Detecting Global Vegetation Changes Using Mann-Kendal(MK) Trend Test for 1982–2015 Time Period

Vegetation is the main component of the terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in global climate change. Remotely sensed vegetation indices are widely used to detect vegetation trends at large scales. To understand the trends of vegetation cover, this research examined the spatial-temporal trends of global vegetation by employing the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS) time series(1982–2015). Ten samples were selected to test the temporal trend of NDVI, and the results show that in arid and semi-arid regions, NDVI showed a deceasing trend, while it showed a growing trend in other regions. Mann-Kendal(MK) trend test results indicate that 83.37% of NDVI pixels exhibited positive trends and that only 16.63% showed negative trends(P < 0.05) during the period from 1982 to 2015. The increasing NDVI trends primarily occurred in tree-covered regions because of forest growth and re-growth and also because of vegetation succession after a forest disturbance. The increasing trend of the NDVI in cropland regions was primarily because of the increasing cropland area and the improvement in planting techniques. This research describes the spatial vegetation trends at a global scale over the past 30+ years, especially for different land cover types.

Investigation into Recent Temperature and Rainfall Trends in Mali Using Mann-Kendall Trend Test: Case Study of Bamako

Rainfall and temperature variability analysis is important for researchers and policy formulators in making critical decisions on water availability and use in communities. The Western Sahel, which comprises Mali is considered as one of the vulnerable regions to climate change, and also encountered the challenges of climatic shocks such as flood and drought. This research therefore sought to investigate climate change effects on hydrological events and trends in Sahelian rainfall intensity using Bamako (Mali) as a case study from 1991 to 2020, as limited data availability did not allow an extended period of study. Monthly observed data provided by MALI-METEO was used to validate daily rainfalls data from African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) satellite-based rainfall product on monthly basis. The validated model performance used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Percent Bias (PBAIS) and gave results of 0.904 and 1.0506 respectively. Trends in annual maximum temperatures and rainfalls were analyzed using Mann-Kendall trend test. The result indicated that the trend in annual maximum rainfalls was decreasing, while annual total rainfall was increasing but not significant at 5% significance level. The rate of increase in annual total rainfalls was 0.475 mm/year according to the observed annual rainfall series and decreased to 0.68 mm/year in annual maximum. The analysis further found that annual maximum temperatures were increasing at the rate of 0.03°C/year at 5% significance level. To provide more accurate climate predictions, it is recommended that further studies on rainfall and temperature with data sets spanning 60 - 90 years be carried out.

A method to predict rockburst using temporal trend test and its application

Rockbursts have become a significant hazard in underground mining,underscoring the need for a robust early warning model to ensure safety management.This study presents a novel approach for rockburst prediction,integrating the Mann-Kendall trend test(MKT)and multi-indices fusion to enable real-time and quantitative assessment of rockburst hazards.The methodology employed in this study involves the development of a comprehensive precursory index library for rockbursts.The MKT is then applied to analyze the real-time trend of each index,with adherence to rockburst characterization laws serving as the warning criterion.By employing a confusion matrix,the warning effectiveness of each index is assessed,enabling index preference determination.Ultimately,the integrated rockburst hazard index Q is derived through data fusion.The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a warning effectiveness of 0.563 for Q,surpassing the performance of any individual index.Moreover,the model’s adaptability and scalability are enhanced through periodic updates driven by actual field monitoring data,making it suitable for complex underground working environments.By providing an efficient and accurate basis for decision-making,the proposed model holds great potential for the prevention and control of rockbursts.It offers a valuable tool for enhancing safety measures in underground mining operations.

