The charactedstics and contents of tourist marketing environment are analyzed logically.The microenvironment and macro-environment of tourist marketing is also expounded. It is held thatsustainable development of tour...The charactedstics and contents of tourist marketing environment are analyzed logically.The microenvironment and macro-environment of tourist marketing is also expounded. It is held thatsustainable development of tourist marketing envirment decides the effect of tourist marketing.The trending balances and coordinated development of macro-environment and microenvironment intourist marketing is the foundation of the tourist-marketing environment展开更多
Enterprise is economic cell of society. Enterprise marketing activities are conducted under certain social conditions, which have countless ties with all aspects of society. In order to achieve the established marketi...Enterprise is economic cell of society. Enterprise marketing activities are conducted under certain social conditions, which have countless ties with all aspects of society. In order to achieve the established marketing objectives, firms must carefully analyze and research marketing environment and strive to make company＇ s marketing plan and decisions adapt to the changing market environment, avoiding and overcoming the risks of environment changes, in the end to ensure an invincible position in the fierce market competition and constantly changing environment.展开更多
With the approach of the 21st century,the Asia-Pacific Region where Chinais situated is becoming a new growthpoint of the world economy.The developmentof China’s economy will surely bring vitalityto the further prosp...With the approach of the 21st century,the Asia-Pacific Region where Chinais situated is becoming a new growthpoint of the world economy.The developmentof China’s economy will surely bring vitalityto the further prosperity of Asia-Pacific Regionand the overall development of the worldeconomy.With the daily deepening of therestructuring of China’s circulation systemand the increasing attractive investmentenvironment for foreign businessmen,China,with its 1.2 billion people,has become a largeworld market,that is highly competitive.展开更多
With the approach of the 21st century, the Asia-Pacific Region where China is situated is becoming a new growth point of the world economy. The development of China’s economy will surely bring vitality to the further...With the approach of the 21st century, the Asia-Pacific Region where China is situated is becoming a new growth point of the world economy. The development of China’s economy will surely bring vitality to the further prosperity of Asia-Pacific Region and the overall development of the world economy. With the daily deepening展开更多
Recently, IPO (Initial Public Offering)has seen great change in China. This shift resulted in significant reformation in the way of operation for domestic investment bank. In the future competition for IPO market amon...Recently, IPO (Initial Public Offering)has seen great change in China. This shift resulted in significant reformation in the way of operation for domestic investment bank. In the future competition for IPO market among investment banks, the refined pricing ability will stand for the winner as prerequisite. As a kind of discussion on IPO pricing, this paper begins with how the reasonable IPO price is being worked out from three layers: the evaluation of stocks, the equilibrium of price and the formation of the final price. On this basis, we summarize and analyze the process of the reform of domestic IPO. Finally, we give some suggestions on this problem for further reform. Key words IPO pricing - reform - market environment展开更多
Environmental regulation and industrial upgrading are the key to achieve win-win results for both economy and the environment. After environmental regulation tools are divided into market incentive and command control...Environmental regulation and industrial upgrading are the key to achieve win-win results for both economy and the environment. After environmental regulation tools are divided into market incentive and command control types,based on the provincial-level data of 30 provinces( cities and regions) in China from 2004 to 2016,the impact of environmental regulation on industrial upgrading and its transmission paths are empirically tested through an intermediary effect model. Technological innovation,FDI and capital market development all meet intermediary conditions,and the market incentive type is more dependent on technological innovation,while the command control type is more dependent on FDI and capital market development.The impact of the two environmental regulation tools on industrial upgrading is further studied. The results show that there is an " inverted U-shaped" relationship between the command control type and industrial upgrading,while there is a " U-shaped" relationship between the market incentive type and industrial upgrading,and there are also certain regional differences in the impact of environmental regulation on industrial upgrading.展开更多
The year of 2011 is considered the first year of big data market in China.Compared with the global scale,China's big data growth will be faster than the global average growth rate,and China will usher in the rapid...The year of 2011 is considered the first year of big data market in China.Compared with the global scale,China's big data growth will be faster than the global average growth rate,and China will usher in the rapid expansion of big data market in the next few years.This paper presents the overall big data development in China in terms of market scale and development stages,enterprise development in the industry chain,the technology standards,and industrial applications.The paper points out the issues and challenges facing big data development in China and proposes to make polices and create support approaches for big data transactions and personal privacy protection.展开更多
During the 8th Five-Year Plan period, an average annual growth rate of 24% was achieved by China auto industry, which is in line with that of the gross industrial output val-ue all over China, and is higher than that ...During the 8th Five-Year Plan period, an average annual growth rate of 24% was achieved by China auto industry, which is in line with that of the gross industrial output val-ue all over China, and is higher than that of the GNP. It can be said that the auto industry ex-perienced a high speed increase in this period, but from the last two years of this period to now, an obvious slowdown in terms of展开更多
