Maps, essential tools for portraying the Earth’s surface, inherently introduce distortions to geographical features. While various quantification methods exist for assessing these distortions, they often fall short w...Maps, essential tools for portraying the Earth’s surface, inherently introduce distortions to geographical features. While various quantification methods exist for assessing these distortions, they often fall short when evaluating actual geographic features. In our study, we took a novel approach by analyzing map projection distortion from a geometric perspective. We computed the fractal dimensions of different stretches of coastline before and after projection using the divide-and-conquer algorithm and image processing. Our findings revealed that map projections, even when preserving basic shapes, inevitably stretch and compress coastlines in diverse directions. This analysis method provides a more realistic and practical way to measure map-induced distortions, with significant implications for cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), and geomorphology. By bridging the gap between theoretical analysis and real-world features, this method greatly enhances accuracy and practicality when evaluating map projections.展开更多
This study introduces the design details of a tool to create interactive projection-mapping content in a convenient manner.For the proposed tool design,a homography-based camera–projector calibration method was appli...This study introduces the design details of a tool to create interactive projection-mapping content in a convenient manner.For the proposed tool design,a homography-based camera–projector calibration method was applied with the use of red–green–blue-depth images from a Kinect V2 sensor that did not require accurate camera calibration prerequisites.In addition,the proposed tool simultaneously achieved static projection mapping that projected the image content onto a fixed object,and dynamic projection mapping that projected the image content onto a user’s body,by tracing the moving user.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed content-creation tool,users with no programming capabilities were employed to create contents that were projected onto various objects in fixed positions and a user’s body in various poses,thereby analyzing the tool’s completeness.Moreover,the projection accuracy was analyzed at different depth positions,and the projection-mapping accuracy was verified with the use of the proposed method.展开更多
If geodetic coordinates from an ellipsoid are included in the equations of a projection for mapping a sphere instead of geographical coordinates,the result will be a projection of the ellipsoid into a plane.This will ...If geodetic coordinates from an ellipsoid are included in the equations of a projection for mapping a sphere instead of geographical coordinates,the result will be a projection of the ellipsoid into a plane.This will slightly change the distortion distribution of the initial map projection.The question is to what extent the replacement of geographical with geodetic coordinates will affect this change.In this paper,we deal with conformal,equal-area and equidistant projections of the sphere,which we modify by using geodetic coordinates instead of geographical ones.The result will be an approximately conformal,approximately equal-area and approximately equidistant projection.It is shown that in this case the maximum distortion of the angles in approximately conformal projections will be approximately 23.09′,the maximum distortion of the area in approximately equal-area projections less than 0.7% and the maximum distortion of lengths in approximately equidistant projections less than 0.7%,therefore on the maps imperceptible.展开更多
In this paper,we study f-harmonicity of some special maps from or into a doubly warped product manifold.First we recall some properties of doubly twisted product manifolds.After showing that the inclusion maps from Ri...In this paper,we study f-harmonicity of some special maps from or into a doubly warped product manifold.First we recall some properties of doubly twisted product manifolds.After showing that the inclusion maps from Riemannian manifolds M and N into the doubly warped product manifold M ×(μ,λ) N can not be proper f-harmonic maps,we use projection maps and product maps to construct nontrivial f-harmonic maps.Thus we obtain some similar results given in [21],such as the conditions for f-harmonicity of projection maps and some characterizations for non-trivial f-harmonicity of the special product maps.Furthermore,we investigate non-trivial f-harmonicity of the product of two harmonic maps.展开更多
A new synchronization scheme for chaotic(hyperchaotic) maps with different dimensions is presented.Specifically,given a drive system map with dimension n and a response system with dimension m,the proposed approach ...A new synchronization scheme for chaotic(hyperchaotic) maps with different dimensions is presented.Specifically,given a drive system map with dimension n and a response system with dimension m,the proposed approach enables each drive system state to be synchronized with a linear response combination of the response system states.The method,based on the Lyapunov stability theory and the pole placement technique,presents some useful features:(i) it enables synchronization to be achieved for both cases of n 〈 m and n 〉 m;(ii) it is rigorous,being based on theorems;(iii) it can be readily applied to any chaotic(hyperchaotic) maps defined to date.Finally,the capability of the approach is illustrated by synchronization examples between the two-dimensional H′enon map(as the drive system) and the three-dimensional hyperchaotic Wang map(as the response system),and the three-dimensional H′enon-like map(as the drive system) and the two-dimensional Lorenz discrete-time system(as the response system).展开更多
