Marine environmental quality, pollution monitoring and environmental management

Chinese government has adopted a series of management measures to prevent and manage marine pollution and to protect ocean bio resources and ecosystem. The key points of Chinese marine environmental quality status, pollution monitoring and environmental management since 1980' were discussed in this paper. Those included the investigations of Chinese coast environmental quality, monitoring techniques and standards, as well as the marine environmental management measures. Recent status of marine environmental pollution and the monitoring network in China were also introduced.

Application of Marine Pasture Environmental Resource Monitoring System

China’s current research and construction of marine pastures have begun to get on the right track.At the same time,China has paid more and more attention to the monitoring of environmental resources of marine pastures.Therefore,the construction of marine pasture environmental resource monitoring system has attracted more and more attention.Based on this situation,this paper studies the construction of marine pasture environmental resource monitoring system,and hopes to play a certain role in the monitoring of marine pasture environmental resources.

Pollution monitoring of marine organisms grown in the Zhoushan Sea of China

The sustainable regeneration of the biggest fishery resource in the Zhoushan Sea area of China has been adversely affected in recent years. Wastewater discharged into the marine ecosystem is the main source of pollution. Affected organisms such as hairtail prawn, jellyfish, crab, laver and kelp were monitored, and the contributions and fluxes of three sort of pollutants(oils, Cr and phenol) from the expansion of rural enterprises in the Yangtze River valley, the Qiantang River valley, the Ningbo coastal area and the Zhoushan islands were calculated. More than 16 chemical pollutants were jointly responsible for the decrease in the yield and quality of marine organisms. Furthermore, combined contamination effects and their joint toxicity differed between summer and winter, because they were varied with different temperature, salinity, pH and E h.

Expired drugs as vapor-phase corrosion inhibitors of copper in simulated marine atmospheric environment

Urea,paracetamol and glutamine(based on the expired drugs)were selected as vapor-phase corrosion inhibitors(VCIs)to study their corrosion protection effect on red copper in simulated marine atmospheric environment by using weight loss,electrochemical measurement techniques(specially designed electrochemical testing device for simulating marine atmospheric environments)and surface morphology characterization analysis(SEM/EDS,XRD,RAMAN,XPS).Weight loss results show that the three corrosion inhibitors have good corrosion inhibition effect on red copper,and the corrosion inhibition efficiency in the order of glutamine(83.62%)>urea(68.46%)>paracetamol(61.47%).Surface morphology characterization analysis provides evidence of adsorption of corrosion inhibitors molecules on the red copper surface,thus forming a protective film that blocked the red copper surface from the aggressive chloride ion attack.

Proper Management of Standardization to Promote the Development of Marine Environment Protection

Marine environment protection is an important aspect of environmental protection inChina.The role of standards in marine environment protection,the government's regulation ofthe marine environment,and supporting economic and social development will become increasinglyprominent.This article outlines the circumstances and standardization of marine environmentprotection,construction of the standards system for marine environment protection andprospects for standardization of marine environment protection.

Defence force activities in marine protected areas:environmental management of Shoalwater Bay Training Area,Queensland,Australia

Environmental management of military activities is of growing global concern by defence forces. As one of the largest landholders in Australia, the Australian Defence Force （ADF） is increasingly concerned with sustainable environmental management. This paper focuses on how the ADF is maintaining effective environmental management, especially in environmentally sensitive marine protected areas. It uses Shoalwater Bay Training Area （SWBTA） as a research example to examine environmental management strategies conducted by the ADF. SWBTA is one of the most significant Defence training areas in Australia, with a large number of single, joint and combined military exercises conducted in the area. With its maritime component contained in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park （GBRMP）, the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area （GBRWHA）, and abutting Queensland＇s State Marine Parks, it has high protection values. It is therefore vital for the ADF to adopt environmentally responsible management while they are conducting military activities. As to various tools employed to manage environmental performance, the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System （EMS） is widely used by the ADE This paper exanlines military activities and marine environmental management within SWBTA, using the Talisman Saber （TS） exercise series as an example. These are extensive joint exercises conducted by the ADF and the United States defence forces. The paper outlines relevant legislative framework and environmental policies, analyses how the EMS operates in environmental management of military activities, and how military activities comply with these regulations. It discusses the implementation of the ADF EMS, including risk reduction measures, environmental awareness training, consultation and communication with stakeholders. A number of environmental management actions used in the TS exercises are presented to demonstrate the EMS application. Our investigations to this point indicate that the ADF is complying with all relevant legislation and policies. Further research is required to confirm compliance and conclude that military activities have good accord with environmental management objectives.

