Exploration of Market Mechanism on Controlling Air Pollution and Carbon Emissions in China

Based on increasingly grim situation of carbon emissions in China,air pollution control and carbon emission reduction are very important. Therefore,combining with China’s specific national conditions,we should explore the market mechanisms to control air pollution and reduce carbon emissions in China. The achievement of the carbon emission reduction purpose needs to establish the carbon trade market based on intensity emission reduction and suitable for China’s national conditions. By setting the cross-industry,cross-region and cross-time carbon trade scenarios in China,this paper tries to study the market mechanism of carbon intensity trade among industries and regions and based on carbon finance mechanism.

Payments for Ecosystem Services: Market Mechanism or Diversified Modes?

Payment for ecosystem services is a concept of environmental protection and method of environmental management that has ＂purchasing conservation＂ as a major feature and has grown around the world since the 1990 s. It is stressed by the school of environmental economics that as a voluntary mechanism of exchange between ecological service providers and demanders, payments for ecosystem services can help to increase inputs and improve efficiency. Ecological economics holds that the ecological system and the complexity of the policy environment restrict the functional space of market mechanisms. The negative influence of the objective of giving priority to efficiency on environmental protection and social fairness cannot be neglected; therefore, the exchange mechanism is just one type of eco-compensation models. Here, we posit that payments for ecosystem services is a good tool for environmental protection and increases inputs and efficiency. Although payment for ecosystem services is confronted with challenges in application, it is playing an increasingly important role in the field of ecological services with a relatively high degree of commodification. Payments for ecosystem services can also increase the cost effectiveness of publicly managed environmental projects with the cooperation of other policy tools.

Improved Market Mechanism for Energy Storage Based on Flexible State of Energy

In this paper,a new operational mode is proposed for energy storage,in which an improved semi-centralized mechanism is proposed for energy storage to participate in the day-ahead energy market.The new operational mode,i.e.,the flexible state-of-energy(SOE)mode,is proposed based on the previous fixed SOE mode,under which the final SOE of energy storage at the end of the last period of the scheduling horizon is not limited to a predefined value.Accordingly,the value of the SOE is introduced to quantify the deviation cost of the final SOE from the predefined value.Under the proposed market mechanism,energy storage submits to the system operator the unit charging and discharging costs and the value of the SOE.The system operator dispatches the charging and discharging power of energy storage according to the data submitted and system operations.A comparative analysis is conducted in the case studies,and results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism is efficient in further realizing the flexibility potential of energy storage and reducing the total cost of the power system.

An Approach for Establishing a Common Grid Model for Flow-based Market Mechanism Simulations

The discussions on the development of an electricity market model for accommodating cross-border cooperation remains active in Europe.The main interest is the establishment of market couplings without curtailing the fair use of the scarce transmission capacity.However,it is difficult to gain mutual consensus on this subject because of the absence of convincing simulation results for the entire region.To achieve that,researchers need a common grid model(CGM)which is a simplified representation of the detailed transmission model which comprises aggregated buses and transmission lines.A CGM should sufficiently represent the inter-area power flow characteristics.Generally,it is difficult to establish a standard CGM that represents the actual transmission network with a suf-ficient degree of exactness because it requires knowledge on the details of the transmission network,which are undisclosed.This paper addresses the issue and reviews the existing approaches in transmission network approximation,and their shortcomings.Then,it proposes a new approach called the adaptive CGM approximation(ACA)for serving the purpose.The ACA is a datadriven approach,developed based on the direct current power flow theory.It is able to construct a CGM based on the published power flow data between the inter-connected market areas.This is done by solving the issue as a non-linear model fitting problem.The method is validated using three case studies.

