Investigation into Recent Temperature and Rainfall Trends in Mali Using Mann-Kendall Trend Test: Case Study of Bamako

Rainfall and temperature variability analysis is important for researchers and policy formulators in making critical decisions on water availability and use in communities. The Western Sahel, which comprises Mali is considered as one of the vulnerable regions to climate change, and also encountered the challenges of climatic shocks such as flood and drought. This research therefore sought to investigate climate change effects on hydrological events and trends in Sahelian rainfall intensity using Bamako (Mali) as a case study from 1991 to 2020, as limited data availability did not allow an extended period of study. Monthly observed data provided by MALI-METEO was used to validate daily rainfalls data from African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) satellite-based rainfall product on monthly basis. The validated model performance used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Percent Bias (PBAIS) and gave results of 0.904 and 1.0506 respectively. Trends in annual maximum temperatures and rainfalls were analyzed using Mann-Kendall trend test. The result indicated that the trend in annual maximum rainfalls was decreasing, while annual total rainfall was increasing but not significant at 5% significance level. The rate of increase in annual total rainfalls was 0.475 mm/year according to the observed annual rainfall series and decreased to 0.68 mm/year in annual maximum. The analysis further found that annual maximum temperatures were increasing at the rate of 0.03°C/year at 5% significance level. To provide more accurate climate predictions, it is recommended that further studies on rainfall and temperature with data sets spanning 60 - 90 years be carried out.

A method to predict rockburst using temporal trend test and its application

Rockbursts have become a significant hazard in underground mining,underscoring the need for a robust early warning model to ensure safety management.This study presents a novel approach for rockburst prediction,integrating the Mann-Kendall trend test(MKT)and multi-indices fusion to enable real-time and quantitative assessment of rockburst hazards.The methodology employed in this study involves the development of a comprehensive precursory index library for rockbursts.The MKT is then applied to analyze the real-time trend of each index,with adherence to rockburst characterization laws serving as the warning criterion.By employing a confusion matrix,the warning effectiveness of each index is assessed,enabling index preference determination.Ultimately,the integrated rockburst hazard index Q is derived through data fusion.The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a warning effectiveness of 0.563 for Q,surpassing the performance of any individual index.Moreover,the model’s adaptability and scalability are enhanced through periodic updates driven by actual field monitoring data,making it suitable for complex underground working environments.By providing an efficient and accurate basis for decision-making,the proposed model holds great potential for the prevention and control of rockbursts.It offers a valuable tool for enhancing safety measures in underground mining operations.

基于Mann-Kendall的济南市气温变化趋势及突变分析

基于Mann-Kendall检验方法,通过对1951—2007年济南市气温数据的分析,发现济南市年均气温存在十分明显的上升趋势,线性增温速率为0.24℃/10 a,其中50、80年代年均气温增温迅速,60、70年代呈相对稳定的波状起伏,1983年之后升温趋势十分显著,2000年之后升温趋稳并呈微小下降态势。研究时段内年均气温存在两次突变,分别发生在1975年和1984年。对于四季气温,春季和冬季增温趋势十分显著,两季的升温速率分别为0.31℃/10 a和0.43℃/10 a;秋季气温增温显著,夏季气温随时间变化而增暖的趋势不明显,两季的升温增速分别为0.156℃/10 a和0.055℃/10 a。四季气温随时间变化特征表现为:春季和秋季整体呈现缓慢波状上升,而夏季和冬季则起伏较大。分析表明,1969年的夏季和1986年冬季是季温发生突变的节点。

Mann-Kendall检验方法在降水趋势分析中的应用研究

采用本溪地区4个气象站1958—2006年间气象资料,应用Mann-Kendall检验方法对降水量的年际变化特征、月际变化特征及趋势进行分析,并进行突变性检验。结果表明:近50 a本溪地区降水量随时间呈上升趋势变化;本溪站和草河口站降水量发生突变,分别是1978年、1986年和1976年。

基于Mann-Kendall法的酒泉市近50年气候变化特征及突变分析

利用酒泉市所属6个站点1959-2008年的气温和降水资料,采用滑动平均、趋势分析和MannKendall等方法,分析该地区的气候变化的特征.结果表明:在全球变暖背景下,酒泉市的气温突变明显,而降水突变不明显.近50年来,酒泉市年平均气温和各个季节的平均气温呈显著变暖趋势,其中年平均气温在90年代中后期发生了突变,酒泉市东部的突变年份早于西部的突变年份;酒泉市年降水量呈微弱增长趋势,酒泉市东部的增长幅度略小于西部.这表明气候突变在酒泉市不同的地区会有不同的体现,突变时间不同步.