Projection-based mixed reality is an effective tool to create immersive visualizations on real-world objects. Its wide range of applications includes art installations, education, stage shows, and advertising. In this...Projection-based mixed reality is an effective tool to create immersive visualizations on real-world objects. Its wide range of applications includes art installations, education, stage shows, and advertising. In this work, we enhance a multi-projector system for dynamic projection mapping by handling various physical stray-light effects: interreflection,projector black-level, and environmental light in real time for dynamic scenes. We show how all these effects can be efficiently simulated and accounted for at runtime, resulting in significantly improved projection mapping results. By adding a global optimization step,we can further increase the dynamic range of the projection.展开更多
Conceptually,the theory and implementation of“map projection”in geographic information system(GIS)technology is difficult to comprehend for most introductory students and novice users.Compounding this difficulty is ...Conceptually,the theory and implementation of“map projection”in geographic information system(GIS)technology is difficult to comprehend for most introductory students and novice users.Compounding this difficulty is the concept of a“map projection file”that defines map projection parameters of geo-spatial data.The problem of the“missing projection file”appears ubiquitous for all users,especially in practice where data is widely shared.Another common problem is inadvertent misapplication of the“Define Projection”tool that can result in a GIS dataset with an incorrectly defined map projection file.GIS education should provide more guidance in differentiating the concepts of map projection versus projection files by increasing understanding and minimizing common errors.A novel pedagogical device is introduced in this paper:the seven possible states of GIS data with respect to map projection and definition.The seven possible states are:(1)a projected coordinate system(PCS)that is correctly defined,(2)a PCS that is incorrectly defined,(3)a PCS that is undefined,(4)a geographic coordinate system(GCS)that is correctly defined,(5)a GCS that is incorrectly defined,(6)a GCS that is undefined,and(7)a non-GCS.Recently created automated troubleshooting tools to determine a missing map projection file are discussed.展开更多
This paper explains that the terms“horizontal and vertical scales”are not appropriate in map projections theory.Instead,the authors suggest using the term“scales in the direction of coordinate axes.”Since it is no...This paper explains that the terms“horizontal and vertical scales”are not appropriate in map projections theory.Instead,the authors suggest using the term“scales in the direction of coordinate axes.”Since it is not possible to read a local linear scale factor in the direction of a coordinate axis immediately from the definition of a local linear scale factor,this paper considers the derivation of new formulae that enable local linear scale factors in the direction of coordinate x and y axes to be calculated.The formula for computing the local linear scale factor in any direction defined by dx and dy is also derived.Furthermore,the position and magnitude of the extreme values of the local linear scale factor are considered and new formulas derived.展开更多
The virtual globe is the default visualization for Digital Earth applications,but it can only show one half of the Earth.This article introduces user-adjustable,on-the-fly projection of georeferenced raster images for...The virtual globe is the default visualization for Digital Earth applications,but it can only show one half of the Earth.This article introduces user-adjustable,on-the-fly projection of georeferenced raster images for web mapping and web GIS applications.This technique allows users to center a map on arbitrary locations,while still seeing the entire Earth surface.Modern web mapping libraries can apply map projection transformations to vector data in the browser,but they do not currently support the projection of raster images at interactive frame rates.We use the cross-platform WebGL(Web Graphics Library)graphics pipeline for hardware-accelerated projection of raster data in web browsers.Two algorithmic techniques–inverse per-fragment projection,and combined forward per-triangle and inverse per-fragment projection–for georeferenced raster imagery are documented.The resulting raster maps combine the ease of use and flexibility of interactive virtual globes with the ability to show the entire Earth.The adjustable projection of raster imagery allows users to observe global phenomena that are difficult to visualize on virtual globes or traditional maps with static projections.展开更多
As the use of Cannabis products as natural medicines burgeons,it is also appearing as a food ingredient.It is important to screen Cannabis samples as ingredients by profiling their chemical compositions,which is refer...As the use of Cannabis products as natural medicines burgeons,it is also appearing as a food ingredient.It is important to screen Cannabis samples as ingredients by profiling their chemical compositions,which is referred to as chemotyping.Two sets of botanical extracts were studied.The first set is referred to as Cannabis contained plant materials from 15 samples of the sativa,indica,and hybrids of the two species.The second set contained 20 extracts from the variety of Cannabis sativa with low tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)concentrations,i.e.,below 0.3%,and,henceforth,will be referred to as hemp.An ultraviolet(UV)microplate reader provides a cost-effective and high-throughput method for identifying chemotypes of plant extracts by their spectra.The microplate reader affords rapid measurements of small volumes,e.g.,50μL,which demonstrates a potential to significantly reduce the analysis time and cost for Cannabis and hemp chemotyping or chemi-cal profiling.Replicate samples were measured on different days to demonstrate the robustness of the method.Projected difference resolution(PDR)maps were used to visualize the separations among the classes.Five multivariate classifiers,fuzzy rule-building expert system(FuRES),super partial least squares-discriminant analysis(sPLS-DA),support vector machine(SVM),and two tree-based support vector machines(SVMtreeG and SVMtreeH)were evaluated.The classifiers were validated with ten bootstrapped Latin partitions(BLPs).For the Cannabis extracts,the SVMtreeG yielded the best performance and the classification accuracy was 99.1±0.4%for spectra collected in the nonlinear absorbance range.For the hemp extracts,the SVM classifier performed the best with a 97.4±0.6%classification accuracy.These results demonstrate that the UV microplate reader coupled with multivariate classifiers can be used as a high-throughput and cost-effective approach for chemotyping Cannabis.展开更多
