Investigation into Recent Temperature and Rainfall Trends in Mali Using Mann-Kendall Trend Test: Case Study of Bamako

Rainfall and temperature variability analysis is important for researchers and policy formulators in making critical decisions on water availability and use in communities. The Western Sahel, which comprises Mali is considered as one of the vulnerable regions to climate change, and also encountered the challenges of climatic shocks such as flood and drought. This research therefore sought to investigate climate change effects on hydrological events and trends in Sahelian rainfall intensity using Bamako (Mali) as a case study from 1991 to 2020, as limited data availability did not allow an extended period of study. Monthly observed data provided by MALI-METEO was used to validate daily rainfalls data from African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) satellite-based rainfall product on monthly basis. The validated model performance used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Percent Bias (PBAIS) and gave results of 0.904 and 1.0506 respectively. Trends in annual maximum temperatures and rainfalls were analyzed using Mann-Kendall trend test. The result indicated that the trend in annual maximum rainfalls was decreasing, while annual total rainfall was increasing but not significant at 5% significance level. The rate of increase in annual total rainfalls was 0.475 mm/year according to the observed annual rainfall series and decreased to 0.68 mm/year in annual maximum. The analysis further found that annual maximum temperatures were increasing at the rate of 0.03°C/year at 5% significance level. To provide more accurate climate predictions, it is recommended that further studies on rainfall and temperature with data sets spanning 60 - 90 years be carried out.

Novel Metrics for Mutation Analysis

A measure of the“goodness”or efficiency of the test suite is used to determine the proficiency of a test suite.The appropriateness of the test suite is determined through mutation analysis.Several Finite State Machine(FSM)mutants are produced in mutation analysis by injecting errors against hypotheses.These mutants serve as test subjects for the test suite(TS).The effectiveness of the test suite is proportional to the number of eliminated mutants.The most effective test suite is the one that removes the most significant number of mutants at the optimal time.It is difficult to determine the fault detection ratio of the system.Because it is difficult to identify the system’s potential flaws precisely.In mutation testing,the Fault Detection Ratio(FDR)metric is currently used to express the adequacy of a test suite.However,there are some issues with this metric.If both test suites have the same defect detection rate,the smaller of the two tests is preferred.The test case(TC)is affected by the same issue.The smaller two test cases with identical performance are assumed to have superior performance.Another difficulty involves time.The performance of numerous vehicles claiming to have a perfect mutant capture time is problematic.Our study developed three metrics to address these issues:FDR/|TS|,FDR/|TC|,and FDR/|Time|;In this context,most used test generation tools were examined and tested using the developed metrics.Thanks to the metrics we have developed,the research contributes to eliminating the problems related to performance measurement by integrating the missing parameters into the system.

Novel mutation of SPG4 gene in a Chinese family with hereditary spastic paraplegia:A case report

BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegia(HSP)is a group of neurogenetic diseases of the corticospinal tract,accompanied by distinct spasticity and weakness of the lower extremities.Mutations in the spastic paraplegia type 4(SPG4)gene,encoding the spastin protein,are the major cause of the disease.This study reported a Chinese family with HSP caused by a novel mutation of the SPG4 gene.CASE SUMMARY A 44-year-old male was admitted to our hospital for long-term right lower limb weakness,leg stiffness,and unstable walking.His symptoms gradually worsened,while no obvious muscle atrophy in the lower limbs was found.Neurological examinations revealed that the muscle strength of the lower limbs was normal,and knee reflex hyperreflexia and bilateral positive Babinski signs were detected.Members of his family also had the same symptoms.Using mutation analysis,a novel heterozygous duplication mutation,c.1053dupA,p.(Gln352Thrfs*15),was identified in the SPG4 gene in this family.CONCLUSION A Chinese family with HSP had a novel mutation of the SPG4 gene,which is autosomal dominant and inherited as pure HSP.The age of onset,sex distribution,and clinical manifestations of all existing living patients in this family were analyzed.The findings may extend the current knowledge on the existing mutations in the SPG4 gene.

A method to predict rockburst using temporal trend test and its application

Rockbursts have become a significant hazard in underground mining,underscoring the need for a robust early warning model to ensure safety management.This study presents a novel approach for rockburst prediction,integrating the Mann-Kendall trend test(MKT)and multi-indices fusion to enable real-time and quantitative assessment of rockburst hazards.The methodology employed in this study involves the development of a comprehensive precursory index library for rockbursts.The MKT is then applied to analyze the real-time trend of each index,with adherence to rockburst characterization laws serving as the warning criterion.By employing a confusion matrix,the warning effectiveness of each index is assessed,enabling index preference determination.Ultimately,the integrated rockburst hazard index Q is derived through data fusion.The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a warning effectiveness of 0.563 for Q,surpassing the performance of any individual index.Moreover,the model’s adaptability and scalability are enhanced through periodic updates driven by actual field monitoring data,making it suitable for complex underground working environments.By providing an efficient and accurate basis for decision-making,the proposed model holds great potential for the prevention and control of rockbursts.It offers a valuable tool for enhancing safety measures in underground mining operations.

