计算机病毒“Marijuana”

继“小球病毒”之后,又一种具有隐蔽性而破坏力和传染力更强的新病毒,在我国的IBM PC系列及兼容机中蔓延开了。这种新的病毒全称为‘Legalise Marijuana”。本文将介绍该病毒的识别和消毒方法。

Acute temporal lobe infarction in a young patient associated with marijuana abuse: An unusual cause of stroke

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events associated with drug abuse have been frequently reported, particularly in young patients. The drugs include generally cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines. Although marijuana is among the widely used narcotics in the world, stroke associated with the marijuana use is infrequently reported.METHODS: Stroke caused by the use of marijuana was investigated in a 23-year-old man and the importance of inquiry of drug abuse in case of stroke was emphasized.RESULTS: The patient was treated for 7 days in a follow-up, but he was not recovered. The patient was discharged in his existing condition and was directed for physiotherapy and rehabilitation.CONCLUSION: Ischemic stroke is associated with drug abuse and/or substance use, mainly cannabinoids and amphetamines, particularly in young patients.

Impact of Marijuana on Response Inhibition: an fMRI Study in Young Adults

Rationale: Marijuana use in adolescence is prevalent and increasing. Understanding the neural correlates of the impact of this use is critical for policy making and for youth awareness. Objectives The effects of marijuana use on response inhibition were investigated in 19–21-year-olds using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Participants were members of the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study, a longitudinal study that collected a unique body of information on participants from infancy to young adulthood including: prenatal drug history, detailed cognitive/behavioral performance, and current and past drug use. This information allowed for the control of an unparalleled number of potentially confounding variables including: prenatal marijuana, nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine exposure and offspring alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine use. Ten marijuana users and 14 nonusers that served as controls performed a Go/No-Go task while fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent response was examined. Results: Despite similar task performance, there was a positive relationship between amount of marijuana smoked and activation in right thalamus, premotor cortex and middle frontal gyrus. These regions form part of the neural network responsible for inhibition control. There was also a positive dose dependent relationship with marijuana and activation in inferior parietal lobe and precuneus, also parts of response inhibition pathways. Conclusions: These results suggest a dose dependent alteration in neural functioning during response inhibition after controlling for other prenatal and current drug use. These alterations may be necessary in order to compensate for neural changes in response inhibition circuits caused by long term marijuana use that began during adolescence/young adulthood.

Chronic Marijuana Smoking Does Not Negatively Impact Select Blood Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Young, Physically Active Men and Women

Background: The smoking of Cannabis sativa, the marijuana plant, is increasing in popularity among young adults, even those who may be engaged in regular exercise (i.e., athletes). Research has shown the plant to have antioxidant and analgesic properties, but the effects on oxidative stress are conflicting. The purpose of this study was to measure blood oxidative stress and cardio-metabolic parameters in physically active men and women who regularly smoke marijuana. Methods: A total of 43 marijuana smokers (23 ± 4 years) and 22 non-smokers (24 ± 7 years), who did not smoke tobacco products, participated in this study. Both smokers and non-smokers engaged in regularly exercise, totaling several hours per week (6.4 ± 4.0 and 6.8 ± 4.4, respectively). Smokers reported using marijuana frequently during the week (4.5 ± 2.3 sessions) for a minimum of three consecutive months prior to participating in the study. Blood samples were collected from participants following a 12-hour fast (all food, drink [except water] and smoking) and analyzed for malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Heart rate and blood pressure was also measured and recorded. Results: No differences of statistical significance were noted for any variable (p > 0.05), with very similar values noted between smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions: In a sample of young, physically active men and women, regular marijuana smoking is not associated with untoward effects on select biomarkers of oxidative stress and cardio-metabolic health. These findings do not suggest that marijuana smoking can be done without harm, as limitations of this study need to be considered.