基于MK检验和小波谱分析的赣江上游旱涝变化特征研究

近年来在全球碳排放转型的大背景下,气候变化成为相关学者研究的热点问题。其中全球变暖带来的区域降水变率的不稳定性对社会可持续发展产生了重要影响。因此,为研究长时间尺度下的赣江上游地区环境变化规律,在相关气候要素中,选择旱涝变化作为衡量指标,利用MK检验和小波谱分析方法对近五百年旱涝变化趋势以及周期性特征进行研究。结果表明,赣江上游地区明清以来的近五百年旱涝变化趋势较为明显,总体上涝灾处于增加态势;通过小波谱分析得出,赣江上游地区旱涝演变具有一定的周期性,尤其是不同尺度下的演变周期具有异质性。本研究可以为区域可持续发展研究提供长时间尺度的气候演变规律历史相似型,并为旱涝灾害研究提供基础数据。

基于REOF的不同量级降雨侵蚀力时空变化——以重庆市为例

研究重庆市不同地理分区内各量级降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,为该地区进行更加精准的区域性水土流失防治工作提供理论依据。选取1981-2020年重庆市31个站点逐日降雨数据,利用旋转经验正交函数(Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function,REOF)对降雨侵蚀力进行地理分区,并结合R/S、5年滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析各分区不同量级降雨侵蚀力时空变化。结果表明:①重庆市降雨侵蚀力可分为6个地理区域(Ⅰ-Ⅵ区);②重庆市多年平均降雨侵蚀力为5784.04 MJ·mm/(hm^(2)·h·a),不同降雨侵蚀力从大到小依次为:大雨、暴雨、中雨、大暴雨;③大雨侵蚀力在Ⅰ-Ⅲ区和Ⅴ-Ⅵ区占主导优势,暴雨侵蚀力在Ⅳ区占主导优势。各分区中,中雨、大雨及暴雨侵蚀力主要集中在5-9月,大暴雨侵蚀力集中在6-8月;④各区不同量级降雨侵蚀力年际变化从小到大依次为:中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨;同一量级降雨侵蚀力的整体变化趋势均不显著;Hurst指数表明,中雨侵蚀力在Ⅰ和Ⅴ区、大雨侵蚀力在Ⅱ和Ⅴ区、大暴雨侵蚀力在Ⅰ和Ⅲ区呈强持续上升趋势;⑤中雨、大雨及大暴雨侵蚀力在渝东南、渝东北占主导优势,暴雨侵蚀力在渝西以及重庆中部占主导优势,且Ⅰ区酉阳和秀山、Ⅱ区开州、Ⅲ区北碚和铜梁、Ⅳ区璧山和永川、Ⅴ区巫溪和云阳及Ⅵ区忠县是不同量级降雨侵蚀力的高峰中心。通过对重庆各分区不同量级降雨侵蚀力的分析,明确了可能引起土壤侵蚀的主要雨型、高发时期和潜在风险较高的地区,可为区域水土流失动态监测和水土保持措施的合理制定提供参考。

淫羊藿苷对MK-801致精神分裂症小鼠模型的影响

目的研究中药淫羊藿的主要有效成分淫羊藿苷对精神分裂症动物模型的影响。方法小鼠腹腔注射N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂MK-801(0.3 mg/kg,0.6 mg/kg,1.2 mg/kg)制备精神分裂症小鼠模型。应用旷场行为红外检测系统观察小鼠的活动性,确定制备精神分裂症的最佳剂量。40只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性药利培酮组(0.1 mg/kg)、淫羊藿苷组(50 mg/kg),每组10只。阳性药利培酮组和淫羊藿苷组灌胃相应药物;除正常对照组外,其他组腹腔注射0.1 ml MK-801溶液0.6mg/kg造模。测定各组小鼠210 min内的活动总距离和在中心区的活动距离。结果模型组活动总距离和中央区活动距离与正常对照组相比显著延长(P<0.001);阳性药利培酮组两指标均短于模型组(P<0.05);淫羊藿苷组活动总距离短于模型组,但无显著性差异(P=0.065),中央区活动距离短于模型组(P=0.037)。淫羊藿苷组与阳性药利培酮组活动总距离和中央区活动距离比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论淫羊藿苷能够改善精神分裂症模型小鼠的阴性症状,可能改善其阳性症状,有利于治疗精神分裂症。