Study on MCM Interconnect Test Generation Based on Ant Algorithm with Mutation Operator

A novel multi-chip module(MCM) interconnect test generation scheme based on ant algorithm(AA) with mutation operator was presented.By combing the characteristics of MCM interconnect test generation,the pheromone updating rule and state transition rule of AA is designed.Using mutation operator,this scheme overcomes ordinary AA’s defects of slow convergence speed,easy to get stagnate,and low ability of full search.The international standard MCM benchmark circuit provided by the MCNC group was used to verify the approach.The results of simulation experiments,which compare to the results of standard ant algorithm,genetic algorithm(GA) and other deterministic interconnecting algorithms,show that the proposed scheme can achieve high fault coverage,compact test set and short CPU time,that it is a newer optimized method deserving research.

Towards Semantic Mutation Testing of Aspect-Oriented Programs

Aspect-oriented programs have received much attention from software testing researchers. Various testing techniques and approaches have been proposed to tackle issues and challenges when testing aspect-oriented programs including traditional mutation testing. In traditional mutation testing of aspect-oriented programs, mutants are generated by making small changes to the syntax of the aspect-oriented language. Recently, a new approach known as semantic mutation testing has been proposed. This approach mutates the semantics of the language in which the program is written. The mutants generated misunderstandings of the language which are different classes of faults. Aspect-oriented programming presents itself with different properties that can be further explored with respect to semantic mutation testing. This paper describes various possible scenarios that semantic mutation testing strategy might have particular value in testing aspect-oriented programs.

基于Daniel及Mann-kendall检验的辽西北地区降雨量趋势分析

为探索辽西北地区降雨特征及其发生规律,采用辽西北地区5个市21个气象站1952~2006年间的气象资料,应用Daniel及Mann-Kendall检验方法对辽西北地区降雨量的年际变化及季节变化趋势进行分析,并应用Mann-Kendall对降雨量进行突变性检验。分析结果表明:虽然两种方法是从不同时间段对辽西北地区降雨量进行检验,但二者结果基本吻合,整体上辽西北地区降雨量呈下降趋势,且变化比较稳定;辽西北地区虽个别城市在一些年份降雨出现了上升趋势,但整体上还是下降趋势较显著,这与趋势分析结果相似,也与实际情况相符。

关中盆地降水量变化趋势的Mann-Kendall分析

采用关中盆地1959—2006年的气象资料,应用Mann-Kendall检验方法分析了关中盆地降水量的年季变化趋势和突变情况。结果表明:关中盆地降水量总体呈减少趋势;春、秋季节降水量呈下降趋势,夏、冬两季降水量均呈上升趋势;年降水量的突变发生在1992年,之后降水量总体开始下降,到21世纪依旧呈减少趋势;春季降水量在1994年发生突变,降水量明显下降;夏季降水量突变于1978年,之后降水量开始上升;秋季突变于1973年,之后降水量转变为下降趋势;冬季降水量总体呈增加趋势。

ACE gene missense mutation in a case with early-onset, rapid progressing dementia

The population of early-onset Alzheimer's disease(EOAD)accounts for 1%-2%of the total population of Alzheimer's disease,and genetic mutations are more common in EOAD.The first symptom of the patient in the present case report was the decline in memories of recent events,and the disease progressed rapidly in the following 2 years.Genetic testing has revealed the presence of genetic mutations(c.A479G,p.N160S)of ACE,which causes the 160th codon of the ACE protein to change from aspartic acid to serine,and at the same time genotype of apolipoprotein E(APOE)is ε3/ε4.We think that this patient carries the mutation type of the sensitive gene ACE and the risk gene APOE of Alzheimer's disease,and this is the reason why the disease progressed rapidly.Moreover,we discussed ACE genetic mutation's meaning in EOAD progression.