Correlates of Tobacco and Marijuana Use among Urban Dwellers in Enugu, Nigeria

Introduction: Tobacco and marijuana use is a public health challenge all over the world and especially in Sub Saharan Africa. The combination of low socioeconomic status and substance use can be described as a social and economic disaster for many poor families of Africa. While majority of studies concentrated on cigarette smoking, few studies in Nigeria has been conducted on non-smoke forms of tobacco. The burden of marijuana abuse is also rising in the Nigeria. Similar to cigarette smoking, cannabis use is more common among males. Knowledge of the pattern of tobacco and cannabis use in the community is important considering the public health implications. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco (cigarette smoking and snuff) and cannabis use among adults in an urban communities Enugu, southeast Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in urban slum settlements in Enugu, the capital of Enugu State, southeast Nigeria. Using a semi structured questionnaire, we collected data selected socio-demographic characteristics, including tobacco use and cannabis use in the last 30 days. The study was conducted between August and December 2013. For database management and statistical analyses, we used the SPSS version 23. Results: The total number of individuals recruited in the study was 1572;844 (52.8%) females and 728 (45.5%) males with a male to female ratio of 0.9:1. Tobacco was used by a total of 270 (17.2%) individuals within the last 4 weeks and marijuana by 23 (1.5%) of the population. Overall, 280 (17.8%) used either one or both tobacco and marijuana. While snuff was predominately used from 60 years and above, cigarette smoking peaked at 30 - 39 years and marijuana use peaked at a younger age of 20 - 29 years. Cigarette smoking positively correlated with male gender (male 1, female 0) and alcohol use (Yes 1, No 0). P Conclusion: The prevalence of cigarette smoking (5.5%), snuff (11.6%) and marijuana use (1.6%) was found in an urban settlement in Enugu. Predictors of tobacco use were older age, male gender and alcohol use. Public health intervention programs should reemphasize the health-related issues associated with these substances and the need to quit using them.

Marijuana Use and Depressive Symptoms among Young People: Examining Unidirectional and Bidirectional Effects

Research suggests that the prevalence of marijuana use and depression are increasing in the United States. Although it is not entirely clear what accounts for these coincident trends, several studies have shown that these two health concerns are associated among young people. This study assessed four hypotheses regarding the association between marijuana use and depression: 1) whether marijuana use affects subsequent symptoms of depression;2) whether depressive symptoms affect subsequent marijuana use;3) whether they are associated in a bidirectional (reciprocal) manner;and 4) whether the association between the two is confounded by stressful life events. Using eight years of longitudinal data from the Family Wellness and Health Study, a fixed-effects regression model provided empirical support for the first hypothesis only, but not for the others. Future research should explore in greater detail why marijuana use may have a causal impact on experiences with depression among young people.

Personality characteristics and health risk behaviors associated with current marijuana use among college students

Objective: Marijuana is a prevalent substance used among young adults and has serious psychosocial and health-related consequences. Thus, identifying factors associated with marijuana use is critical. The current study aimed to examine personality factors and health risk behaviors associated with marijuana use. Methods: We administered an online survey to six colleges in the Southeast. Overall, we recruited 24,055 college students, yielding 4840 responses (20.1% response rate), with complete data from 4,401 students. Results: Current (past 30 day) marijuana use was reported by 13.8% of our sample. Users either reported infrequent use of marijuana (i.e., between 1 and 5 days;52.3%) or very frequent use of marijuana (i.e. ,between 26 and 30 days;18.2%). Mutlivariate analyses modeling correlates of marijuana use (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.323) indicated that significant factors included being younger (p < 0.001), being male (p = 0.002), being Black (p = 0.002), attending a four-year college (p = 0.005), being a nondaily (p < 0.001) or daily smoker (p < 0.001) vs. a nonsmoker, other tobacco use (p < 0.001), greater alcohol use (p < 0.001), greater perceived stress (p = 0.009), higher levels of sensation seeking (<0.001) and openness to experiences (p = 0.02), and lower levels of agreeableness (p = 0.01) and conscientiousness (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Identifying risk factors related to marijuana use is critical in developing interventions targeting both use and prevention. Moreover, understanding different college settings and the contextual factors associated with greater marijuana use is critical.

Revisiting the Outsiders: Innovative Recruitment of a Marijuana User Network via Web-Based Respondent Driven Sampling

This study uses an innovative, network-based recruitment strategy (non-monetary, web-based respondent driven sampling) to gather a sample of il/legal marijuana users. Network-driven effects amongst marijuana users are examined to test the explanatory validity of several theories of social deviance. The study finds that respondent driven sampling techniques lack effectiveness without primary monetary incentives, even when meaningful secondary incentives are utilized. Additionally, the study suggests that marijuana user networks exhibit strong homophilic attachment tendencies.

The Importance of Mathematical Models to Explore the Effects of Marijuana and Other Plant Based Products on Learning and Memory

This article describes the use of the first order system transfer function for learning and memory studies involving consumption of marijuana and other plant based products. We provide detailed instructions on how the model can be used to analyze the performance of individual participants using a memory test developed by the senior authors. The importance of identifying possible learning and memory deficits of marijuana is paramount due to the growing number of states in the U.S. legalizing marijuana use for medicinal and recreational purposes. The model can also be extended to other plant based products purported to improve memory. While this article does not study the effect of marijuana, we provide details on how it can be used by illustrating its application on individuals consuming an amphetamine-like psychostimulant drug using our own memory test.

