Comparison of the local pivotal method and systematic sampling for national forest inventories

Background:The local pivotal method(LPM)utilizing auxiliary data in sample selection has recently been proposed as a sampling method for national forest inventories(NFIs).Its performance compared to simple random sampling(SRS)and LPM with geographical coordinates has produced promising results in simulation studies.In this simulation study we compared all these sampling methods to systematic sampling.The LPM samples were selected solely using the coordinates(LPMxy)or,in addition to that,auxiliary remote sensing-based forest variables(RS variables).We utilized field measurement data(NFI-field)and Multi-Source NFI(MS-NFI)maps as target data,and independent MS-NFI maps as auxiliary data.The designs were compared using relative efficiency(RE);a ratio of mean squared errors of the reference sampling design against the studied design.Applying a method in NFI also requires a proven estimator for the variance.Therefore,three different variance estimators were evaluated against the empirical variance of replications:1)an estimator corresponding to SRS;2)a Grafström-Schelin estimator repurposed for LPM;and 3)a Matérn estimator applied in the Finnish NFI for systematic sampling design.Results:The LPMxy was nearly comparable with the systematic design for the most target variables.The REs of the LPM designs utilizing auxiliary data compared to the systematic design varied between 0.74–1.18,according to the studied target variable.The SRS estimator for variance was expectedly the most biased and conservative estimator.Similarly,the Grafström-Schelin estimator gave overestimates in the case of LPMxy.When the RS variables were utilized as auxiliary data,the Grafström-Schelin estimates tended to underestimate the empirical variance.In systematic sampling the Matérn and Grafström-Schelin estimators performed for practical purposes equally.Conclusions:LPM optimized for a specific variable tended to be more efficient than systematic sampling,but all of the considered LPM designs were less efficient than the systematic sampling design for some target variables.The Grafström-Schelin estimator could be used as such with LPMxy or instead of the Matérn estimator in systematic sampling.Further studies of the variance estimators are needed if other auxiliary variables are to be used in LPM.

基于森林资源二类调查数据的森林生物量抽样设计对比研究

探究和对比不同抽样方法对森林生物量抽样调查中样地数量、样地布设及估算精度等方面的影响,优选适宜的抽样方案,在保证精度的前提下节省外业调查的工作量和成本。基于云南省大理市2016年森林资源二类调查小班数据,以森林起源、龄组、优势树种作为分层变量,在可靠性为95%、抽样精度为90%和85%的条件下,计算分层抽样所需的样本单元数,并与系统抽样进行比较分析;以分层抽样方法进行大理市森林地上生物量的抽样设计,将抽样结果与系统抽样方法进行比较分析。结果表明,抽样精度为90%时,分层抽样所需的样本单元数分别比系统抽样少21.91%、12.92%和45.51%;抽样精度为85%时,分层抽样所需的样本单元数分别比系统抽样少21.51%、12.66%和45.57%;在相同的抽样精度条件下,抽样单元数呈现起源>优势树种>龄组的变化趋势。按抽样精度90%,系统抽样估测的大理市森林地上总生物量为1 914.83万t,按起源、优势树种和龄组,其总生物量估测值分别为1 608.22万t、1 679.03万t、1 536.08万t。在可靠性和抽样精度相同时,实际抽样精度排序为起源>优势树种>龄组,其中,利用优势树种估测的森林地上总生物量为1 679.03万t,最接近实际值,按优势树种估测的抽样效果较好,抽样精度为96.63%。由于分层抽样具有样本数量少、抽样精度高的明显优势,可为区域森林生物量抽样调查和估测提供方法参考。

一种针对海洋数据的空间抽样方法

抽样是提高海量海洋数据环境调研、数据挖掘、可视化展示等处理运算效率的有效手段。经典的抽样方法(简单、系统、分层、簇)是针对传统工业产品建立起来的,直接应用于海洋数据则存在效率低,信息冗余、空间分布不均等问题。针对这些问题,提出一种针对海洋数据的空间抽样方法,该方法首先利用海洋数据的相关性对研究区域分层;接着基于海洋数据的空间变异性,设计优化的系统空间抽样方法。实验结果表明,新的空间抽样方法在降低样本信息冗余的同时,兼顾了样本点的空间分布。该方法能有效地获取分布均匀的样本点位信息,且兼顾了样本点之间的变异性,较好地保留了区域内的特征变化信息。

基于聚类分层的地理空间数据抽样研究

文章针对地理空间数据质检大量人力物力消耗的情况,利用地理空间数据的空间相关性,提出基于聚类分层的地理空间数据质检的优化方案,其中聚类分层是基于欧氏距离的K-Means聚类算法。通过某地的高程数据Monte Carlo模拟抽样实验,从相对误差和分层效率验证相对于传统简单随机抽样,聚类分层抽样的可行性和有效性。

一种基于空间相关性的海洋环境监测数据优化抽样方法

本文针对海洋数据多模态、超高维、海量等特性,利用空间自相关性,提出了一种基于空间相关性的海洋环境监测数据优化抽样方法。以某海域水深数据为例,从样本量和方差两个角度分析了该方法的优劣性,同时将样本点反演趋势面和实际趋势面进行比较,在减少数据量的同时,保证了其抽样精度,验证了该方法的可行性及有效性。