基于Mann-Kendall检验的嘎呀河流域降水变化趋势及突变分析

基于Mann-Kendall检验方法,对嘎呀河流域降水量数据进行分析,发现年降水量总体呈现下降趋势,在研究时段内年径流量各雨量站均存在突变点,就流域而言,1985年为整个流域降水量的突变点。汛期降水量整体呈现下降趋势,非汛期降水量整体呈现上升趋势,老庙、天桥岭、汪清、仲坪和西大坡站汛期降水量变化对年降水量变化具有决定性作用。该流域汛期降水量突变点为1982年,非汛期无明显突变点。

基于Mann-Kendall法的大运河枫桥站水文变化分析

以大运河枫桥水文站1977~2019年共43年的逐日水位和逐日流量资料为依据,采用MannKendall检验方法分析该站水文特征与变化。趋势性检验表明,枫桥站水位和流量均呈现明显的上升趋势,并且通过了99%显著性检验,线性增长速率分别为0.11m/10a和17.4m^(3)/(s·10a);突变性检验表明,枫桥站汛期平均水位在2011年发生突变,年最高水位在2010年发生突变。

Detecting Global Vegetation Changes Using Mann-Kendal(MK) Trend Test for 1982–2015 Time Period

Vegetation is the main component of the terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in global climate change. Remotely sensed vegetation indices are widely used to detect vegetation trends at large scales. To understand the trends of vegetation cover, this research examined the spatial-temporal trends of global vegetation by employing the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS) time series(1982–2015). Ten samples were selected to test the temporal trend of NDVI, and the results show that in arid and semi-arid regions, NDVI showed a deceasing trend, while it showed a growing trend in other regions. Mann-Kendal(MK) trend test results indicate that 83.37% of NDVI pixels exhibited positive trends and that only 16.63% showed negative trends(P < 0.05) during the period from 1982 to 2015. The increasing NDVI trends primarily occurred in tree-covered regions because of forest growth and re-growth and also because of vegetation succession after a forest disturbance. The increasing trend of the NDVI in cropland regions was primarily because of the increasing cropland area and the improvement in planting techniques. This research describes the spatial vegetation trends at a global scale over the past 30+ years, especially for different land cover types.

基于Mann-Kendall的沈阳水文站年径流量变化分析

本文以沈阳(三)水文站1984-2014年的实测年径流资料为基础,采用滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall检验法,从径流的趋势特征、突变特征等方面对沈阳水文站的径流特征进行了分析研究。研究表明,年径流丰枯交替出现,经历了一个"减-增-减-增"的变化过程。

1960—2019年永定河流域降水演化特征

基于永定河流域内及周边53个气象站1960—2019年逐日降水资料及其插值数据,采用多种变异诊断方法研判永定河流域降水演化特征,结果表明:1)年降水量存在下降趋势,夏季降水量下降趋势显著,春季、秋季、冬季降水量呈上升趋势;2)在空间上,年降水量在大部分地区呈不显著的下降趋势,官厅水库以下较小的范围呈显著下降趋势,春季、秋季和冬季降水量基本呈不显著上升趋势,仅在部分区域呈不显著下降趋势,夏季降水量与其他季节相反,在流域大部分范围呈下降趋势;3)降水要素存在突变性,突变后年降水量的变化为极小值增大、极大值减小,7—8月降水量的变化为整体降低。

