Eremophilane sesquiterenes from the marine fungus Penicillium sp.BL27-2

Six eremophilane sesquiterpenes were obtained from a marine fungus Penicillium sp. BL27-2. Their structures were elucidated as 3-acetyl-9, 7 （11）-dien-7a-hydroxy-8-oxoeremophilane （1）, 3-acetyl-13-deoxyphomenone （2）, Sporogen-AO 1 （3）, 7-hydro- xypetasol （4）, 8a-hydroxy-13-deo -xyphomenone （5） and 6-dehydropetasol （6） based on detailed NMR analysis. 1 was a new compound and 2 was obtained as a new natural compound. These compounds were assayed for their cytotoxic activity on P388, A549, HL60, BEL7402 and K562 cell lines by the MTT method. The assay results suggested the epoxide rings in eremophilane molecules were essential for their activity, and acetylation could enhance their activity.

A new nine-membdered lactone from a marine fungus Cladosporium sp.F14

A new nine-membered lactone,cladospolide E（1）,was isolated from a culture broth of a marine fungus Cladosporium sp.F14. The structure of compound 1 was determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis,including 1D and 2D NMR data.

Three new aspochalasin derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Spicaria elegans

Three new aspochalsins（R-T）（1-3） were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Spicaria elegans.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis including 1D and 2D NMR techniques,and HR-ESI-MS.

Isolation and Neuroprotective Activity of Phenolic Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium janthinellum

A new phenolic compound, 6-(2-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one(1), along with other six known phenolic derivatives(2-7), were isolated from the mangrove rhizosphere fungus Penicillium janthinellum HK1-6 cultured in potato dextrose broth medium containing 30 g L^(-1) of natural sea salt. The structure of the new compound(1) was elucidated by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The proposed biosynthetic pathway of compound 1 was also studied in this research. Interestingly, a brominated phenolic derivative, aryl bromide(compound 8), was obtained from this fungal strain cultured in medium containing 30 g L^-1 of NaBr instead of natural sea salt. Compound 8 is proposed as a new natural product and formed through bromination of compound 7 when the fungus was cultured with NaBr. The neuroprotective effect of compound 1 on oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)-induced injury was investigated in rat spinal cord astrocytes. MTT assay demonstrated that compound 1 can attenuate OGD-induced cell viability loss in rat spinal cord astrocytes.

Four new steroids from the marine soft coral-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO41201

Penicildiones A-D(1-4), four new steroids derivatives together with three known compounds including 16α-methylpregna-17α,19-dihydroxy-(9,11)-epoxy-4-ene-3,18-dione-20-acetoxy(5), stachybotrylactone B(6) and stachybotrin(7) were isolated from the soft coral-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO41201, cultured in the 1% NaCl PDB substrate. Their structures were determined through spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. Biological evaluation results revealed that 6 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HL-60, K562, MOLT-4, ACHN, 786-O, and OS-RC-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 5.23, 4.12, 4.31, 23.55, 7.65 and 10.81 μmol·L-1, respectively, while other compounds showed weak or no cytotoxicity at 50 μmol·L-1.

Mycochemistry of marine algicolous fungi

Marine algicolous fungi refer to the fungi inhabiting or associated with marine algae,which have attracted a great attention for natural product researchers due to their chemical diversity and biological activity during the past two decades.Up to the end of 2014,a total of 366 new natural products,including polyketides,terpenoids,polyketide-terpenoids,peptides,alkaloids,and shikimate derivatives,have been characterized from them.Among these metabolites,240 compounds feature cytotoxic,antibacterial,antifungal,antimicroalgal,zooplankton-toxic,antiprotozoal,antioxidative,enzyme-modulatory,and/or some other activities.This review gives a comprehensive coverage of both chemical and biological aspects of the secondary metabolites from marine algicolous fungi.

A cytotoxic pyrrolidinoindoline diketopiperazine dimer from the algal fungus Eurotium herbariorum HT-2

A new cytotoxic pyrrolidinoindoline diketopiperazine dimer, cristatumin E （1）, was isolated from the fermentation broth of the algal fungus Eurotium herbariorum HT-2 associated with the marine algae, Enteromorpha prolifera. The structure was determined by spectroscopic analyses and Marfey＇s amino acid analysis. Cristatumin E （1） showed cytotoxicity against K562 tumor cell line and antibacterial activity against Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli with IC50 and MIC values of 8.3, 44.0 and 44.0 μmol/L, respectively.

Removal of dyes from wastewater by growing fungal pellets in a semi-continuous mode

To increase the efficiency of dye removal from wastewater using mycelial pellets, a bubble column reactor with a simple structure was designed and efficiently used to remove dyes from solution containing dyes. The mycelial pellets were prepared by marine fungus Aspergillus niger ZJUBE-1. Eight dyes were tested as dye targets for the adsorption capacity of mycelial pellets and good removal results were obtained. Eriochrome black T was selected as a model dye for characterizing the adsorption processes in detail. The measurement results of Zeta potential and FT- IR analysis indicate that the electrostatic attraction may play a key role in the biosorption process. The bubble column reactor was utilized to study the batch dye-removal efficiency of mycelial pellets. A re-culture process between every two batches, which was under non-sterile condition, successfully enhanced the utilization of mycelium bio- mass. The dye removal rate is 96.4% after 12 h in the first batch and then decreases slowly in the following batches. This semi-continuous mode, which consists of commutative processes of dye-removal and re-culture, has some outstanding advantages, such as low power consumption, easy operation, high dye removal rate, and efficient biomass utilization.