文摘Maps, essential tools for portraying the Earth’s surface, inherently introduce distortions to geographical features. While various quantification methods exist for assessing these distortions, they often fall short when evaluating actual geographic features. In our study, we took a novel approach by analyzing map projection distortion from a geometric perspective. We computed the fractal dimensions of different stretches of coastline before and after projection using the divide-and-conquer algorithm and image processing. Our findings revealed that map projections, even when preserving basic shapes, inevitably stretch and compress coastlines in diverse directions. This analysis method provides a more realistic and practical way to measure map-induced distortions, with significant implications for cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), and geomorphology. By bridging the gap between theoretical analysis and real-world features, this method greatly enhances accuracy and practicality when evaluating map projections.
基金the Basic Science Research Program through a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2017R1D1A1B03035718)was partially supported by another National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MIST)(NRF-2019R1F1A1062752).
文摘This study introduces the design details of a tool to create interactive projection-mapping content in a convenient manner.For the proposed tool design,a homography-based camera–projector calibration method was applied with the use of red–green–blue-depth images from a Kinect V2 sensor that did not require accurate camera calibration prerequisites.In addition,the proposed tool simultaneously achieved static projection mapping that projected the image content onto a fixed object,and dynamic projection mapping that projected the image content onto a user’s body,by tracing the moving user.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed content-creation tool,users with no programming capabilities were employed to create contents that were projected onto various objects in fixed positions and a user’s body in various poses,thereby analyzing the tool’s completeness.Moreover,the projection accuracy was analyzed at different depth positions,and the projection-mapping accuracy was verified with the use of the proposed method.
文摘If geodetic coordinates from an ellipsoid are included in the equations of a projection for mapping a sphere instead of geographical coordinates,the result will be a projection of the ellipsoid into a plane.This will slightly change the distortion distribution of the initial map projection.The question is to what extent the replacement of geographical with geodetic coordinates will affect this change.In this paper,we deal with conformal,equal-area and equidistant projections of the sphere,which we modify by using geodetic coordinates instead of geographical ones.The result will be an approximately conformal,approximately equal-area and approximately equidistant projection.It is shown that in this case the maximum distortion of the angles in approximately conformal projections will be approximately 23.09′,the maximum distortion of the area in approximately equal-area projections less than 0.7% and the maximum distortion of lengths in approximately equidistant projections less than 0.7%,therefore on the maps imperceptible.
基金Partially supported by Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2011GXNSFA018127)
文摘In this paper,we study f-harmonicity of some special maps from or into a doubly warped product manifold.First we recall some properties of doubly twisted product manifolds.After showing that the inclusion maps from Riemannian manifolds M and N into the doubly warped product manifold M ×(μ,λ) N can not be proper f-harmonic maps,we use projection maps and product maps to construct nontrivial f-harmonic maps.Thus we obtain some similar results given in [21],such as the conditions for f-harmonicity of projection maps and some characterizations for non-trivial f-harmonicity of the special product maps.Furthermore,we investigate non-trivial f-harmonicity of the product of two harmonic maps.
文摘A new synchronization scheme for chaotic(hyperchaotic) maps with different dimensions is presented.Specifically,given a drive system map with dimension n and a response system with dimension m,the proposed approach enables each drive system state to be synchronized with a linear response combination of the response system states.The method,based on the Lyapunov stability theory and the pole placement technique,presents some useful features:(i) it enables synchronization to be achieved for both cases of n 〈 m and n 〉 m;(ii) it is rigorous,being based on theorems;(iii) it can be readily applied to any chaotic(hyperchaotic) maps defined to date.Finally,the capability of the approach is illustrated by synchronization examples between the two-dimensional H′enon map(as the drive system) and the three-dimensional hyperchaotic Wang map(as the response system),and the three-dimensional H′enon-like map(as the drive system) and the two-dimensional Lorenz discrete-time system(as the response system).