基于日尺度旱涝急转指数的重庆市旱涝急转事件演变特征分析

为准确地反映旱涝急转事件的“突发性”与“交替性”特征,对重庆市34个气象站采用日尺度旱涝急转指数DWAAI提取1960—2018年旱涝急转事件,根据重庆市的实际情况划分不同强度旱涝急转事件对应的DWAAI数值范围,探究不同强度旱涝急转事件发生频次的时空演变特征。结果表明:重庆市旱涝急转事件以旱急转涝为主,旱急转涝事件占旱涝急转事件累计次数的85%,主要发生在4—9月,多年平均次数为22.64站次,其中,中度、重度事件占所有旱急转涝事件的11.7%、2.9%;旱急转涝事件频发于重庆市西部、中部及东北部区域,发生频次的变化趋势不显著;涝急转旱事件主要发生在7—9月,多年平均次数为5.60站次,轻度、中度事件占所有涝急转旱事件的92.9%、7.1%;涝急转旱事件在重庆市东南部、中部以及东北部区域的西部地区(如开县)频发,频发地区的发生频次总体呈增加的趋势。研究成果可为保障重庆市及相关地区水安全、加强防旱抗涝减灾工作提供理论基础。

用Bivariate－Test方法分析温度资料的不均一性

Ｂｉｖａｒｉａｔｅ－Ｔｅｓｔ方法（以下简称Ｂ－Ｔ方法）是一种基于二维正态分布随机矢量的假设检验方法，可以在一个分量的均值不改变的前提下，检验另一分量的均值有无改变。一些气象研究工作者最早用这种方法来分析年降水量的均一性。从温度资料不均一性产生的原因看，一般可分为两类：突变型不均一及渐变型不均一。对两种类型的不均一性，我们分别推导了理想情形下Ｂ－Ｔ方法的检验结果．并用随机试验的方法分析了检验结果对资料的敏感性。以上两方面的结果表明。渐变型及突变型不均一分别对应明显不同的Ｂ－Ｔ检验结果，在实际分析中这种差异可以用来定性判断不均一性的类型。东北区２０站３０年年平均温度资料的试算结果表明，有７站资料不能通过信度９５％的Ｂ－Ｔ检验，有３站资料不能通过信度９０％的Ｂ－Ｔ检验。其中有４个站的检验结果与理想情形下渐变型不均一的检验结果相似，有４个站的检验结果与理想情形下突变型不均一的检验结果相似。有一个站存在个别点的资料错误，有一个站可能有一次以上的不均一性发生。计算结果也表明，尽管Ｂ－Ｔ方法按照理论推导只是用来检测资料的不均一性，但对个别点上的资料质量问题也有一定的检测效果。

旱涝急转工况下土石坝上游粘土防渗体水力劈裂研究

近年来作为极端小概率事件的旱涝急转工况频繁出现,极易造成防渗体缺陷扩展,诱发工程失事。通过在模型试验与数值计算分析的基础上探讨了旱涝急转工况下土石坝粘土防渗体中的水力劈裂问题。结果表明,旱涝急转工况中的干旱过程促使土体基质渗透性降低,同时导致防渗体产生裂缝,具备了发生水力劈裂的必要条件。理论分析推导了沿裂缝所在平面产生水力劈裂破坏的渗透压力理论值,离心试验模型测得铺盖层孔压骤降的同时砂层孔压骤增,表明裂缝受高水压作用产生劈裂贯穿了防渗体,裂缝处测量孔隙水压力值与理论推导结果基本一致。旱涝急转过程中裂缝处土体内的压应力先是逐渐增大,随后不断减小最终转变为拉应力,从而导致水力劈裂。研究结果对旱涝急转工况下的土石坝安全运行具有指导作用。

旱涝急转条件下水稻水分利用效率变化研究

为探究水稻在旱涝急转条件下光合效率及水分利用变化规律,从而为研究水稻经历旱涝急转灾害后产量变化及灌溉方式提供科学依据,以Ⅱ优898水稻为研究对象,采用四因素三水平正交实验,研究了旱涝急转条件下,水稻叶片水分利用效率WUE_(leaf)及气孔导度gs、蒸腾速率E、光合速率A等参数的变化。结果表明干旱程度和淹水深度对光合作用的累积作用最明显;A/gs与叶气温差呈线性相关,但旱涝急转导致响应积极性降低;分蘖期末~拔节孕穗期初WUE_(leaf)~g_(s)均可用上凸抛物线描述,此阶段干旱引起绝对光合速率的降低是影响生育期生物量积累的控制因素。拔节孕穗中后期WUE_(leaf)~g_(s)均可用下凸抛物线描述,经历旱涝急转导致叶片提前衰老,绝对蒸腾速率下降,WUE_(leaf)的增加并不能促使产量的补偿,可提前控制土壤含水量,减少非必要的水资源消耗。