On the Criminal Law Protection of the Marine Ecological Environment

With the continuous and rapid development of the country’s economy and society,it has greatly promoted the leap of the marine economy and brought more severe challenges and tests to the protection of marine ecological environment.How to effectively measure the criminal law protection of the marine ecological environment and take effective measures Measures to deepen the effects of marine ecological environmental protection have become one of the focus topics of widespread concern in the industry.Based on this,this article first introduces the protection of marine ecological interests in China’s criminal law,analyzes the necessity of adjusting the ecological environment in criminal law,and discusses the deficiencies in China’s marine legal system and combines relevant practical experience to improve the marine environment.Various angles and aspects,such as laws and regulations related to resource crimes,put forward the basic approach to strengthen the criminal law protection of the marine ecological environment,and hope to help the practice of related work.

Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Marine Environment of China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds that have raised considerable environmental concern. The highest concentrations of PAHs in the coastal sediment samples in China was 5.8-11.0μg/g (dry weight) in the core from the Huangpu River, Shanghai. The second highest concentration of PAHs was 4.42μg/g (dry weight) in surface sediment of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong, and 5.73μg/g (dry weight) in sediment of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao City. The low concentrations of PAHs were always in the sediments far away from industrial zones and cities, and ranged from 0.10 to 0.30μg/g (dry weight). Several environmental parameters are considered for the identification of sources of PAHs in marine environment. High proportion of naphthalene, low molecular weight PAHs and alkylated PAHs, plus high ratio of phenanthrene to anthracene (>15) and low ratio of fluoranthene to pyrene (<1) suggested a petrogenic source. According to these parameters, the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary of Shanghai, Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao City, Zhujiang (Pearl) River mouth, Jiulong River mouth and most of Hong Kong coastal waters were heavily contaminated by PAHs from petrogenic sources. However, PAHs in rural coastal areas were dominated by pyrolytic origin PAHs. This review clearly showed that oil pollution and incomplete combustion of oil, coal and biomass are the main reason for PAHs anormalies in the study areas.

Oyster Cementation as Protective Covers for Exposed Marine Concrete

Cored concrete specimens from seawall exposed to marine environment for 22 years were evaluated by carbonation depth test,rapid chloride permeability test,absorption of water test and microstructure examination.The results show that concrete exposed to marine environment has smaller carbonation depth and carbonation depth of concrete exposed to tidal zone is less than that in splash zone.There are similar water absorption rate and chloride permeability for concrete exposed to splash zone compared with concrete exposed to splash zone removed 3mm surface layer.However,concrete exposed to tidal zone with bio-films has lower chloride permeability and water absorption rate than those of concrete exposed to tidal zone removed 3mm surface layer.In addition,Results of FE-SEM and EDAX indicate that concrete exposed to splash zone has loose structure,exposed finer aggregate and concrete exposed to tidal zone covers by dense structure of oyster cementation and shell.Microstructures analysis further verified that concrete covered with oysters and their cementation has beneficial effects to durability of concrete.

Marine oil spill contingency planning

According to the practice researching and formulating “The Oil Spill Contingency Plan of South Chinese Sea”, this paper analyses and discusses the structure, functions and main contents of marine oil spill contingency planning, programs the organizing and commanding system and emergency response system, and advances the planning and researching method to coordinate comprehensively and to design practically the detailed emergency response steps until to formulate the ease operating programs for the plan implementation(PPI) and the PPI to apply high techniques supporting emergency administrations and response.

Innovations in marine technology and potential needs for Arctic governance

The Arctic is a region of major significance in the Earth system,particularly important for global climate and international maritime governance.As human activity,relying on manufactured equipment,steadily increases in the Arctic,technological innovations for marine equipment must support the gradually more stringent requirements for future Arctic governance.In this review,four categories of innovations are analyzed,namely:innovations driven by traditional thinking,innovations for environmental protection,innovations for practical application,and innovations for observing information systems.Two examples of international regulations,the Polar Code(adopted in 2014)and the International Standard for Arctic offshore structures of the International Organization for Standardization(ISO 19906,first published in 2010),are selected to illustrate successful international cooperation efforts for Arctic marine innovation.This work provides a basis for discussion on technology development,governance efficiency,and international cooperation in the Arctic.