Mann-Kendall检验法分析降水量时程变化特征

采用金华站1961-2013年逐月降水量资料,运用线性回归分析、累计距平分析以及Mann-Kend-all趋势检验与突变检验分析综合研究了该地区多年降水量的时程变化特征。结果表明:金华站多年降水量整体呈现上升趋势,上升趋势不明显。降水量的季节性差异较大,夏季与冬季表现出较为明显的上升趋势,且夏季降水量上升趋势显著。春季与秋季降水量呈现下降趋势,下降趋势不显著;从整体与季节的分析发现降水量发生突变都集中在20世纪80年代后半段与90年代初。通过对该地区降水量的时程变化特征研究,为该地区的洪涝灾害防治工作提供参考依据。

Mutation Analysis of STR Locus on 23 Autosomes in Hainan Population

[Objective] To analyze the mutation signature and regularity of STR locus on 23 autosomes in paternity testing cases in Hainan. [Methods] A total of 2715 paternity testing cases accepted by the Forensic Medical Identification Centre of our hospital from 2017 to 2020 derived from counties and cities in Hainan Province were collected, the cases containing gene mutations were selected, the mutation rate and details of each locus were counted, and the mutation regu-larity of 23 STR loci was analyzed. [Results] Of the 2715 cases identified as “support”, 1487 were triplet cases and 1640 were dyad cases, totaling 4614 meioses;There were 50 gene mutation events (including 17 triplet mutations and 33 dyad mutations), with an average mutation rate of 0.0047% and a cumulative mutation rate of 1.0837%. A total of 19 of the 23 STR loci were mutated, with a mutation rate of 0.1301% at the D12S391 locus and 0.0217% at five loci, TPOX, D1S1656, D2S441, D22S1045, and PentaD, while no muta-tion events were found at four loci, D19S433, TH01, D13S317, and D7S820. Of the 50 mutation events, 47 were one-step mutations, 1 was two-step, and 2 were three-step. There were 35 paternal mutations (13 triplets and 22 dyads), 6 maternal mutations (4 triplets and 2 dyads), and 9 indeterminate pater-nal/maternal mutations, with a paternal to maternal mutation ratio of 5.83:1. [Conclusion] The mutation rate of D12S391 locus is the highest, and the muta-tion rate of TPOX, D1S1656, D2S441, D22S1045 and PentaD loci is the lowest in Hainan population, and paternal mutations are more than maternal muta-tions. In the paternity test, if 1 - 3 STR loci do not conform to the genetic law, especially when the mutant locus is homozygous or the next of kin is identi-fied, it is necessary to use other kits to review and increase the number of loci or use the second-generation sequencing technology to confirm, carefully de-termine the mutation and ensure the accuracy of the identification conclusion.

Establishment and application of a multiplex genetic mutation-detection method of lung cancer based on MassARRAY platform

Objective: This study aims to establish a method for highly parallel multiplexed detection of genetic mutations in Chinese lung cancer samples through Agena i PLEX chemistry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis on Mass ARRAY mass spectrometry platform.Methods: We reviewed the related literature and data on lung cancer treatments. We also identified 99 mutation hot spots in 13 target genes closely related to the pathogenesis, drug resistance, and metastasis of lung cancer. A total of 297 primers, composed of99 paired forward and reverse amplification primers and 99 matched extension primers, were designed using Assay Design software. The detection method was established by analyzing eight cell lines and six lung cancer specimens. The proposed method was then validated through comparisons by using a Lung Carta^(TM) kit. The sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method were evaluated by directly sequencing EGFR and KRAS genes in 100 lung cancer cases.Results: The proposed method was able to detect multiplex genetic mutations in lung cancer cell lines. This finding was consistent with the observations on previously reported mutations. The proposed method can also detect such mutations in clinical lung cancer specimens. This result was consistent with the observations with Lung Carta^(TM) kit. However, an FGFR2 mutation was detected only through the proposed method. The measured sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 96.3%, respectively.Conclusions: The proposed Mass ARRAY technology-based multiplex method can detect genetic mutations in Chinese lung cancer patients. Therefore, the proposed method can be applied to detect mutations in other cancer tissues.

基于Mann-Kendall突变检验与ARIMA模型的臭氧水平预测

目的针对未来50年臭氧水平预测,首先以南半球为例,从美国航空航天局(NASA)中获取1985—2015年臭氧含量的数据,按季节分为4类。方法运用Mann-Kendall突变检验的方法,利用MATLAB软件对数据进行检验,应用ARIMA模型对不同季节分别进行预测,考虑到影响大气中臭氧含量的3类因素:相关卤烃浓度、氟氯烃浓度以及氮氧化物浓度,以它们为自变量,臭氧含量为因变量做多元线性回归模型。结果全球30年的春季未出现大的突变,全球30年夏季未出现大的突变,全球30年秋季未出现大的突变,全球30年冬季未出现大的突变;其次,残差序列已经可以认为是一个纯白噪声的序列。结论未来50年臭氧含量不会一直减少,因变量与自变量成反比,即这些物质的排放量逐渐减少,未来50年大气中的臭氧含量缓慢升高至平稳。