Spatiotemporal changes in sunshine duration and its influential factors in Chongqing,China from 1961 to 2020

The surface solar radiation in most parts of the world has undergone a phenomenon known as global dimming and brightening,characterized by an initial decrease followed by an increase.As a result,the sunshine duration(SD)has decreased in the past 60 years.Against the backdrop of global dimming and brightening,SD has decreased to varying degrees in many regions of China.Using the observed data of SD,cloud amount(total cloud amount and low cloud amount,abbreviated as TCA and LCA),precipitation,and relative humidity(RH)from 34 meteorological stations in Chongqing during the period of 1961-2020,along with a digital elevation model(DEM)with a resolution of 90 m,this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SD.The analysis employed methods such as linear regression,Mann-Kendall test,wavelet transformation,and DEM-based possible SD distributed model.The results showed that the annual SD in Chongqing has significantly decreased over the last 60 years,with a decreasing interannual trend rate(ITR)of 40.4 h/10a.Except for no obvious trend in spring,SD decreased significantly in summer,autumn and winter at the ITR of 21.1 h/10a,8.5 h/10a and 7.5 h/10a,respectively.An abrupt decrease in the annual SD was found in 1979.The difference before and after the abrupt decrease was 177.7 h.The difference before and after the abrupt decrease was 177.7 h.The annual SD possessed the oscillation period of 11a.The spatial heterogeneity of the mean annual SD during the last 60 years was obvious.The distribution of SD in Chongqing is high in the northeast and low in the southeast.In addition,about 73%of the total area in Chongqing showed a significant and very significant decreasing trend.The regions with significant changes are mainly concentrated in the regions with altitudes of 200~1000 m.The increasing LCA was the main cause of the decrease of the annual SD in the regions with 200-400 m altitude decreased the most and changed the most.Increasing LCA is the primary cause of the reduction in annual SD,showing a strong negative correlation coefficient of-0.7292.In Chongqing,PM2.5 concentration showed a significant decrease trend in annual,spring,autumn and winter during 2000-2020,but the significant correlation between PM2.5 concentration and SD was only in autumn and reached an extremely significant level.

Surface air temperature change in the Wuyi Mountains,southeast China

Detecting changes in surface air temperature in mid-and low-altitude mountainous regions is essential for a comprehensive understanding of warming trend with altitude.We use daily surface air temperature data from 64 meteorological stations in Wuyi Mountains and its adjacent regions to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of temperature change.The results show that Wuyi Mountains have experienced significant warming from 1961 to 2018.The warming trend of the mean temperature is 0.20℃/decade,the maximum temperature is 0.17℃/decade,and the minimum temperature is 0.26℃/decade.In 1961-1990,more than 63%of the stations showed a decreasing trend in annual mean temperature,mainly because the maximum temperature decreased during this period.However,in 1971-2000,1981-2010 and 1991-2018,the maximum,minimum and mean temperatures increased.The fastest increasing trend of mean temperature occurred in the southeastern coastal plains,the quickest increasing trend of maximum temperature occurred in the northwestern mountainous region,and the increase of minimum temperature occurred faster in the southeastern coastal and northwestern mountainous regions than that in the central area.Meanwhile,this study suggests that elevation does not affect warming in the Wuyi Mountains.These results are beneficial for understanding climate change in humid subtropical middle and low mountains.

