), the 1995 Yunnan-Myanmar boundary earthquake (M_s=7.2) and the Mani earthquake (M_s=7.9) in north Tibet are accordant with the retrospective predictions by the 'criterion of activity in quiescence'. The windows of 'activity in quiescence' identified statistically by us are 1940-1945, 1958-1961 and 1979-1986. Using the 'criterion of activity in quiescence' to predict big earthquake in the mainland of China,the earthquake defined by 'activity in quiescence' has magnitude of 6 or more; For the Himalayas seismic belt, the Pacific seismic belt and the north-west boundary seismic belt of Xinjiang, the earthquake defined by 'activity in quiescence' has magnitude of 7, which is corresponding to earthquake with magnitude of much more than 7 in future. For the regions where there are not tectonically and historically a possibility of occurring big earthquake (M_s=7), the criterion of activity in quiescence is not effective.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Program of Research and Development,Ministry of Science and Technology(2022YFF1301500)National Nature Science Foundation of China(32070522,31572286)+1 种基金China State Forestry and Grassland Administration(2018-HS01)the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China(2019-6-2)。
文摘DEAR EDITOR,The key features of functional extinction include continuous reproductive failure,lack of new recruitment,and persistent population decline(Jarićet al.,2016;Roberts et al.,2017).However,the conclusion of functional extinction for the Chinese pangolin(Manis pentadactyla)by the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation(CBC-GDF)based on preliminary field information is unconvincing as they did not assess reproductive function or new individual recruitment of Chinese pangolin populations(Supplementary Materials).
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation(31470570)Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(cstc2014jcyj A80013)+1 种基金Science Foundation of Chongqing Education Commission(kj1400534)Chongqing Creative Program for Graduate Students(CYS15155)~~
基金supported by the Introduction of Leading Talents Program of the Guangdong Academy of Sciences(No.2016GDASRC-0205)the Open project of Beijing Key Laboratory of captive wildlife technology in Beijing Zoo(ZDK202105).
文摘Potential zoonotic pathogens may be transmitted from wildlife to humans through the illegal wild meat trade,which has become a pressing issue.However,research on the antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs)of Malayan pangolin(Manis javanica)intestinal bacteria is limited.Here,multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli M172-1(ST354)isolated from Malayan pangolin feces in 2019 was found to be resistant to 13 antibiotics.BGWAS analysis revealed 4 plas-mids,namely,pM172-1.1,pM172-1.2,pM172-1.3,and pM172-1.4,in the isolate.The pM172-1.2,pM172-1.3,and pM172-1.4 plasmids carried ARGs,namely,IncHI2-HI2A,IncX1-X1,and IncX1,respectively.pM172-1.3 and pM172-1.4 contained intact IntI1 integrons(Is26/IntI1/arr2/cmlA5/blaOXA-10/ant(3′′)-IIA/dfrA14/Is26).No-tably,pM172-1.3 resulted from the fusion of 2 pM172-1.4 copies and carried many more ARGs.In addition to pM172-1.3 from the same host,other drug-resistant bacteria(E.coli M159-1(ST48),E.coli S171-1(ST206),and Klebsiella pneumoniae S174-1(ST2354))in the same Malayan pangolin fecal samples also carried 3 plasmids with 100%gene coverage of pM172-1.4 and 99.98%identity.Therefore,ARGs in IncX1 might spread in the intestinalflora of Malayan pangolin and between species via the illegal food chain,posing a potential threat to public health and safety.
