Dual Focus upon Industrial Restructuring and Market Access Management

The Central Economic Working Conference of the CPC sets out an important mission for China’s economic development in 2007:"tak- ing energy conservation and protection of the ecological environment as the starting point,actively promote optimization and upgrade of the industrial structure".

MIIT Plans to Open Broadband Access Market

November 28, 2014--Reeently, MIIT issued the ＂Opinions On Open Access To Broadband Market （Draft）＂, which regulates that private enterprises should be enc：ouraged to participate in the construction and operation of broadband access network infrastructure; encourage the private enterprises to participate in the relevant investment and carry out cooperation with infrastructure companies anti provide broadband resale services etc. The mainthree telecom operators shall not sign exclusive agreements with private enterprises and dynamic adjustment mechanism of prices should be estahlished.

Market Access for Developing Countries： Advantages and Constraints

This paper examines the issue of market access for development in the context of Africa during the age of globalization. The opportunity offered by China--the huge emerging market for Africa＇s exports goes in the way of openness source of economic success.

Research on the Legal Regulation of Market Access for Agricultural Products in China

On the basis of defining the concept of market access for agricultural products,this paper analyzes the necessity of establishing market access system of agricultural products,proposes the conception of establishing market access system of agricultural products in China;sets up the frame of market access system of agricultural products;analyzes the rationality of the frame of market access system of agricultural products;poses the consideration of economic law regarding setup of market access system of agricultural products.This paper also puts forward the legislative suggestions for establishing market access system of agricultural products as follows:establish the frame of market access system of agricultural products taking quality access as core;establish and perfect the compensation and relief system of guaranteeing benefit of manager and producers;establish the market access system of agricultural products with hierarchical structure;sort out existing laws and form the sound the legal frame of market access system of agricultural products.

Contribution of Rural Roads to Access to-and Participation in Markets:Theory and Results from Northern Ethiopia

Road accessibility is considered to be one of the major factors influencing (or correlated to) rural households’ access to- and participation in markets. However, there are few studies that investigate this important topic. This paper, therefore, explores the issue from both theoretical and practical perspectives with household and village level data from Northern Ethiopia. It is generally assumed that road accessibility significantly contributes to both access to- and participation in markets by rural households. The results in this study, however, suggest that neither participation in major markets nor the amount of purchased agricultural inputs use are significantly different for households with respect to the degree of road accessibility in the study area. Nevertheless, the situation seems somewhat better in locations with good access to roads. On the other hand, the results in this study confirm that road accessibility significantly contributes to reducing farm gate prices of manufactured goods and increasing farm gate prices of agricultural goods.

CHINA’S MARKET CLIMATE AND THE ECONOMIC PROSPECT AFTER ITS WTO ACCESSION

Reform and opening up to the outside world constitutes a basic long-term state policy that China adheres to 20 odd years’ reform and development has brought about profound changes to the Chinese economy. First, China has transformed from a planned economy to

IBM System i平台营销系统的设计与实现

针对多地点仓储及销售的连锁商贸企业管理系统,实现了基于IBM System i平台对前台Windows系统和后台服务器的连接,采用二级登录的权限实现方法,充分保障了企业的信息安全,利用服务器的通讯功能和网络管理功能实现系统主机与远程终端的连接。

Empowering Women and Ethnic Minority Groups to Collectively Market non Timber Forest Products from Community Forests in Cameroon

Community forestry （CF） was introduced in Cameroon in 1994 as a way to reduce poverty and enhance sustainable forest management. CF activities have primarily focused on timber exploitation rather than non-timber forest product （NTFP） collection, processing or marketing. The study reports on a two year participatory action research project that aimed to test ways of increasing access to income from NTFPs for women and people of the Baka ethnic group in nine CFs around Lomie, East Cameroon. After a participatory diagnosis of problems and stakeholders harvesting NTFPs, approaches to enhance processing, packaging, marketing, monitoring and data collection were evaluated. This led to the development of a market information system that aimed to balance supply and demandby providing information lines on market prices between buyers and sellers. Training support was provided for sustainable harvesting, and to aid harvesters to negotiate prices. This led to 100% price increase in group sales; an increase in selling prices by 39% and an increased sales volume of six NTFPs： Irvingia gabonensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Pentacletra macrophylla, Baillonela toxisperma, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Pleurotus tuber-regiumresulting in a sales revenue increaseof 210% （to ε772,500） between 2010 and 2012. In a context where logging is restricted to men, supporting access to NTFP markets has led to increased income for women and Baka. These results suggest that support to sustainably harvest and market NTFPs can aid development and access to markets for women and minority ethnic groups. The implications for the revision of the law on small scale commercialization, and the ability of the CFs to continue this system without support from development NGOs are discussed.