凤阳近61年干燥指数变化的Mann-Kendall检验

采用凤阳站1957-2017年气象资料,构建近61年干燥指数时间序列,运用时间因子直线回归、Mann-Kendall趋势检验与突变分析综合研究了该地区多年干燥指数的时程变化特征。结果表明:凤阳多年干燥指数整体呈现下降趋势,没有突变现象,其中1987年、1989-2017年趋势检验统计量达到显著水平。历年干燥指数最大、最小值分别出现在1978年、1991年。干燥指数在总体下降的趋势中,表现出较大的年际波动,旱涝容易发生。通过对凤阳干燥指数时程变化特征研究,为该地区的防汛抗旱工作提供参考依据。

Relationship between Mutation of IR in the mtr System of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance

To study the relationship between mutation of the inverted repeat sequence (IR) in the multiple transferable resistant system (mtr) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and its multiple antibiotic resistance, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the clinically isolated strains were tested by agar-dilution-method. The mtr system’s IR gene of NG was sequenced after amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Either two susceptive or five penicillin-resistant strains had no base mutation in IR gene, while all of the 13 strains with multiple-antibiotic-resistance had a single-base deletion (A/T). The result suggests that a single-base deletion of the thirteen-base IR sequence in mtr system of NG might result in multiple antibiotic resistance but is not associated with single antibiotic resistance.

A Novel Gene Mutation of Runx2 in Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Haploinsufficiency of the runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2) gene is widely known to be responsible for cleidocranial dysplasia(CCD). To date, more than 190 mutations in Runx2 gene have been reported to be related to CCD. In this study, a novel mutation of Runx2 gene was observed in a female with CCD. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood of the proband and eleven members of her family. Genetic testing on these twelve people identified a novel missense mutation(c.895 T>C, Y299 H) in exon 5 of the RUNX2 gene in the proband. This mutation results in an amino acid change at codon 895(P.Tyr 299 His.) from a tryptophan codon(TAT) to a histidine codon(CAT). Our finding may further extend the known mutation spectrum of the RUNX2 gene, and facilitate prenatal genetic diagnosis of CCD in the future.

基于Mann-Kendall检验法的贺江流域降水量和径流量趋势变化分析

采用Mann-Kendall检验法对贺江流域近50年的降水量和径流量变化趋势和突变特征进行分析,结果表明:①贺江流域多年平均降水量为1632.8 mm,多年平均径流量为78.6亿m3;②贺江流域降水量和径流量总体呈现上升趋势,全年、雨季上升趋势不显著,枯季上升趋势显著,通过信度90%显著性检验;③20世纪90年代以前,贺江流域降水量和径流量突变特征基本一致,90年代之后,突变特征出现差异,径流量突变点明显较降水量偏多。

Mann-Kendall检验法在新西河水库富营养化趋势分析的应用研究

在水库富营养化研究中,一般常采用营养状态指数对水库营养状态进行分级,然后采用变化趋势与倾向率法判断富营养化趋势。该方法能够直观反映整个分析时段内营养状态指数的升降趋势,但无法反映不同时段内营养状态指数的升降趋势。Mann-kendall趋势检验法和突变分析法则弥补了该缺点。

Implementation of Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimized Regression Testing

Software test case optimization improves the efficiency of the software by proper structure and reduces the fault in the software.The existing research applies various optimization methods such as Genetic Algorithm,Crow Search Algorithm,Ant Colony Optimization,etc.,for test case optimization.The existing methods have limitations of lower efficiency in fault diagnosis,higher computa-tional time,and high memory requirement.The existing methods have lower effi-ciency in software test case optimization when the number of test cases is high.This research proposes the Tournament Winner Genetic Algorithm(TW-GA)method to improve the efficiency of software test case optimization.Hospital Information System(HIS)software was used to evaluate TW-GA model perfor-mance in test case optimization.The tournament Winner in the proposed method selects the instances with the best fitness values and increases the exploitation of the search to find the optimal solution.The TW-GA method has higher exploita-tion that helps to find the mutant and equivalent mutation that significantly increases fault diagnosis in the software.The TW-GA method discards the infor-mation with a lower fitness value that reduces the computational time and mem-ory requirement.The TW-GA method requires 5.47 s and the MOCSFO method requires 30 s for software test case optimization.

基于Mann-Kendall的咸阳市冬季气温变化趋势及突变分析

利用咸阳市11个国家气象观测站1959—2019年冬季(12月至翌年2月)平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温等资料,基于Mann-Kendall检验方法,对咸阳市近60年冬季气温变化特征进行分析,结果表明:咸阳市冬季气温存在明显上升趋势,其中1977/1978、1984/1985、1996/1998、2015/2016、2018/2019年增温迅速,60、70年代呈相对稳定的波动起伏,且均为负距平;冬季气温增温趋势与年均气温趋势较一致,年均气温线性倾向率为0.232℃/10 a,冬季平均气温线性倾向率为0.348℃/10 a,冬季线性倾向率大于年气温线性倾向率;冬季气温突变发生在1985年,年均气温突变发生在1998年,冬季气温突变早于年均气温突变。