Effect of Aging Temperature on Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of 17-4PH Stainless Steels in Dilute Sulphuric Acid Slurry

The effect of aging temperature on erosion corrosion （E-C） behavior of 17-4PH stainless steels in dilute sulphuric acid slurry containing solid particles was studied by using self-made rotating E-C apparatus. The effect of impact velocity on EC behavior of 17 4PH steels at different aging temperatures was analyzed. Surface micrographs of the specimens after E C test were observed by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results showed that under the condition of the same solution heat treatment, when aging temperature ranged from 400 ℃ to 610℃, the hardness reached the highest value near the temperature 460℃. The characteristics of E-C for 17-4PH stainless steels at different aging temperatures were as follows： pure erosion （wear） was dominant, corrosion was subordinate and at the same time corrosion promoted erosion. The effect of aging temperature on E-C rate of 17-4PH steels was not significant at low impact velocity, but it was found that E-C resistance of 17-4PH steels aged near 460℃ was the most excellent due to the best precipitation strengthening effect of fine and dispersed e-Cu phase. With a prerequisite of appropriate corrosion resistance, the precipitation hardening could significantly improve the E-C resistance of the materials.

Relationship of microstructure transformation and hardening behavior of type 17-4 PH stainless steel

The relationship between the microstructure transformation of type 17-4 PH stainless steel and the aging hardening behavior was investigated. The results showed that, when 17-4 PH stainless steel aging at 595℃, the bulk hardness of samples attains its peak value （42.5 HRC） for about 20 min, and then decreases at all time. TEM revealed the microstructure corresponding with peak hardness is that the fine spheroid-shape copper with the fcc crystal structure and the fiber-shape secondary carbide M23C6 precipitated from the lath martensite matrix. Both precipitations of copper and M23C6 are the reasons for strengthening of the alloy at this temperature. With the extension of holding time at this temperature, the copper and secondary carbide grow and lose the coherent relationship with the matrix, so the bulk hardness of samples decreases.

Effect of rare earths on mechanical properties of plasma nitrocarburized surface layer of 17-4PH steel

The aim of this investigation is to reveal the influence of rare earths(RE) addition on mechanical properties of plasma nitrocarburized 17-4PH steel.The nitrocarburized layers were characterized by optical microscope,scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analyzer,X-ray diffractometer,microhardness tester and pin-on-disc tribometer.The results showed that RE atoms could diffuse into the surface layer of 17-4PH steel plasma nitrocarburized at 500 °C for 4 h and did not change the ...

17-4PH不锈钢长期时效对拉伸性能的影响

通过拉伸实验研究了17-4PH马氏体不锈钢分别在温度350℃、400℃长期时效后的力学性能变化,并用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射显微镜(TEM)观察了不同时效时间的拉伸断口形貌和显微组织演化。结果表明:随着时效时间的延长,屈服强度和抗拉强度升高而断面收缩率和伸长率则相反;断口由细小韧窝向粗大韧窝转变,经过长期时效的试样断口上有二次裂纹。TEM分析表明,该钢在时效过程中发生spinodal分解,分解生成为富Cr的α’相和富Fe的α相是该钢强度逐渐升高,塑性逐渐下降的主要原因。

17-4PH不锈钢长期时效对电化学腐蚀行为的影响

采用恒电位阳极极化法研究了17-4PH不锈钢经长期时效后试样分别在(0.5 mol/LH2SO4+1%NaCl)溶液和1%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:17-4PH不锈钢经时效处理后点蚀电位负移,钝化膜保护性下降,材料耐蚀性能降低。17-4PH不锈钢在含有Cl-的H2SO4溶液中能发生钝化,并有较宽的钝化区域,而在1%NaCl溶液中不能形成钝化膜,Cl-对试样有严重的点蚀现象。阳极极化曲线显示,17-4PH不锈钢随着时效时间的延长耐蚀性降低,主要是由于时效处理使第二相沿晶界析出、材料组织发生改变所致。