Marijuana Use and the Development of Status Asthmaticus: A Case Report

Introduction: Status asthmaticus is an acute exacerbation of asthma caused by increased airflow resistance and mucus plugging. Symptoms of dyspnea may lead to respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. There is limited knowledge about the effects of marijuana on pulmonary function. We report a unique case of status asthmaticus related to frequent marijuana use. Case Presentation: A 38-year-old African American male with a past medical history of asthma and two prior episodes of status asthmaticus arrived at Saint Barnabas Medical Center with dyspnea and wheezing that was refractory to home albuterol nebulizer therapy. Despite medical treatment his symptoms did not improve and he collapsed to the floor and required intubation and mechanical ventilation. He reported having smoked marijuana numerous times on the day prior to this admission. He was discharged three days later and was strongly advised to stop smoking marijuana. Conclusion: Marijuana is a commonly smoked illicit drug. Although habitual marijuana smokers have symptoms of cough, phlegm and wheezing, we found no reports linking marijuana use to the development of status asthmaticus. Given the rampant abuse of marijuana and its likely burden on healthcare, physicians should be vigilant in discussing the harmful effects of marijuana with asthmatic patients who abuse this drug.

Medical Marijuana as a Viable Option for Cancer Related Issues: Mini Study

The purpose of this mini study is to evaluate the perceptions of physicians as it relates to medical marijuana and its use for cancer patients. A survey was delivered to a group of physicians acquired from a nationwide database. The majority of physicians do not utilize medical marijuana in their practice and various reasons were identified, which make physicians feel uncomfortable with this practice. Those currently utilizing medical marijuana in their practice also provided a list of condition they prescribe medical marijuana for as a treatment method. The study helps illustrate the need for more research and data on the use of medical marijuana to determine if medical marijuana is a viable source of treatment so physicians feel comfortable utilizing it in their practice, if and when appropriate.

计算机又一病毒——MARIJUANA

在发现计算机“圆点病毒”之后,最近又发现名为MARIJUANA的计算机病毒,这是一种能破坏存储数据的病毒.本文论述了该病毒的传染途径,危害及解毒方法。

Medical Marijuana Efficacy: A Survey

Background: Medical marijuana use has seen a rise and acceptance in the last several years and while its efficacy has been spoken and discussed in lore, data on efficacy still remains scarce. Aim: We conducted a survey on chronic pain patients certified for medical marijuana to assess pain relief and efficacy. Findings: Our survey found that the pain score with the use of medical marijuana was halved in our 20 respondents and sleep was improved. Overall function improved. Conclusion: The survey shows that medical marijuana is efficacious in chronic pain patients and further studies need to be done and access to the medication needs to be improved so as to benefit more patients.

Modified Atmospheric Packaging and Its Effect on Postharvest Cannabis Quality

Cannabis sativa L. is used as fiber, food, and medicine in several countries. Though it is illegal for recreational use in most of the world, there are some countries that have legalized production and sale. There is a lot of research on production of cannabis, but less so on storage technologies. Cannabis contains several high value compounds, such as cannabinoids and terpenoids, that are susceptible to degradation via light, temperature, and oxygen. Several studies have explored temperature and light, and industry has adjusted accordingly. However, less is known about oxygen-induced degradation. Biochemical studies have demonstrated oxidative degradation of high value compounds, and many producers use some form of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) for storage. However, the efficacy of MAP is unclear. The objective of this paper is to review our current understanding of MAP in postharvest cannabis storage and identify avenues where additional research is needed.

Should gastroenterologists prescribe cannabis? The highs, the lows and the unknowns

Cannabis,commonly known as marijuana,is a drug extracted from the Cannabis plant known for its psychotropic and medicinal properties.It has been used for healing purposes during ancient times,although its psychoactive components led to its restricted use in medicine.Nonetheless,cannabis is found to have modulatory effects on the endocannabinoid system exhibiting its medicinal role in the gastrointestinal(GI)system.Emerging animal and human studies demonstrate the influential effects of cannabis on a variety of GI diseases including inflammatory bowel disease,motility disorders and GI malignancies.It also has a regulatory role in GI symptoms including nausea and vomiting,anorexia,weight gain,abdominal pain,among others.However,both its acute and chronic use can lead to undesirable side effects such as dependency and addiction,cognitive impairment and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.We will discuss the role of cannabis in the GI system as well as dosing strategies to help guide gastroenterologists to assess its efficacy and provide patient counseling before prescription of medical marijuana.