文摘Projection-based mixed reality is an effective tool to create immersive visualizations on real-world objects. Its wide range of applications includes art installations, education, stage shows, and advertising. In this work, we enhance a multi-projector system for dynamic projection mapping by handling various physical stray-light effects: interreflection,projector black-level, and environmental light in real time for dynamic scenes. We show how all these effects can be efficiently simulated and accounted for at runtime, resulting in significantly improved projection mapping results. By adding a global optimization step,we can further increase the dynamic range of the projection.
基金This research was funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture,Hatch Project 1011533.
文摘Conceptually,the theory and implementation of“map projection”in geographic information system(GIS)technology is difficult to comprehend for most introductory students and novice users.Compounding this difficulty is the concept of a“map projection file”that defines map projection parameters of geo-spatial data.The problem of the“missing projection file”appears ubiquitous for all users,especially in practice where data is widely shared.Another common problem is inadvertent misapplication of the“Define Projection”tool that can result in a GIS dataset with an incorrectly defined map projection file.GIS education should provide more guidance in differentiating the concepts of map projection versus projection files by increasing understanding and minimizing common errors.A novel pedagogical device is introduced in this paper:the seven possible states of GIS data with respect to map projection and definition.The seven possible states are:(1)a projected coordinate system(PCS)that is correctly defined,(2)a PCS that is incorrectly defined,(3)a PCS that is undefined,(4)a geographic coordinate system(GCS)that is correctly defined,(5)a GCS that is incorrectly defined,(6)a GCS that is undefined,and(7)a non-GCS.Recently created automated troubleshooting tools to determine a missing map projection file are discussed.
文摘This paper explains that the terms“horizontal and vertical scales”are not appropriate in map projections theory.Instead,the authors suggest using the term“scales in the direction of coordinate axes.”Since it is not possible to read a local linear scale factor in the direction of a coordinate axis immediately from the definition of a local linear scale factor,this paper considers the derivation of new formulae that enable local linear scale factors in the direction of coordinate x and y axes to be calculated.The formula for computing the local linear scale factor in any direction defined by dx and dy is also derived.Furthermore,the position and magnitude of the extreme values of the local linear scale factor are considered and new formulas derived.
文摘The virtual globe is the default visualization for Digital Earth applications,but it can only show one half of the Earth.This article introduces user-adjustable,on-the-fly projection of georeferenced raster images for web mapping and web GIS applications.This technique allows users to center a map on arbitrary locations,while still seeing the entire Earth surface.Modern web mapping libraries can apply map projection transformations to vector data in the browser,but they do not currently support the projection of raster images at interactive frame rates.We use the cross-platform WebGL(Web Graphics Library)graphics pipeline for hardware-accelerated projection of raster data in web browsers.Two algorithmic techniques–inverse per-fragment projection,and combined forward per-triangle and inverse per-fragment projection–for georeferenced raster imagery are documented.The resulting raster maps combine the ease of use and flexibility of interactive virtual globes with the ability to show the entire Earth.The adjustable projection of raster imagery allows users to observe global phenomena that are difficult to visualize on virtual globes or traditional maps with static projections.
文摘As the use of Cannabis products as natural medicines burgeons,it is also appearing as a food ingredient.It is important to screen Cannabis samples as ingredients by profiling their chemical compositions,which is referred to as chemotyping.Two sets of botanical extracts were studied.The first set is referred to as Cannabis contained plant materials from 15 samples of the sativa,indica,and hybrids of the two species.The second set contained 20 extracts from the variety of Cannabis sativa with low tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)concentrations,i.e.,below 0.3%,and,henceforth,will be referred to as hemp.An ultraviolet(UV)microplate reader provides a cost-effective and high-throughput method for identifying chemotypes of plant extracts by their spectra.The microplate reader affords rapid measurements of small volumes,e.g.,50μL,which demonstrates a potential to significantly reduce the analysis time and cost for Cannabis and hemp chemotyping or chemi-cal profiling.Replicate samples were measured on different days to demonstrate the robustness of the method.Projected difference resolution(PDR)maps were used to visualize the separations among the classes.Five multivariate classifiers,fuzzy rule-building expert system(FuRES),super partial least squares-discriminant analysis(sPLS-DA),support vector machine(SVM),and two tree-based support vector machines(SVMtreeG and SVMtreeH)were evaluated.The classifiers were validated with ten bootstrapped Latin partitions(BLPs).For the Cannabis extracts,the SVMtreeG yielded the best performance and the classification accuracy was 99.1±0.4%for spectra collected in the nonlinear absorbance range.For the hemp extracts,the SVM classifier performed the best with a 97.4±0.6%classification accuracy.These results demonstrate that the UV microplate reader coupled with multivariate classifiers can be used as a high-throughput and cost-effective approach for chemotyping Cannabis.