Study on carbon intensity trading market based on carbon finance mechanism

As the largest developing country in the world, China has not be involved in the obligation of emissions reduction in the （〈Kyoto Protocol）） . But it has become the largest CO2 emissions countries in the world. This makes China confronted with more pressure of carbon emissions reduction in the post-Kyoto era, and face great challenges in response to climate change issues. On one hand, China＇ s economic growth stage has decided that the situation of more energy consumption and increased carbon emissions is diffficult to reverse in the short term; On the other hand, the traditional policy under the control of total amount of carbon emission has largely restricted economic development. If a developing country in economic transition is carried out compulsory absolute amount of carbon reduction policies, its economic activity and social consumption will be imposed additional constraints inevitably, which will eventually lead to lower economic competitiveness and decline in social standards of living. Ultimately it will affect the good effects of carbon emissions reduction, so the policy can not achieve a satisfactory result. This paper introduces the financial mechanism into the carbon market model, extends the time of model from one phase to multi-phase. And this paper tries to establish a cross-time carbon credits trade system, and the current strength of the traditional carbon emission market trade model is extended. The paper designs two type of option mechanism model--call options trade carbon emissions model and put options carbon emissions model. Models＇ results show that choosing options tool to extend our traditional carbon market model can bring following impacts on carbon market development： trade costs have fallen, the carbon intensity also has descended, and has realized the flow of carbon intensity in diffident time; it enables manufacturers to effectively avoid the risk of carbon emissions trade; it increases the flexibility and maneuverability of the carbon trade market. Finally, the policy recommendations in the financial mechanisms carbon market trade are put forward.

Research on the Marketing Mechanism of E-commerce Live Broadcast - Based on The Perspective of Brand Value Co-Creation

Today,the e-commerce live broadcast industry has formed a huge market,and it has become one of the important ways for most netizens to purchase goods.Live streaming has brought new opportunities for e-commerce and new growth for brand value.The interaction between brands and customers has gradually expanded,in this case,the importance of value co-creation has become more and more prominent.This article will take e-commerce live broadcast marketing as the research object,and the brand value co-creation as the research perspective,then provide a direction based on the value co-creation perspective for the healthy and long-term development of e-commerce live broadcast marketing by studying and analyzing the cases of brand value co-creation.

Speeding Up the Transformation of the Operational Mechanism And Further Developing the International Market

According to customs statistics, China’s exports of machinery and electric products in 1996 were worth US$ 48.21 billion, an increase of 9.9 percent over the preceding year, and 8.4 percent higher than the growth rate of the nation’s total exports. The proportion of machinery and electric product exports in the nation’s total foreign trade volume\ increased from 29.5 percent in 1995 to 31.9 percent in 1996, a growth at 2.4 percent.

Market-Based Solutions to Overcapacity：Principles and Measures

This paper takes stock of theoretical economic analyses of overcapacity,reveals the factors that induce actual capacity to deviate from market equilibrium, examines market-based mechanisms to resolve overcapacity, and identifies long-term mechanisms and assurances for market-based solutions to overcapacity. Given the limitations of market mechanism and the government's role, neither the market nor the government is able to resolve the problem of overcapacity on its own. In resolving overcapacity, market and the government should play their respective roles rather than replace one another. While the market is a dominant force in regulating capacity and achieving supply and demand equilibrium, the government should provide institutional assurances for effective market operation. Market-based solutions to overcapacity require the government to provide institutional assurances and create a system where market entities decide to enter and exit the market under effective restraints and incentives with a clear boundary.

Market-oriented management method of coalmine accident hidden dangers

By analyzing the problems which exist currently in the accident hidden dangers management of the coal mine, this paper proposed a new kind of management method--＂simulating the market＂, in which an operation pattern of simulating the market to transact hidden troubles was constructed. This method introduces ＂Market Mechanism＂ into safe management, and adopts measurable value to describe the hidden dangers such as＂ human behavior, technique, environment, equipments etc.＂. It regards the hidden dangers as ＂the goods produced by labor＂ which are found out by the safety managers and the security inspectors, then sells as ＂commodity＂. By the process of disposing, counterchecking, re-selling, and redisposing. It forms a set of market-oriented closed-form management pattern of coalmine accident hidden dangers. This kind of management method changes the past traditional methods in which the wageworkers treat safety management passively, but to encourage and restrict them to participate in the check-up and improvement of the hidden dangers.

What＇s Wrong with the Chinese Cyber Market？ -A Discussion on Trust

Given the booming of internet usage in its domain, Chinese on-line shopping business is not growing proportionately. The absence of a market mechanism based on trust among suppliers and customers is to blame, although other factors as well holding the responsibility. Beginning with an introduction to the theory of ＂lemons＂, this paper reviews the status quo of trust in the Chinese cyber market, from the perspective of legislation, regulation and institution. It also prescribes several possible micro-solutions.