Scalable rolling-structured triboelectric nanogenerator with high power density for water wave energy harvesting toward marine environmental monitoring

In the context of advocating a green and low-carbon era,ocean energy,as a renewable strategic resource,is an important part of planning and building a new energy system.Triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)arrays provide feasible and efficient routes for large-scale harvesting of ocean energy.In previous work,a spherical rolling-structured TENG with three-dimensional(3D)electrodes based on rolling motion of dielectric pellets was designed and fabricated for effectively harvesting low-frequency water wave energy.In this work,the external shape of the scalable rolling-structured TENG(SR-TENG)and internal filling amount of pellets were mainly optimized,achieving an average power density of 10.08 W∙m^(−3)under regular triggering.In actual water waves,the SR-TENG can deliver a maximum peak power density of 80.29 W∙m^(−3)and an average power density of 6.02 W∙m^(−3),which are much greater than those of most water wave-driven TENGs.Finally,through a power management,an SR-TENG array with eight units was demonstrated to successfully power portable electronic devices for monitoring the marine environment.The SR-TENGs could promote the development and utilization of ocean blue energy,providing a new paradigm for realizing the carbon neutrality goal.

The importance of long-term research and monitoring in the Ross Sea

The Ross Sea region is a biologically rich and dynamic environment and,although protected under various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System,is threatened by a changing climate and increasing human activities locally and globally.This opinion editorial describes the importance of research and monitoring in the Ross Sea and identifies opportunities and barriers to enhance them.

Innovative Benthic Lander for Macroalgae Monitoring in Shallow-Water Environments

The colonization of underwater environments by exotic seaweeds is causing major ecological problems around the world.This project,referred to AMALIA,aims to transform this current ocean threat into an opportunity by adding value to the macroalgae present off the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.To do so and to observe the presence of seaweeds in situ,an ocean modular submersible platform was developed.This platform was designed to be capable of detecting and surveying surges of invasive seaweeds while withstanding sea conditions.Conceptual designs followed by a screening process were performed,taking into consideration criteria such as operational range and modularity.An open-frame lander was considered and further developed using buckling criteria.In parallel,a state-of-the-art monitoring system was created using spectral imaging,allowing for the future creation of a macroalgae identification system.In addition,sensorial systems for characterizing growth conditions were introduced.Laboratory trials were executed to assess the capability of the system,and sea trials are currently being performed.Numerical simulations and laboratory trials indicate that the structure is fully capable of being deployed for shallow-water environments with a state-of-the-art invasive seaweed monitoring system while maintaining a high degree of modularity.

BBNJ协定在国际海洋法上的制度创新

2023年在联合国总部通过的BBNJ协定是全球海洋治理的一个里程碑。该协定聚焦国际海洋法领域的重大和前沿问题,创设了规范海洋遗传资源的特殊法律制度、确立了适用于全球公海的海洋保护区制度、丰富了规范海洋活动的环境影响评价制度。为避免因不当介入国家间陆地或海洋争端而妨害协定的实施,BBNJ协定设计了若干条款,确保将协定排除适用于国家管辖海域或争议海域。上述成果填补了国际海洋法的许多空白,拓展了国际海洋法的调整对象,为发展海洋法律制度、推进全球海洋治理作出了贡献。