Wavelet Analysis and Nonparametric Test for Climate Change in Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang During 1959-2006

Using wavelet analysis,regression analysis and the Mann-Kendall test,this paper analyzed time-series(1959-2006) weather data from 23 meteorological stations in an attempt to characterize the climate change in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.Major findings are as follows:1) In the 48-year study period,average annual temperature,annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity all presented nonlinear trends.2) At the 16-year time scale,all three climate indices unanimously showed a rather flat before 1964 and a detectable pickup thereafter.At the 8-year time scale,an S-shaped nonlinear and uprising trend was revealed with slight fluctuations in the entire process for all three indices.Incidentally,they all showed similar pattern of a slight increase before 1980 and a noticeable up-swing afterwards.The 4-year time scale provided a highly fluctuating pattern of periodical oscillations and spiral increases.3) Average annual relative humidity presented a negative correlation with average annual temperature and a positive correlation with annual precipitation at each time scale,which revealed a close dynamic relationship among them at the confidence level of 0.001.4) The Mann-Kendall test at the 0.05 confidence level demonstrated that the climate warming trend,as represented by the rising average annual temperature,was remarkable,but the climate wetting trend,as indicated by the rising annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity,was not obvious.

基于EOF和MK趋势分析的赣江流域降水时空分布格局

[目的]研究赣江流域降水的时空分布特征,明确流域上中下游地区不同等级降雨的年际、年内和空间变化规律,并揭示易引发洪涝灾害的大雨和暴雨的高发时段和集中分布区域。[方法]使用经验正交函数分析(EOF)和Mann-Kendall(MK)非参数检验等方法对全流域和上中下游降水量以及不同等级降水进行了分类与统计研究。[结果](1)对赣江流域降水空间分布格局的分析发现,降雨的高值中心位于流域东南部的宁都和石城地区,以此为起点向南北两个方向逐渐递减;大雨和暴雨的高值中心也主要位于流域东部及其偏南地区,由此向南北递减;中雨和小雨的高值中心则与之相反,主要位于流域西部及其偏南地区。(2)赣江流域降水的年际趋势变化显示,流域整体降水量呈现不显著增加趋势,仅3个站点和下游区域的降雨量有显著增加趋势;不同等级降雨中,小雨表现为显著下降趋势,中雨整体表现为不显著下降趋势(下游除外),大雨和暴雨在全流域及其不同分区都表现为显著增加趋势。(3)不同等级降雨的年内变化显示,全年降雨量主要集中发生于汛期,中雨和大雨为主要降水类型;6月降水最多,尤其是暴雨量显著大于其他月份,12月降雨量最少。[结论]赣江流域降水呈现出小雨中雨减少,大雨暴雨显著增加的两极分化现象,且呈现明显的时空分布不均现象;以石城和瑞金为起点的流域东南部地区在主汛期(尤其是6月)发生区域性暴雨洪涝灾害的概率较大。

Hydrological Mann-Kendal Multivariate Trends Analysis in the Upper Yangtze River Basin

Hydrological events should be described through several correlated variables, so multivariate HFA has gained popularity and become an active research field during recent years. However, at present multivariate HFA mainly focuses directly on fitting the frequency distribution without confirming whether the assumptions are satisfied. Neglecting testing these assumptions could get severely wrong frequency distribution. This paper uses multivariate Mann-Kendal testing to detect the multivariate trends of annual flood peak and annual maximum 15 day volume for four control hydrological stations in the?Upper Yangtze River Basin. Results indicate that multivariate test could detect the trends of joint variables, whereas univariate tests can only detect the univariate trends. Therefore, it is recommended to jointly apply univariate and multivariate trend tests to capture all the existing trends.