Balancing medical innovation and affordability in the new healthcare ecosystem in China:Review of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies

The China Basic Medical Insurance Program was created in 1999 with three objectives:equal accessibility,affordability,and quality.Today,it has become the biggest medical insurance program in the world,covering 95%of China's population.Since 2015,China's healthcare ecosystem has been reshaped by increasing innovation,which has in turn been driven by regulatory reform,enhancement of research and development capability,and capital market development.There has also been improved regulatory efficiency to reduce lags in launching drugs.In 2022,nearly 20%of novel active substances launched globally were from China.China has also risen to become the second biggest contributor to innovation in terms of pipelines.Using a“fast-follow”strategy,many locally developed innovative drugs can compete with products from multinational companies in their quality and pricing.However,China's pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry will continue to face challenges in pricing and reimbursement,as well as a shortened product lifecycle with rapid price erosion.The government has already accelerated the timeline for updating the drug reimbursement list and is willing to create a high-quality medical insurance program.However,some obstacles are hard to overcome,including reimbursement for advanced therapies,limited funding and an increasing burden of disease due to an aging population.This article reviews the trajectory of medical innovation in China,including the challenges.Looking forward,balancing affordability and innovation will be critical for China to continue the trajectory of growth.The article also offers some suggestions for future policy reform,including optimizing reimbursement efficiency with a focus on highquality solutions,enhancing the value assessment framework,payer repositioning from“value buyer”to“strategic buyer”,and developing alternative market access pathways for innovative drugs.

Can the improvement of competitive adequacy and fairness reduce discriminatory M&A behavior?Evidence from the market access negative list pilot in China

Corporate mergers and acquisitions(M&As)are subject to skewed logic due to excessive government regulation.China is progressively adopting the Market Access Negative List(MANL)pilot to transfer the power of resource allocation from the government to the market.Using the DID method,we examine the impact of relaxing market access regulation on firms’M&A behavior against China’s institutional background and the M&A events of listed companies from 2012 to 2019.The MANL significantly increases firms’M&A tendency and amount and strengthens the competitive adequacy and fairness of market-oriented M&A decisions.Post-M&A financial performance does not increase,but human capital productivity,innovation effectiveness and total factor productivity do,demonstrating the dynamic balance of profit and efficiency in M&As.

How Does E-Commerce Policy Affect Consumption Disparities of Rural Households?-Evidence from China

In the context of China’s ongoing efforts to promote countryside revitalization and facilitate domestic economic circulation,it is of great significance to reduce the consumption disparity among rural households and unleash the consumption potential in the countryside.Based on data from China Family Panel Studies,this paper adopts a staggered difference-in-differences method to assess the impact of the e-commerce to enter rural areas on the consumption disparity among rural households.Findings:the comprehensive demonstration work of promoting e-commerce to enter rural areas has reduced the consumption disparity among rural households through the following mechanisms.Firstly,this policy initiative has mitigated the consumption-inhibiting effect on rural household consumption due to the local market size and external market accessibility by promoting the distribution of consumer goods to villages.Secondly,this policy initiative has also increased the agricultural income of rural households and reduced their consumption disparity by distributing farm produce to cities and enhancing the agricultural income of rural households.Moreover,the work is characterized by inclusive growth and is not susceptible to the“elite capture”phenomenon.

A corpus-based approach to understanding market access in fisheries and aquaculture international business research:A systematic literature review

Although fisheries and aquaculture studies might seem marginal to international business(IB)studies in general,fisheries and aquaculture IB(FAIB)management is currently facing increasing pressure to meet global demand and consumption for fish in the next coming decades.In part address to this challenge,the purpose of this systematic review of literature(SLR)study is to investigate the use of the term‘market access’in its context of use in the generic literature and business sector discourse,in comparison to the more specific literature and discourse in fisheries,aquaculture and seafood.This SLR aims to uncover the knowledge/interest gaps between the academic subject discourses and business sector practices.Corpus driven in methodology and using a triangulation method of three different text analysis softwares including AntConc,VOSviewer and Web of Science(WoS)analytics,the SLR results indicate a gap in conceptual knowledge and business practices in how market access is conceived,studied and managed in the pharmaceutical and healthcare marketing industry in comparison to fisheries and aquaculture.FAIB's complexity is directly acknowledged in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Zero Hunger.And while the product orientation of different business sectors might differ,this SLR study works with the assumption that both business sectors are international in orientation,and complex in their operations from product to market.To that extent,research scholars and practitioners in FAIB will need to broaden their efforts in understanding the multiplicity of forces that influences fisheries and aquaculture and its international orientation towards both emerging as well as mature markets.This SLR suggests a conceptual model in understanding the challenges,the potential barriers as well as avenues for solutions to developing market access for FAIB.