Analysis on Inefficiency of Transmitting the Monetary Policy of the Capital Market

Looking from the institutional system that the stock market services the state-owned enterprises, the bad corporate governing structure of the state-owned listed companies, the lack of balance between the yield from an investment and the stock, and the polarization of the wealth distribution in the stock market, we make an intensive analysis and exploration on the inefficiency of transmitting monetary policy of Chinese capital market herein.

Market Equilibrium Based on Cloud-edge Collaboration

Market participants can only bid with lagged information disclosure under the existing market mechanism,which can lead to information asymmetry and irrational market behavior,thus influencing market efficiency.To promote rational bidding behavior of market participants and improve market efficiency,a novel electricity market mechanism based on cloudedge collaboration is proposed in this paper.Critical market information,called residual demand curve,is published to market participants in real-time on the cloud side,while participants on the edge side are allowed to adjust their bids according to the information disclosure prior to closure gate.The proposed mechanism can encourage rational bids in an incentive-compatible way through the process of dynamic equilibrium while protecting participants’privacy.This paper further formulates the mathematical model of market equilibrium to simulate the process of each market participant’s strategic bidding behavior towards equilibrium.A case study based on the IEEE 30-bus system shows the proposed market mechanism can effectively guide bidding behavior of market participants,while condensing exchanged information and protecting privacy of participants.

Key challenges and approaches to addressing barriers in forest carbon offset projects

Forest carbon offset(FCO)projects play an increasingly important role in mitigating climate change through market mechanisms in both compliance and voluntary markets.However,there are challenges and barriers to developing an FCO project,such as carbon leakage and cost-eff ectiveness.There have been few attempts to summarize and synthesize all types and aspects of existing challenges and possible solutions for FCO projects.This paper systematically reviews and discusses the current challenges involved in developing FCO projects,and then draws on the experience and lessons of existing projects to show how those challenges were addressed in world-leading voluntary carbon standards,namely the Verifi ed Carbon Standard,the American Carbon Registry,the Climate Action Reserve,and Plan Vivo.These voluntary markets have rich experience in FCO projects and are responsible for a signifi cant share of the market.From the 53 publications used in this analysis,three broad thematic categories of challenges emerged.These were related to methodology,socio-economic implications,and implementation.Methodological challenges,particularly additionality,permanence,and leakage,were the focus of 46%of the selected research papers,while socio-economic challenges,including transaction,social,and opportunity costs,were addressed by 35%.The remaining 19%of the research articles focused on implementational challenges related to monitoring,reporting,and verifi cation.Major voluntary standards adequately addressed most of the methodological and implementational barriers by adopting various approaches.However,the standards did not adequately address socio-economic issues,despite these being the second most frequently discussed theme in the papers analyzed.More research is clearly needed on the socio-economic challenges involved in the development of FCO projects.For the development of high-quality forestry carbon off set projects,there are many challenges and no simple,universal recipe for addressing them.However,it is crucial to build upon the current science and move forward with carbon projects which ensure eff ective,long-term carbon sinks and maximize benefi ts for biodiversity and people;this is particularly important with a growing public and private interest in this fi eld.

The Optimal Price Policy of Congener Software Product

From the viewpoint of market behavior to a certain software development company, it's very important to decide the suitable price to deploy its product. Especially face to the opponents who sale the congener product in the current market. According to the requirement of market economy and software engineering, accurate estimation of software price and its amount of sales are useful to a certain software provider to build a proper development project and software products' target parameters. Here we analysis the factors which affect the price of the congener software product in the same market, and calculate the weight of these factors to it's price on the current market. With the help of principles of the non cooperative games, we built a model base on AHP methods. Use this model, we can get the optimal price to release our software product and the biggest turnover. At the end of this paper, we use a numerical example to explain how to use our model.

Adaptive computational resource allocation for sensor networks

To efficiently utilize the limited computational resource in real-time sensor networks, this paper focuses on the challenge of computational resource allocation in sensor networks and provides a solution with the method of economics. It designs a microeconomic system in which the applications distribute their computational resource consumption across sensor networks by virtue of mobile agent. Further, it proposes the market-based computational resource allocation policy named MCRA which satisfies the uniform consumption of computational energy in network and the optimal division of the single computational capacity for multiple tasks. The simulation in the scenario of target tracing demonstrates that MCRA realizes an efficient allocation of computational resources according to the priority of tasks, achieves the superior allocation performance and equilibrium performance compared to traditional allocation policies, and ultimately prolongs the system lifetime.