工业大麻与毒品大麻的区别及其可利用价值

综述大麻的植物分类、工业大麻与毒品大麻的区别及其可利用价值,指出大麻管理中存在的问题与今后的努力方向。

Patients'perspectives on smoking and inflammatory bowel disease:An online survey in collaboration with European Federation of Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Associations

BACKGROUNDSmoking has detrimental effects on Crohn’s disease (CD) activity while data onulcerative colitis (UC) are conflicting. Little is known about the use and impact ofalternative smoking products in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).AIMTo understand the patients’ perceptions of the impact of smoking on their IBDand to assess differences between CD and UC patients.METHODSThe questionnaire was developed by Philip Morris Products SA in cooperationwith European Federation of Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Associations. Thefinal survey questionnaire consisted of 41 questions divided in 8 categories: (1)Subject screener;(2) Smoking history;(3) Background information;(4) IBD diseasebackground;(5) Current disease status;(6) Current therapeutics and medications;and (7) Current nicotine/cigarettes use and awareness of the impacts of smokingon IBD. The questionnaire was submitted online from 4th November 2019 to 11th March 2020 through the European Federation of Crohn's and Ulcerative ColitisAssociations website to IBD patients who were current smokers or had a historyof smoking.RESULTSIn total 1050 IBD patients speaking nine languages participated to the survey.Among them, 807 (76.9%) patients declared to have ever smoked or consumed analternative smoking product, with a higher proportion of current cigarettesmokers among CD patients (CD: 63.1% vs UC: 54.1%, P = 0.012). About twothirdsof the participants declared to have ever stopped cigarette smoking andrestarted (67.0%), with a significantly higher proportion among UC patientscompared to CD patients (73.1% vs 62.0%, P = 0.001). We also found significantdifferences between CD and UC patients in the awareness of the healthconsequences of smoking in their disease and in the perceived impact of smokingon disease activity, for both cigarettes and alternative smoking products.CONCLUSIONThis survey found significant differences between CD and UC patients in bothawareness and perception of the impact of smoking on their disease. Furtherefforts should be done to encourage smoking cessation for all IBD patients,including UC patients.

美国州与大麻管制“联邦化”的形成

州是美国大麻管制的先驱和领头雁,是大麻从合法到非法蜕变的旗手,同时也是大麻管制从分散到初步统一再到“联邦化”的积极倡导者和参与者,简言之,州的活动是美国大麻管制“联邦化”的决定性因素;反过来,联邦政府通过联邦麻醉品局的活动又推动了州大麻法的出台和统一。这样,大麻管制“联邦化”的确立使州与联邦在大麻管制上逐渐形成了良性的互动关系,从而推动了美国20世纪前半期大麻问题的解决,遏阻了大麻在美国第一次吸毒浪潮中的泛滥。

Determination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis seizures in Egypt

Objective:To determine the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)content of cannabis seizures in Egypt.Methods:Unheated and heated extracts of cannabis seizures were prepared from the dried flowering tops and leaves(marijuana)or from the resin(hashish)and subjected to analysis using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Results:The heated resin extract had the peak of THC in a relative ratio of 31.34%,while extracting the resin directly without heating contained only 18.34%of THC.On the other hand,marijuana showed minimum percentage of THC at 11.188% on heating and 9.55% without heating.Conclusions:These results indicate the high potency of the abused cannabis plant in the illicit Egyptian market.

贵州省织金县吸毒人群HIV感染者感染状态暴露情况调查

目的 描述贵州省织金县人类免疫缺陷病毒 (humanimmunodeficiencyvirus,HIV)阳性吸毒者将自己感染状态暴露给其他人的比例和原因。方法 通过深入访谈的方式搜集 4 0名来自社区和戒毒所知晓自己HIV阳性的吸毒者的定量和定性资料。结果 85 % (34/ 4 0 )的研究对象将自己的感染状态暴露给家庭成员 ,其中 2 4人 (6 0 % )为自愿暴露 ,10人 (2 5 % )为未经同意的暴露 ,暴露的主要原因是希望得到家人情感上和物质上的支持。在获知自己感染HIV后 ,16人有吸毒的固定性伴 ,均把自己的感染状态暴露给了这些固定性伴 ;另外 4人有不吸毒固定性伴 ,其中 2人未将感染状态暴露给这些固定性伴。 75 % (30 / 4 0 )的研究对象把自己感染HIV的状态暴露给吸毒的朋友 ,暴露的主要原因是“劳教所不接收HIV感染者 ,害怕被劳教”、“吸毒者中感染的人也很普遍”。而仅有 12 .5 % (5 / 4 0 )的研究对象将感染状态暴露给其他亲戚或不吸毒的朋友。结论 大多数HIV感染的吸毒者愿意把自己的感染状态暴露给家庭成员和吸毒的朋友或固定性伴 ,这有利于HIV感染者得到来自家庭的关怀和医疗照顾 ,也有利于HIV阴性吸毒者了解吸毒同伴的感染状态。