基于MK-TESM法的输变电工程造价数据预测方法

针对当前输变电工程造价数据预测较为困难的问题,提出了一种基于MK-TESM法的输变电工程造价数据预测方法.以某地区2014~2018年110 kV输变电工程造价各项评价指标历史数据为基础,利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和三次指数平滑法建立输变电工程造价预测模型,对输变电工程造价各项评价指标走势及未来数据进行预测.结果表明,所提出的输变电工程造价数据预测方法在对输变电工程造价进行预测时,预测平均绝对误差率能够控制在约10%以内,预测准确率较高.

基于MK.1TE测试系统对芯片静电放电(ESD)测试分析

ESD是指"静电释放"。静电是一种客观的自然现象,不均匀分布在芯片本身、人体和机器上以及芯片能够存在的环境及周围的事物上。这些静止的电荷随时都可能通过某种方式释放出来。静电释放的特点是高电压、低电量、小电流和作用时间短。随着电子学系统和集成电路,比如专用集成电路(ASIC)或"片上系统(SOC)"的复杂度增加,测试和分析集成电路对静电释放的防护能力是非常重要的。该文将介绍集成电路产品基于MK.1TE测试系统的ESD测试方法和分析。

基于CMIP6耦合WRF的黄河上游复合干旱热浪事件演变规律

复合干旱热浪事件较传统极端气候事件破坏性更强,近年来在全球范围内发展迅速,黄河上游作为气候敏感区受其影响尤其突出,刻画其特征并分析未来可能气候条件下的演变趋势对事件防控有重要意义。本文提出了一种基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划CMIP6耦合天气预报研究模式WRF的未来气象数据动力降尺度方法。识别了黄河上游不同情景下的复合干旱热浪事件及其特征,揭示了复合事件与单一事件的区别,分析了复合干旱热浪事件的未来演变规律。结果表明:(1)历史期、SSP245和SSP585情景下复合干旱热浪事件较单一事件的温度升高3.8%、13.1%、13.5%,干旱指数降低5.8%、2.6%、2.6%,极端特征更加显著。(2)SSP245情景下复合干旱热浪事件特征呈西南高、东北低的空间分布形式,而在SSP585情景下以北部、东部区域分布最高。(3)未来各情景下区域整体复合干旱热浪事件特征呈显著上升趋势,其中SSP585的上升趋势高于SSP245。

泰安市蒸发量变化趋势分析与基于神经网络的预测

蒸发量是水文特征里的一个重要指标,为科学准确地分析及预测泰安市蒸发量的特点和走势,利用泰安市黄前水库、东周水库、大汶口和戴村坝4个代表性水文观测站1985—2021年的调查数据,通过Mann-Kendall检验法、滑动t检验法检测其突变特征后,使用R/S分析法预测未来蒸发量变化趋势。使用泰安站2005—2022年蒸发量日值观测数据,通过Neural-Prophet算法耦合Optuna算法建模进行蒸发量的预测,并与其他预测模型的评价指标做出比较。结果表明:泰安市年及各季的蒸发量都呈现出明显的减少趋势,且在今后的一段时期内,大部分区域都将延续这样的发展态势。模型给出的预测数据准确率很高,符合要求,可以利用到日常生产及科研指导中,为蒸发量的预测提供了一种新途径。

Spatiotemporal changes in sunshine duration and its influential factors in Chongqing,China from 1961 to 2020