Assessment of the Spatio-Temporal Trends of Annual Extreme Temperature Indices over Tanzania during the Period of 1982-2022

Extreme weather and climatic phenomena, such as heatwaves, cold waves, floods and droughts, are expected to become more common and have a significant impact on ecosystems, biodiversity, and society. Devastating disasters are mostly caused by record-breaking extreme events, which are becoming more frequent throughout the world, including Tanzania. A clear global signal of an increase in warm days and nights and a decrease in cold days and nights has been observed. The present study assessed the trends of annual extreme temperature indices during the period of 1982 to 2022 from 29 meteorological stations in which the daily minimum and maximum data were obtained from NASA/POWER. The Mann-Kendall and Sen slope estimator were employed for trend analysis calculation over the study area. The analyzed data have indicated for the most parts, the country has an increase in warm days and nights, extreme warm days and nights and a decrease in cold days and nights, extreme cold days and nights. It has been disclosed that the number of warm nights and days is on the rise, with the number of warm nights trending significantly faster than the number of warm days. The percentile-based extreme temperature indices exhibited more noticeable changes than the absolute extreme temperature indices. Specifically, 66% and 97% of stations demonstrated positive increasing trends in warm days (TX90p) and nights (TN90p), respectively. Conversely, the cold indices demonstrated 41% and 97% negative decreasing trends in TX10p and TN10p, respectively. The results are seemingly consistent with the observed temperature extreme trends in various parts of the world as indicated in IPCC reports.

1972—2022年茂名市“龙舟水”的特征分析

基于茂名市所辖5个国家气象观测站1972—2022年逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、M-K检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,分析茂名市“龙舟水”的时空分布特征,结果表明:茂名市“龙舟水”的空间分布呈北多南少,突显3个降水中心且均位于山脉的南坡或高海拔山峰南麓,并与地形作用密切相关;“龙舟水”具有明显的年际变化特征,雨量异常偏多年有8年,异常偏少年有7年,但变化趋势不明显;“龙舟水”年代际变化明显,存在准5年、准12年和准30年的周期变化。当副热带高压偏强、偏西时,茂名市“龙舟水”将明显偏少;反之则偏多。

Wavelet Analysis and Nonparametric Test for Climate Change in Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang During 1959-2006

Using wavelet analysis,regression analysis and the Mann-Kendall test,this paper analyzed time-series(1959-2006) weather data from 23 meteorological stations in an attempt to characterize the climate change in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.Major findings are as follows:1) In the 48-year study period,average annual temperature,annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity all presented nonlinear trends.2) At the 16-year time scale,all three climate indices unanimously showed a rather flat before 1964 and a detectable pickup thereafter.At the 8-year time scale,an S-shaped nonlinear and uprising trend was revealed with slight fluctuations in the entire process for all three indices.Incidentally,they all showed similar pattern of a slight increase before 1980 and a noticeable up-swing afterwards.The 4-year time scale provided a highly fluctuating pattern of periodical oscillations and spiral increases.3) Average annual relative humidity presented a negative correlation with average annual temperature and a positive correlation with annual precipitation at each time scale,which revealed a close dynamic relationship among them at the confidence level of 0.001.4) The Mann-Kendall test at the 0.05 confidence level demonstrated that the climate warming trend,as represented by the rising average annual temperature,was remarkable,but the climate wetting trend,as indicated by the rising annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity,was not obvious.

Detection and attribution of abrupt climate changes in the last one hundred years

Based on physical backgrounds, the four time series of the Guliya （Tibetan plateau） ice core （GIC） 5180, and three natural factors, i.e. the rotation rate of earth, sunspots, and E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） signals, are decomposed into two hierarchies, i.e. more and less than 10-year hierarchies respectively, and then the running t-test is used to reanalyse the data before and after filtering with the purpose of investigating the contribution of natural factors to the abrupt climate changes in the last one hundred years. The results show that the GIC 5180 evolved with a quasi-period of 7-9 years, and the abrupt climate changes in the early 1960s and in the period from the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s resulted from the joint effect of the two hierarchies, in other words, the two interdecadal abrupt changes of climate in the last one hundred years were global. The interannual variations of ENSO and sunspots were the important triggering factors for the abrupt climate changes in the last one hundred years. At the same time, the method of Information Transfer （IT） is employed to estimate the contributions of ENSO signals and sunspots activities to the abrupt climate changes, and it is found that the contribution of the interannual variation of ENSO signals is relatively large.