文摘An earthquake of Ms=7.4 occurred in Mani, Xizang (Tibet), China on November 8, 1997. The moment tensor ofthis earthquake was inverted using the long period body wave form data from China Digital Seismograph Network(CDSN). The apparent source time functions (AS TFs) were retrieved from P and S waves, respectively, using thedeconvolution technique in frequency domain, and the tempo-spatial rupture process on the fault plane was imagedby inverting the azimuth dependent AS TFs from different stations. The result of the moment tensor inversionindicates that the P and T axes of earthquake-generating stress field were nearly horizontal, with the P axis in theNNE direction (29), the T axis in the SEE direction (122) and that the NEE-SWW striking nodal plane andNNW-SSE striking nodal plane are mainly left-lateral and right-lateral strike-slip, respectively; that this earthquakehad a scalar seismic moment of 3.4xl02o N. .m, and a moment magnitude of Mw=7.6. Taking the aftershock distribution into account, we proposed that the earthquake rupture occurred in the fault plane with the strike of 250,the dip of 88 and the rake of 19. On the basis of the result of the moment tensor inversion, the theoretical seismograms were synthesized, and then the AS T Fs were retrieved by deconvoving the synthetic seismograms fromthe observed seismograms. The A S T Fs retrieved from the P and S waves of different stations identically suggestedthat this earthquake was of a simple time history, whose ASTF can be approximated with a sine function with thehalf period of about 10 s. Inverting the azimuth dependent A S T Fs from P and S waveforms led to the imageshowing the tempo-spatial distribution of the rupture on the fault plane. From the 'remembering' snap-shots, therupture initiated at the western end of the fault, and then propagated eastward and downward, indicating an overallunilateral rupture. However, the slip distribution is non-uniform, being made up of three sub-areas, one in thewestern end, about 10 km deep ('western area'), another about 55 kin away from the western end and about 35 Iondeep ('eastern area'), the third about 30 km away from the western end and around 40 km deep ('central area').The total rupture area was around 70 km long and 60 km wide. From the 'forgetting' snap-shots, the rupturingappeared quite complex, with the slip occurring in different position at different time, and the earthquake being ofthe characteristics of 'healing pulse'. Another point we have to stress is that the locations in which the ruptureinitiated and terminated were not where the main rupture took place. Eventually, the static slip distribution wascalculated, and the largest slip values of the three sub-areas were 956 cm, 743 cm and 1 060 cm, for the western.eastern and central areas, respectively. From the slip distribution, the rupture mainly distributed in the fault about70 km eastern to the epicenter; from the aftershock distribution. however, the aftershocks were very sparse in thewest to the epicenter while densely clustered in the east to the epicenter It indicated that the Maul Ms=7.9 earthquake was resulted from the nearly eastward extension of the NEE-SWW to nearly E-W striking fault in thenorthwestern Tibetan plateau.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （grants 40574007 and 40374013）he radar data used are partially offered by the project ENVISAT A0-711 of Europe Space Administration.
文摘By using the D-InSAR technique, we have acquired the temporal-spatial evolution images of preseismic.cosesimci-postseismic interferometric deformation fields associated with the M 7.9 earthquake of Mani, Tibet on 8 November 1997. The analysis of these images reveals the relationships between the temporal-spatial evolution features of the interferometric deformation fields and locking, rupturing, and elastic restoring of the source rupture plane, which represent the processes of strain accumulation, strain release, and postseismic restoration. The result shows that 10 months prior to the Mani event, a left-lateral shear trend appeared in the seismic area, which was in accordance with the earthquake fault in nature. The quantity of local deformation on the north wall was slightly larger than that on the south wall, and the deformation distribution area of the north wall was relatively large. With the event impending, the deformation of the south wall varied increasingly, and the deformation center shifted eastward. Two and half monthd before the event, the west side of the fault was still locked while the east side began to slide, implying that the whole fault would rupture at any moment. These features can be regarded as short-term precursors to this earthquake. Within the period from 16 April 1996 to two and half months before the earthquake, the most remarkable deformation zones appeared in the north and south walls, which were parallel to and about 40 km apart from the fault, with accumulated local displacements of 344 mm and 251 mm on the north and south walls, respectively. The south wall was the active one with larger displacements. Five months after the earthquake, the distribution feature of interferometric fringes was just opposite to that prior to the event, expressing evident right-lateral shear. The recovered displacements are -179 mm on the north wall and -79 mm on the south wall, close to the east side of the fault. However, in the area of the south wall far from the fault there still existed a trend of sinistral motion. The deformation of the north wall was small but recovered fast in a larger area, while the active south wall began to recover from the east section of the fault toward the WSW.
文摘Breakthrough point source model, extended earthquake source model is used to calculate more seismic source parameters in this paper. We express seismic source using higher degree moment tensors, to reduce a Iarge number terms originally presenting in higher degree moment tensor representation, Haskell rupture model is used. We in verted the source parameters of Mani earthquake in Tibet using broad-band body wave of 32 stations of Global Seismograph Network (GSN), the results show that it is a strike-slip fault, rupture direction is 75°, rupture duration is 19 s, the fault plan is φ=77°， δ5=88°, A=0°, the auxiliare plane is φ=347°, δ=90°, k=178°, and the fault dimension is 47 km×28 km. These results will give new quantitative data for earth dynamics and have practical meaning for seismic source tomography research.