The surface solar radiation in most parts of the world has undergone a phenomenon known as global dimming and brightening,characterized by an initial decrease followed by an increase.As a result,the sunshine duration(SD)has decreased in the past 60 years.Against the backdrop of global dimming and brightening,SD has decreased to varying degrees in many regions of China.Using the observed data of SD,cloud amount(total cloud amount and low cloud amount,abbreviated as TCA and LCA),precipitation,and relative humidity(RH)from 34 meteorological stations in Chongqing during the period of 1961-2020,along with a digital elevation model(DEM)with a resolution of 90 m,this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SD.The analysis employed methods such as linear regression,Mann-Kendall test,wavelet transformation,and DEM-based possible SD distributed model.The results showed that the annual SD in Chongqing has significantly decreased over the last 60 years,with a decreasing interannual trend rate(ITR)of 40.4 h/10a.Except for no obvious trend in spring,SD decreased significantly in summer,autumn and winter at the ITR of 21.1 h/10a,8.5 h/10a and 7.5 h/10a,respectively.An abrupt decrease in the annual SD was found in 1979.The difference before and after the abrupt decrease was 177.7 h.The difference before and after the abrupt decrease was 177.7 h.The annual SD possessed the oscillation period of 11a.The spatial heterogeneity of the mean annual SD during the last 60 years was obvious.The distribution of SD in Chongqing is high in the northeast and low in the southeast.In addition,about 73%of the total area in Chongqing showed a significant and very significant decreasing trend.The regions with significant changes are mainly concentrated in the regions with altitudes of 200~1000 m.The increasing LCA was the main cause of the decrease of the annual SD in the regions with 200-400 m altitude decreased the most and changed the most.Increasing LCA is the primary cause of the reduction in annual SD,showing a strong negative correlation coefficient of-0.7292.In Chongqing,PM2.5 concentration showed a significant decrease trend in annual,spring,autumn and winter during 2000-2020,but the significant correlation between PM2.5 concentration and SD was only in autumn and reached an extremely significant level.

Surface air temperature change in the Wuyi Mountains,southeast China

Detecting changes in surface air temperature in mid-and low-altitude mountainous regions is essential for a comprehensive understanding of warming trend with altitude.We use daily surface air temperature data from 64 meteorological stations in Wuyi Mountains and its adjacent regions to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of temperature change.The results show that Wuyi Mountains have experienced significant warming from 1961 to 2018.The warming trend of the mean temperature is 0.20℃/decade,the maximum temperature is 0.17℃/decade,and the minimum temperature is 0.26℃/decade.In 1961-1990,more than 63%of the stations showed a decreasing trend in annual mean temperature,mainly because the maximum temperature decreased during this period.However,in 1971-2000,1981-2010 and 1991-2018,the maximum,minimum and mean temperatures increased.The fastest increasing trend of mean temperature occurred in the southeastern coastal plains,the quickest increasing trend of maximum temperature occurred in the northwestern mountainous region,and the increase of minimum temperature occurred faster in the southeastern coastal and northwestern mountainous regions than that in the central area.Meanwhile,this study suggests that elevation does not affect warming in the Wuyi Mountains.These results are beneficial for understanding climate change in humid subtropical middle and low mountains.

PM_(2.5)浓度时空分布特征及驱动因子分析——以华中地区为例

近年来,华中地区极端恶劣天气多发,空气污染程度愈发严重。作为我国重要的经济交通枢纽,针对其空气污染进行研究十分必要。基于多源遥感数据,采用MK检验方法分析2000-2021年华中地区PM_(2.5)浓度时空分布特征,采用地理探测器方法探讨影响该地区PM_(2.5)浓度的因子。结果表明:华中地区PM_(2.5)浓度呈“北高南低,东高西低”分布特征;地区年均PM_(2.5)浓度呈倒“V”形分布特征,2000-2009年PM_(2.5)年均浓度显著上升,2010-2021年显著下降。在所有驱动因子中,相对湿度的驱动力最强(q=0.733),其与碳排放组合为最强交互因子(q=0.84)。交互探测结果显示社会因子和自然因子交互解释效果大于其他因子交互,表明地区PM_(2.5)分布受自然因素和社会因素共同影响。

Assessment of the Spatio-Temporal Trends of Annual Extreme Temperature Indices over Tanzania during the Period of 1982-2022