金属注射成形17-4PH不锈钢的研究

研究了17-4PH不锈钢的金属注射成形工艺及其流变学性能、力学性能、微观组织和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:采用65%PW-30%EVA-5%SA粘结剂组成的注射料具有最好的综合流变学性能。在1 380℃保温90 min的烧结条件下,注射成形17-4PH不锈钢的力学性能最佳,孔隙分布均匀,晶粒尺寸适中。而保温60和120 min则分别表现出烧结不完全和过烧现象。1 380℃保温90 min烧结所得到的力学性能为ρ=7.70 g/cm3,σb=1 275 MPa,δ=5%,硬度36 HRC。注射成形17-4 PH不锈钢的密度、抗拉强度、硬度随着烧结温度的升高而提高,伸长率则随着烧结温度的升高而下降。17-4 PH不锈钢的耐蚀性好,腐蚀期长,具有活化-化金属极化曲线的特征,但钝化电位范围较窄,耐点蚀性能较差。

17-4 PH不锈钢表面草酸盐膜润滑性能的影响因素

对17-4PH不锈钢制成的圆盘试样表面进行草酸盐处理,采用球-盘摩擦试验测定摩擦因数,考察原试样表面粗糙度、接触应力及摩擦速度对草酸盐膜润滑性能的影响.结果表明:当原表面粗糙度为0.046μm时,试样经过草酸盐处理后表面润滑性能最好;表面接触应力对草酸盐处理表面的润滑性能影响较大,当接触应力小于1 045 MPa时,可以获得较好的润滑效果;在试验范围内,摩擦速度对草酸盐处理表面的润滑性能影响不大.

选择性激光熔化17-4 PH不锈钢零件的参数化研究和表征

本文对选择性激光熔化的17-4 PH不锈钢进行了参数化研究和表征。通过改变工艺参数包括激光功率和扫描速度以及扫描方式(设计参数)来研究试样的相对密度和显微硬度的变化。当使用中等能量密度和内外六角扫描方式时,试样的相对密和显微硬度最大;当使用低能量密度和交替带状扫描方式时,试样的相对密和显微硬度最小。在光学和扫描电子显微组织中,试样侧面有奥氏体、铁素体和小熔池。能量色散光谱分析表明,试样的化学成分变化导致相对密度和显微硬度发生变化。X射线衍射结果表明,中等能量密度试样的奥氏体相和铁素体峰强度最高。背散射电子衍射结果表明,随着能量密度的增加,奥氏体相增加,导致试样的显微硬度变化。相比于中等能密度试样,低能量密度试样易诱发更多的残余应力。采用不同能量密度得到的样品都具有较强的耐蚀性(0.05 mm/a),未出现明显的腐蚀裂纹。

17-4PH不锈钢井下短时间失效原因分析

文章简述了17-4PH不锈钢井下短时间失效的原因。着重介绍了通过硬度测试、拉伸测试、强度校核等方式进行的宏观分析及其结论和电镜扫描实验和金相测试等方法进行的微观分析及其结论。提出17-4PH不锈钢出现点蚀和刺漏的最终原因是晶间腐蚀、井底酸性溶液中的Cl离子腐蚀、前期锻造工艺缺陷和内部压力。

Analyzing the Interplay of Sintering Conditions on Microstructure and Hardness in Indirect Additive Manufacturing of 17-4PH Stainless Steel

Indirect additive manufacturing(AM)methods have recently attracted attention from researchers thanks to their great potential for cheap,straightforward,and small-scale production of metallic components.Atomic diffusion additive manufacturing(ADAM),a variant of indirect AM methods,is a layer-wise indirect AM process recently developed based on fused deposition modeling and metal injection molding.However,there is still limited knowledge of the process conditions and material properties fabricated through this process,where sintering plays a crucial role in the final consolidation of parts.Therefore,this research,for the first time,systematically investigates the impact of various sintering conditions on the shrinkage,relative density,microstructure,and hardness of the 17-4PH ADAM samples.For this reason,as-washed samples were sintered under different time-temperature combinations.The sample density was evaluated using Archimedes,computed tomography,and image analysis methods.The outcomes revealed that sintering variables significantly impacted the density of brown 17-4PH Stainless Steel samples.The results indicated more than 99% relative densities,higher than the value reported by Markforged Inc.(~96%).Based on parallel porosities observed in the computed tomography results,it can be suggested that by modifying the infill pattern during printing,it would be possible to increase the final relative density.The microhardness of the sintered samples in this study was higher than that of the standard sample provided by Markforged Inc.Sintering at 1330℃ for 4 h increased the density of the printed sample without compromising its mechanical properties.According to X-ray diffraction analysis,the standard sample provided by Markforged Inc.and“1330℃—4 h”one had similar stable phases,although copper-rich intermetallics were more abundant in the microstructure of reference samples.This study is expected to facilitate the adoption of indirect metal AM methods by different sectors,thanks to the high achievable relative densities reported here.