市场准入负面清单制度与企业人力资本升级

高层次人才是高质量发展的核心力量,如何有效改善企业人力资本结构是新时代全面深化改革的重点。基于中国沪深A股上市企业数据,实证探究市场准入负面清单制度对企业人力资本结构的影响。研究发现:(1)负面清单制度能有效促进企业人力资本结构优化升级。(2)负面清单制度通过强化产品市场竞争从而驱动人力资本结构升级。(3)负面清单制度促使企业增加了高技能劳动力雇佣规模,缩减了低技能劳动力雇佣规模;同时,负面清单制度的人力资本结构升级效应对于非国有、劳动密集型和市场化水平较低地区的企业更显著。(4)得益于人力资本结构升级,负面清单制度还显著提升了企业的经营表现和创新产出。研究验证了市场准入制度改革对于优化人才资源配置的积极作用,为微观企业寻找高质量发展路径提供经验依据。

活禽市场在禽流感流行中的放大机制及应对路径

近十年来的禽流感监测数据表明,活禽市场在流感病毒传播中具有"储存器、增殖器、混合器、放大器"作用。对南方地区的调查表明,当地市民在知悉禽流感感染风险的情况下,仍然倾向于购买活禽并加工食用。这提示:在短期乃至未来一定时期内,我国关闭活禽市场的可行性较低;只有设法改进市场卫生条件、健全活禽市场准入制度、培育居民良好消费习惯、积极推进活禽电子商务,方可彻底降低活禽市场带来的流感病毒变异和扩散风险,实现禽流感的有效控制。

我国罕用药可及性现状及其市场准入制度分析

根据我国罕见药市场可及性现状,构建罕用药评价指标体系,为我国建立完善准入制度提供参考依据。研究表明,我国罕用药市场准入制度尚未完善,罕用药的可获得性、可供应性和可负担性指标均不及发达国家或地区,严重影响罕见病患者用药,阻碍罕用药产业发展。建议借鉴其他国家或地区的经验,完善我国罕用药市场准入制度,以期激励我国罕用药研发创新,提高罕见病患者的治疗水平。

构建内外资一致市场准入制度,优化上海营商环境

上海在除外商投资准入负面清单和自贸试验区负面清单以外领域,已基本实现内外资一致的市场准入负面清单管理模式,但在清单的制订和执行上还有待完善,内外资在资质资格获取、招投标、权益保护、办事流程等方面还存在一定差异。应扎实推进内外资一致市场准入制度试点,完成国家赋予的改革试点任务;真正落实内外资一致的负面清单管理理念和模式,打造公开透明、高效便捷的政府服务体系;加强政策落地和宣传解读,营造国际化、便利化的营商环境。

职业体育市场准入制度的经济学分析

运用文献资料法,对职业体育市场准入制度进行经济学分析。结果显示:职业体育市场准入制度的成因主要包括职业体育市场信息的不对称、职业体育市场外部性与职业体育市场的过度进入等;职业体育联盟强调市场垄断,但不排除内部竞争,构成有效竞争的市场结构,维持职业体育市场的团队生产效率;进入壁垒和退出壁垒的存在使得联盟"进入权"成为职业体育联盟内部管理的一种有效管理机制,改进了职业体育联盟的质量管理。

我国水土保持市场准入制度初探

水土保持是一项公益事业,关系到公众和社会利益的公正性和公平性,其从业机构和个人均应实行市场准入制度,有利于水土保持市场的规范化、健康化发展。笔者就中国水土保持市场准入制度的必要性、目前市场准入制度所涉及的主要领域及其准入现状、加强市场监管和实行从业人员执业资质制度等几方面对我国水土保持市场准入制度进行初步探讨,并提出建议。

村镇银行市场定位偏离:原因解析与政策矫正

村镇银行设立的目的是为农村地区的"三农"提供金融服务,但其发展过程中市场定位出现了偏离,主要由于村镇银行的商业性质、市场准入、激励扶持和监管约束等制度的不健全所导致。鉴于此,应通过放宽市场准入制度、建立存款保险制度、加大政策扶持、完善政府监督、推进新型城镇化建设来矫正。

数字图书馆产业市场准入的意义、原则和制度

数字图书馆作为信息产业的重要组成部分,要想在 WTO 的大环境中生存发展,就必须解决各种相关的法律问题,其中市场准入就是其必然首先要面对并必须解决的重要问题。本文在对数字图书馆市场准入的理论依据和实践意义进行深入分析的基础上,系统深入地探讨了数字图书馆的市场准入原则和准入制度,提出数字图书馆的市场准入应适用自由原则和准则制度。