Extreme weather and climatic phenomena, such as heatwaves, cold waves, floods and droughts, are expected to become more common and have a significant impact on ecosystems, biodiversity, and society. Devastating disasters are mostly caused by record-breaking extreme events, which are becoming more frequent throughout the world, including Tanzania. A clear global signal of an increase in warm days and nights and a decrease in cold days and nights has been observed. The present study assessed the trends of annual extreme temperature indices during the period of 1982 to 2022 from 29 meteorological stations in which the daily minimum and maximum data were obtained from NASA/POWER. The Mann-Kendall and Sen slope estimator were employed for trend analysis calculation over the study area. The analyzed data have indicated for the most parts, the country has an increase in warm days and nights, extreme warm days and nights and a decrease in cold days and nights, extreme cold days and nights. It has been disclosed that the number of warm nights and days is on the rise, with the number of warm nights trending significantly faster than the number of warm days. The percentile-based extreme temperature indices exhibited more noticeable changes than the absolute extreme temperature indices. Specifically, 66% and 97% of stations demonstrated positive increasing trends in warm days (TX90p) and nights (TN90p), respectively. Conversely, the cold indices demonstrated 41% and 97% negative decreasing trends in TX10p and TN10p, respectively. The results are seemingly consistent with the observed temperature extreme trends in various parts of the world as indicated in IPCC reports.

山东省沿黄九市生态分析评估

为揭示2000—2020年间山东省沿黄九市生态质量的时空变化,本研究利用GEE平台,基于MODIS产品影像集计算了遥感生态指数(RSEI),并结合Theil-Sen Median对研究区的生态质量进行趋势分析。结果表明:1)2000—2020年间,沿黄九市的RSEI整体呈现出中和良等级,且南部高于北部,西部高于东部。生态环境质量整体向好发展;2)沿黄九市RSEI提升的面积占研究区总面积的65.78%,其中显著提升的面积占18.40%。RSEI降低的面积占研究区总面积的20.33%,其中显著降低的面积仅占0.27%。研究表明,山东省沿黄九市生态质量呈整体好转、局部退化现象。研究结果可为研究区域生态环境治理提供一定的参考。

基于MODIS像元尺度的成渝地区双城经济圈2000-2023年植被覆盖度时空变化及地形分异特征研究

为研究成渝地区双城经济圈植被覆盖时空变化及地形分异特征,本研究基于MODIS-NDVI数据,采用像元二分模型、Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendal显著性检验方法,计算了2000—2023年成渝地区双城经济圈植被覆盖度(Fractional Vegetation Coverage;FVC)和总结了其变化规律。结果表明:(1)研究区在空间上主要以高植被覆盖为主要特征,高植被覆盖区域面积为176857.44 km^(2),面积占比高达95.69%;(2)植被覆盖度在2000—2023年间整体上以改善区域为主,改善区域面积为101880.56 km^(2),占总面积的55.12%,退化区域面积为82948.56 km^(2),占总面积的44.88%;(3)地形因子对研究区植被覆盖空间分布有着较为显著的影响,研究区植被覆盖度随海拔的上升,呈现出先增后降的规律;植被覆盖度随坡度的提升而增大;植被覆盖度在不同坡向上表现出阴坡植被覆盖度>半阳坡植被覆盖度>半阴坡植被覆盖度>阳坡植被覆盖度。

基于小波变换的信阳市暴雨分布与变化特征分析

利用1965—2020年信阳市9个国家气象站逐日降水资料,采用线性回归、M-K突变检验、小波分析等方法,对信阳市暴雨分布和变化特征进行了气候尺度分析,得出:(1)信阳市年平均暴雨量为296.9 mm,暴雨年平均频次为3.7 d,呈不明显波动式上升趋势及“南多北少”的纬向分布特征;(2)暴雨月平均量和暴雨月平均频次呈现出单峰分布,主要集中在夏季,春季暴雨多于秋季;(3)暴雨极值全部集中出现在6月下旬至7月上旬,呈现出自西向东“多-少-多-少”间隔式经向分布特点;(4)暴雨量突变年份出现在1966年,其后暴雨量明显增加,1981年和2009年是十年中暴雨量突然减少的年份,其前后五年暴雨量都很大;暴雨年平均频次突变年份出现在1966年和2008年;(5)年平均暴雨量和暴雨年平均频次周期较短,1980—1990年多高频率的4 a周期,2000年前后为2 a周期。