Corrosive-wear resistance of stainless steels for the impeller of slurry pump used in zinc hydrometallurgy process

This paper presents corrosive-wear (C-W) behaviors of three kinds of steels under the simulating condition oftraditional zinc hydrometallurgy process by using a self-made rotating disk apparatus. Result shows that pure wear lossrate is significantly larger than pure corrosion loss rate. Under this C-W condition, the ranking of C-W resistance is S2 >S3 > S1 (S1: austenite stainless steel; S2: CD-4MCu duplex stainless steel; S3 :17-4PH stainless steel). S2 has excellentC-W resistance due to strong surface deformation strengthening effect of high-density dislocations of the γ phase. S3 alsohas excellent C-W resistance owing to high hardness and strength. However, S1 does not show good C-W resistanceunder strong erosion of liquid-solid slurry because of its single-phase austenitic structure and very low hardness. As aresult, duplex stainless steels as well as 17-4 PH stainless steel can be used as impeller candidate materials in the zinchydrometallurgy process due to their excellent C-W resistance and lower cost.

The effects of fabrication atmosphere condition on the microstructural and mechanical properties of laser direct manufactured stainless steel 17-4 PH

The effects of atmosphere conditions on microstructural and mechanical properties of stainless steel 17-4PH components fabricated by laser direct manufacturing (LDM) were investigated through mea-surements on phase constitution, porosity, tensile strength, fracture morphology, hardness and evolution of substrate temperature. Results showed that the samples produced in air atmosphere condition pos-sessed higher tensile strength and hardness for both as-deposited and heat-treated states than that in Ar chamber condition, due to dispersion strengthening effect of amorphous oxide particles and nitrogen solution strengthening as a result of higher content of oxygen and nitrogen. The temperature of substrate heat accumulation was higher in Ar chamber condition, leading to dramatically lower porosity and more reverse austenite, which also contributed to the lower strength and hardness.

On the microstructure and texture evolution in 17-4 PH stainless steel during laser powder bed fusion: Towards textural design

Additive Manufacturing (AM) of metals allows the production of parts with complex designs, offeringadvanced properties if the evolution of the texture can be controlled. 17-4 precipitation hardening (PH)stainless steel is a high strength, high corrosion resistance alloy used in a range of industries suitable forAM, such as aerospace and marine. Despite 17-4 PH being one of the most common steels for AM, thereare still gaps in the understanding of its AM processing–structure relationships. These include the natureof the matrix phase, as well as the development of texture through AM builds under different processingconditions. We have investigated how changing the laser power and scanning strategy affects the microstructure of 17-4 PH during laser powder bed fusion. It is revealed that the matrix phase is δ-ferritewith a limited austenite presence, mainly in regions of the microstructure immediately below melt pools.Austenite fraction is independent of the printing pattern and laser power. However, reducing the timebetween adjacent laser passes during printing results in an increase in the austenite volume fraction.Another effect of the higher laser power, as well as additional remelting within the printing strategy, isan increase in the average grain size by epitaxial ferrite grain growth across multiple build layers andthe development of a mosaic type microstructure. Changes to the scanning strategy have significant impacts on the textures observed along the build direction, while (100) texture along the scanning directionis observed consistently. Mechanisms for texture formation and the mosaic structure are proposed thatpresents a pathway to the design of texture via AM process control.

Microstructure characteristics of segregation zone in 17-4PH stainless steel piston rod

The segregation of Cu and Ni in a 17-4PH stainless steel piston rod has been confirmed to be responsible for the cracking after heat treatment.Further investigation showed that the segregation zone was composed of three layers,namely the fine grain martensitic layer,the coarse grain martensitic layer and the coarse grain austenitic layer from the matrix to the crack surface.Three button ingots with the same chemical compositions as those three layers have been prepared to evaluate the grain size distribution,microstructure and mechanical properties.The effects of Cu and Ni segregation on the microstructures of those three layers have been explored by thermodynamic calculation.Based on the microstructure and mechanical properties results,an intensive understanding of the cracking in the segregation zone was therefore reached.