共同但有区别责任原则在公海环境治理领域的适用问题

共同但有区别责任原则(以下简称“共区原则”)在公海环境治理领域发挥作用的同时,也面临着理论和具体实践领域的适用困境。在理论层面,该原则的法律性质存在争议,构成要件尚不明确,亦不确定该原则是否存在例外。从实践层面看,共区原则在海洋酸化治理、公海塑料污染治理、公海持久性有机污染物治理,以及国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物资源的养护与可持续利用方面存在区别责任被忽视、弱化或共同责任难以落实的困境。上述困境的成因包括旧的权力导向理念不利于公海治理以及公海环境治理中的区别责任的界定标准不够科学。未能充分考虑发展中国家的区别责任;难以确定各国的历史性责任;发达国家怠于承担或弱化技术转让和资金支持的区别责任是该原则在具体实践领域适用困境的成因。笔者建议在理论层面明确共区原则在公海环境治理中的法律原则地位、细化有区别责任主体的分类和具体形式、以及坚持以实质公平为核心。在具体实践领域,笔者建议在海运减排领域考虑发展中国家的诉求,并在其他海洋酸化治理事项中充分落实共同但有区别责任原则,在塑料公约谈判中重视并适用共区原则,优化持久性有机污染物治理的资金支持和技术援助,积极推动BBNJ协定的能力建设和海洋技术转让机制实施。

生态文明制度视阈下推进南海海洋资源循环利用路径研究

南海拥有中国最广阔的海洋国土,海洋资源非常丰富。南海海洋资源开发须践行绿水青山就是金山银山的生态文明理念,推进南海海洋资源高效循环利用。当前,中国南海海洋资源开发利用主要呈现以下特征:一是南海海洋资源总量丰富,但开发效益不高,海岸带和近岸海域开发强度偏大;二是南海海域海岸线生态退化,半封闭型海湾及近岸海域生态环境压力较大;三是高密度养殖和过度捕捞导致近岸海域海洋生物多样性降低,海洋资源可持续利用面临挑战;四是溢油、危险化学品泄漏等事故防范形势严峻,海洋环境风险防控水平亟须提升。对此,本文提出如下建议:一是加快完善南海海洋资源循环高效利用的制度安排,积极探索促进生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的海洋生态文明实现模式;二是坚决做到节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主,依法依规推进南海海洋资源循环高效利用;三是确保最严格的海洋生态环境保护制度落实到位,大力推进南海海洋污染防治和生态资源修复;四是建立统一高效的南海海洋生态环境监管体系。

南海海洋环境保护的法治保障研究

南海作为中国三大边缘海之一,以其特殊的地理位置和战略意义备受国际关注,随着蓝色海洋和经济转型的不断发展,南海海洋环境保护问题频发。文章在阐释南海海洋环境保护的重要性基础上,分析南海的国际国内地位以及相应的法律规定,通过海洋污染、海洋保护区的国内外法律规制方面展开讨论南海现存的海洋环境保护的法治现状,从国际、国内双视角分析现存南海海洋环境保护的法治问题,主张在国际上实现区域协同合作、制定环境保护法规,在国内建立环境保护专门性机构、加强具体法律规制以及协调划分职权范围等方面探讨南海海洋环境保护的法治保障路径,促进南海海洋环境良性发展,实现海洋蓝色经济高质量转型。

海洋倾废行为的立法规制研究

近十几年来,随着中国工业、农业的蓬勃发展,人口数量的增加,海洋运输和海洋开发技术的进步,大批港口和城市的兴起和扩建,出现了未取得许可证或者不按照许可证的规定向海洋倾倒废弃物的现象。大规模地向海洋排放有毒、有害废弃物,会严重污染海洋资源,其中的关键因素之一是对海洋环境污染责任人违法行为的低成本惩罚。海洋倾废行为给海洋生态环境带来极大的隐患,使人类的生活面临严峻的挑战。面对日趋加重的污染情况,整个国际社会认识到通过立法保护海洋环境的关键性和紧迫性。

GNSS海洋反射信号接收机设计与分析

针对全球导航定位系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)海洋反射信号遥感技术的需求,文章设计了一种GNSS海洋反射信号接收机,用以对GNSS直射信号和反射信号进行接收。多普勒延迟映射结构是GNSS海洋反射信号接收机中的关键部件,采用直射信号通道闭环、反射信号通道开环的方式,反射信号通道利用直射信号通道获得的扩频码和多普勒频率,在半个C/A码片时间内进行相关积分,得到反射信号的相关峰波形。由于海面反射的GNSS信号是多个不同反射信号的集合,合成码的相关波形和直射信号不同,其位置和形状包含了海洋学参数信息,通过此相关函数波形即可解算出海面风场信息。GNSS海洋反射信号接收机技术可以为海洋环境监测、基础测绘、灾害监测等领域提供技术支持。