基金Supported by Indian National Science Academy(under Ministry of Science and Technology Govt.of India)HS/RC/NC/700 dated 22.6.2009
文摘Origin of ancient Indian toxicology can be dated back to vedic literature.Toxins of both animate and inanimate world were very well understood during the era.Rig and Atharva vedic texts describe such details.After classifying such toxins,Charaka Samhitha,thebasic literature of Indian Medicine used gold and ghee as panaceas to counter act them.Ayurveda considers toxicology as one among the eight specialized branches of medical wisdom.Unfortunately,the available literature on this is very limited.Moreover,they have been discussed briefly in Charaka and Sushrutha Samhitha.Mangarasa I,a Jain scholar who lived on the foothills of the Western Ghats,in Southern India in 1350 A.D.,felt this vacuum and composed an independent,elaborate Kannada text on toxicology.His less known text Khagendra Mani Darpana(KMD)is the first ever documented complete text on toxicology in the world.Medieval Indian wisdom on plant and animal diversities are very well reflected in this unique toxicological text.Centuries past to Linnean era,KMD gives vivid descriptions on zoological and botanical diversities of the time.This astonishing fact is an evidence of our ancestor's curiosities about the nature around them.A critical overview of the bio-diversity described in KMD text is discussed in this paper.
基金Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China (102096) and State Natural Scientific Foundation of China (40142031 49802027) and State Key Basic Research Development and Programming Project (G1998040703).
文摘Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a kind of new earth observation technique and great development has been made in the recent ten years. In the paper, InSAR and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) are generally introduced; then the factors affecting the data accuracy are primarily discussed. The 1997 Mani earthquake was selected as an example to obtain the coseismic deformation field with the three-pass differential interferometric processing method. The results show that the coseismic deformation field is about 200 km in length and 115 km in width. The interferometric fringes spread in the area with the NEE-trending seismogenic fault the Margaichaka fault as the center and they are primarily parallel to the fault. Based on the analysis to the interferogram, the seismogenic fault can be divided into three segments. The whole fault is about 110 km and the length of each segment from the west to the east is about 23 km, 60 km and 26 km. The maximum uplifting displacement in the side-looking direction near the seismic center is about 162.4 cm, the maximum subsiding displacement in the side-looking direction in the western part of the fault is about 103.6 cm, and the maximum horizontal surface dislocation near the seismic center is about 7.96 m.
基金State Natural Science Foundation of China!(49674210).
文摘Earthquake activities in history are characterized by active and quiet periods. In the quiet period, the place where earthquake M_≥6 occurred means more elastic energy store and speedy energy accumulation there. When an active period of big earthquake activity appeared in wide region, in the place where earthquake (M_≥6) occurred in the past quiet period, the big earthquake with magnitude of 7 or more often occur there. We call the above-mentioned judgement for predicting big earthquake the 'criterion of activity in quiescence'. The criterion is relatively effective for predicting location of big earthquake. In general, error of predicting epicenter is no more than 100 km. According to the criterion, we made successfully a middle-term prediction on the 1996 Lijiang earthquake in Yunnan Province, the error of predicted location is about 50 km. Besides, the 1994 Taiwan strait earthquake (M_s=7.3), the 1995 Yunnan-Myanmar boundary earthquake (M_s=7.2) and the Mani earthquake (M_s=7.9) in north Tibet are accordant with the retrospective predictions by the 'criterion of activity in quiescence'. The windows of 'activity in quiescence' identified statistically by us are 1940-1945, 1958-1961 and 1979-1986. Using the 'criterion of activity in quiescence' to predict big earthquake in the mainland of China,the earthquake defined by 'activity in quiescence' has magnitude of 6 or more; For the Himalayas seismic belt, the Pacific seismic belt and the north-west boundary seismic belt of Xinjiang, the earthquake defined by 'activity in quiescence' has magnitude of 7, which is corresponding to earthquake with magnitude of much more than 7 in future. For the regions where there are not tectonically and historically a possibility of occurring big earthquake (M_s=7), the criterion of activity in quiescence is not effective.