Effect of Aging Temperature on Stress Corrosion Cracking of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel in Wet H_2S Environment

The effect of aging temperature on stress corrosion crocking of 17-4 precipitation-hardened(PH)stainless steel in simulated stimulant oil well environment was studied by the method B-NACE standard bent-beam test.It is found that when aging temperature ranges from 480 to 610℃,the sensitivity of hydrogen embrittlement decreases significantly.

Homogenization on solution treatment and its effects on the precipitation-hardening of selective laser melted 17-4PH stainless steel

17-4 precipitation-hardened(PH)stainless steel(SS)exhibits high strength and good corrosion resistance via Cu-precipitation hardening.Unlike conventional wrought 17-4PH SS,Cu segregation andε-Cu pre-cipitates are observed in additively manufactured(AM)17-4PH SS owing to the repeated rapid cooling after heating,which characterizes the AM process.In this study,solution treatment was conducted under various temperatures(1,000,1,050,1,100,and 1,200℃)and durations(1,2,4,and 8 h)to minimize the negative effects of Cu segregation andε-Cu precipitates on precipitation hardening.The mechanical prop-erties and microstructures of each condition for the Cu precipitation behavior were examined.Although theε-Cu precipitates did not disappear after solution treatment,the average diameter of theε-Cu precipi-tates tended to decrease with increasing solution treatment temperature and duration.Therefore,solution treatment at a temperature of 1,200℃ for 8 h was the best,resulting in improved strength compared to the conventional solution treatment at 1,050℃.Solution treatment on at least 1,100℃ is effective in AM.

Phase Field Simulation for Grains Evolution of 17-4PH Steel During Cyclic Heat Treatment

A phase field model is developed to simulate the grain evolution of 17-4PH steel during cyclic heat treatment （CHT）. Our simulations successfully reproduce the grain morphologies of every CHT. In the process of every CHT, phase transformation recrystallization happens. The recrystallized grains appear mainly on the original grain boundaries. The average grain size of 13.2 μm obtained by 1040 ℃×1 h solution treatment for this experimental steel can be refined to 2.2 μm after five CHT＇s. Furthermore, the effects of phenomenological parameters in our model are discussed.

激光立体成形17-4 PH不锈钢组织性能研究

对激光立体成形17-4 PH(0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb)沉淀硬化不锈钢沉积区热处理前后的组织和常规力学性能进行了研究。光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,沉积态组织主要由板条状马氏体和分布于其上和板条间少量的第二相强化质点组成。根据合金特性,推测马氏体基体上弥散析出的第二相强化质点应该为M7C3及NbC型碳化物等。靠近基材处的沉积态组织以细长的板条状淬火马氏体为主;远离基材的沉积态组织则变成粗大的板条状马氏体。沉积态试样经过固溶时效处理后,组织变为细小均匀的板条状回火马氏体,并且基体上析出了更多的第二相强化质点,这类强化质点推测应为NbC型以及M7C3,M23C6型碳化物。成形件经过热处理后,强度、硬度略微提高,而塑性则显著增加。并且其抗拉强度和塑性均高于锻棒标准,屈服强度则略低于锻棒标准。热处理前后成形件拉伸断裂均属于韧性断裂,其中M7C3型碳化物等形成的第二相质点是微观空穴和韧窝形成之源。

17-4 PH不锈钢在含SRB的模拟海水中的应力腐蚀开裂行为研究

在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)接种的模拟海洋溶液中,观察并研究了SRB和外加应力对17-4 PH不锈钢腐蚀行为的作用。分析应力-应变曲线和断口形貌,对比在无菌溶液和SRB接种溶液中的腐蚀行为差异。结果表明,与无菌溶液相比,SRB接种溶液中单级时效、双级时效和调质处理试样的ISCC值分别提高了5.2%,9.3%和4.4%。FeS的产生增强了阳极溶解过程并加速了腐蚀反应,双级时效试样组织中粗大的马氏体有利于氢的进入和聚集,增加了试样对SRB的敏感度。单级时效和调质处理试样的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)机理都是阳极溶解(AD),而双级时效试样是氢致开裂(HIC)。