Will Higher Industry Concentration Promote Food Safety?

Given the serious situation of food safety in China, the Chinese government has followed the policy of diverting resources to certain competitive firms and thus increasing market concentration as a means to improve food safety. This policy departs from the common practice in advanced economies of encouraging competition and restraining excessive corporate expansion. Based on the theoretical analysis framework of game theory, this paper investigates the impact of increased industry concentration on food safety. Our study finds that in a market environment where quality food enjoys a high premium, greater evenness of corporate size across firms will be conducive to mutual cooperation among firms for the provision of quality and safe food. Yet if the market is less sophisticated and the premium for quality food is low, it will be difficult to form mutual cooperation among firms and easier for low quality food manufacturers to take a free ride. In these circumstances, the larger size of quality food firms will make them less vulnerable to be affected by free rides and more motivated to manufacture quality and safe food. The latter scenario is consistent with China's market reality. Hence, increasing industry concentration in the current stage is conducive to mitigating the food safety crisis. Yet with the gradual improvement in market conditions, a competitive policy will be a better option in the long run.

Higher Education in Taiwan： An Analysis of Trends Using the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium

Taiwan is currently facing the serious challenge of decreasing enrollment in higher education institutes （HEIs） due to the oversupply of these institutions and decreasing birthrates. This has necessitated that policymakers implement new policies to meet the demands of the market. This paper uses punctuated equilibrium theory （PET） to explain the circumstances that led to the overexpansion of Taiwan＇s higher education institutions over the past decades. This article also analyzes the social contexts and ramifications of social conflict regarding public expectations and policy changes in the ideology of the educational reform movement.

Comments on the development trend of the construction cost management in the new period

Building construction projects generally needs a long period, and there are many fixed factors in the process of building, therefore, the management of the project cost is a little difficult. On the basis that the quality of construction is not affected, the effective management of the project cost can effectively control the costs so that the economic and social benefits of the construction unit will be raised, and then continue to promote the development of construction industry in China.

Sharing and evaluation of a new community co-management model for protecting Crested Ibis:a case study of Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve,China

The Crested Ibis(Nipponia Nippon) is endemic to Qinling Mountains of China and was once abundant over vast areas of north-east of Asia habitat.During the 20th century,however,the population declined greatly in numbers.Habitat quality used to be the main threat to this species but recent actions by the government and wildlife protection organizations have brought this under control.With the establishment of Crested Ibis Nature Reserve in China,conflicts between socio-economic development and Crested Ibis conservation have become more acute.How do we deal with the relation between Crested Ibis conservation and community development? In this study,the Crested Ibis Nature Reserve co-management model namely "companies + farmers + Nature Reserve" model is proposed and evaluated with demonstration investigation methods,including continuous six-year fixed-site socio-economic development data of surrounding community,company sales revenue data and monitored data of Crested Ibis Nature Reserve.The results show that farmers' income and conservation awareness increased greatly from 2003 to 2008;company sales revenue has increased by about 20% annually in the recent years;management level has noticeably improved in Nature Reserve,the scope of Crested Ibis habitat has expanded 50 hm2;chemical composition of habitat reduced year after year;and the number of Crested Ibis had been growing annually.At the end,the success of the model is evaluated,and problems in implementation of the model are discussed from the following aspects:management system,co-management concept,economic base of partners,marketing mechanism,technical capacity and so on.

Actual implementation of spectrum-sharing systems in rayleigh fading channels~

In actual implementation of spectrum sharing systems, due to the selfishness of primary users, primary users often refuse the access of secondary users to their licensed spectrum bands even if the access of secondary users doesn＇t affect their transmission. Aimed at the selfishness problem of primary users, a seller＇s market trading mechanism is introduced which can not only stimulate primary users to tolerate larger interference power but also give the primary users an appropriate compensation at the same time, and which has very important practical significance. Based on the mechanism, the achievable maximal gross profit of secondary users and their optimal power allocation scheme in the Rayleigh fading environment are derived, and the interference price of primary users and the average revenue of secondary users＇ impact on them are also studied. Numerical calculation results are conducted to verify our theoretical results.