This study examines how internal research and development(R&D),external knowledge acquisition,and R&D contracted with other companies interact in local and foreign-owned enterprises in post-communist economies...This study examines how internal research and development(R&D),external knowledge acquisition,and R&D contracted with other companies interact in local and foreign-owned enterprises in post-communist economies.A large sample of firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey(BEEPS)across 26 postcommunist countries(including European Union(EU)members and non-EU states of Eastern Europe,Caucasian countries,and Central Asian countries)and country-level data from the Global Innovation Index and the International Property Rights Index were used.The findings show that enterprises with majority foreign ownership are relatively more likely to acquire external R&D.We demonstrate that the R&D behavior of enterprises with majority foreign ownership and local firms are interrelated,that is,we find a synergy effect.According to the results,decisions on internal R&D and the purchase of external knowledge for enterprises with majority foreign ownership are similar to those of local firms.However,enterprises with foreign ownership contract R&D with other companies more often if local firms conduct internal R&D.These results indicate the presence of knowledge spillover and cross-learning effects in both types of enterprises in postcommunist countries.Finally,we find that the national innovation environment is not significant for the R&D intensity of enterprises with majority foreign ownership,which suggests their high dependence on the parent structures of multinational enterprises.展开更多
In a market environment of power systems, each producer pursues its maximal profit while the independent system operator is in charge of the system reliability and the minimization of the total generation cost when ge...In a market environment of power systems, each producer pursues its maximal profit while the independent system operator is in charge of the system reliability and the minimization of the total generation cost when generating the generation maintenance scheduling(GMS). Thus, the GMS is inherently a multi-objective optimization problem as its objectives usually conflict with each other. This paper proposes a multi-objective GMS model in a market environment which includes three types of objectives, i.e., each producer's profit, the system reliability, and the total generation cost. The GMS model has been solved by the group search optimizer with multiple producers(GSOMP) on two test systems. The simulation results show that the model is well solved by the GSOMP with a set of evenly distributed Pareto-optimal solutions obtained. The simulation results also illustrate that one producer's profit conflicts with another one's, that the total generation cost does not conflict with the profit of the producer possessing the cheapest units while the total generation cost conflicts with the other producers' profits, and that the reliability objective conflicts with the other objectives.展开更多
文摘The charactedstics and contents of tourist marketing environment are analyzed logically.The microenvironment and macro-environment of tourist marketing is also expounded. It is held thatsustainable development of tourist marketing envirment decides the effect of tourist marketing.The trending balances and coordinated development of macro-environment and microenvironment intourist marketing is the foundation of the tourist-marketing environment
文摘Enterprise is economic cell of society. Enterprise marketing activities are conducted under certain social conditions, which have countless ties with all aspects of society. In order to achieve the established marketing objectives, firms must carefully analyze and research marketing environment and strive to make company＇ s marketing plan and decisions adapt to the changing market environment, avoiding and overcoming the risks of environment changes, in the end to ensure an invincible position in the fierce market competition and constantly changing environment.
文摘With the approach of the 21st century,the Asia-Pacific Region where Chinais situated is becoming a new growthpoint of the world economy.The developmentof China’s economy will surely bring vitalityto the further prosperity of Asia-Pacific Regionand the overall development of the worldeconomy.With the daily deepening of therestructuring of China’s circulation systemand the increasing attractive investmentenvironment for foreign businessmen,China,with its 1.2 billion people,has become a largeworld market,that is highly competitive.
文摘With the approach of the 21st century, the Asia-Pacific Region where China is situated is becoming a new growth point of the world economy. The development of China’s economy will surely bring vitality to the further prosperity of Asia-Pacific Region and the overall development of the world economy. With the daily deepening
文摘Recently, IPO (Initial Public Offering)has seen great change in China. This shift resulted in significant reformation in the way of operation for domestic investment bank. In the future competition for IPO market among investment banks, the refined pricing ability will stand for the winner as prerequisite. As a kind of discussion on IPO pricing, this paper begins with how the reasonable IPO price is being worked out from three layers: the evaluation of stocks, the equilibrium of price and the formation of the final price. On this basis, we summarize and analyze the process of the reform of domestic IPO. Finally, we give some suggestions on this problem for further reform. Key words IPO pricing - reform - market environment
文摘Environmental regulation and industrial upgrading are the key to achieve win-win results for both economy and the environment. After environmental regulation tools are divided into market incentive and command control types,based on the provincial-level data of 30 provinces( cities and regions) in China from 2004 to 2016,the impact of environmental regulation on industrial upgrading and its transmission paths are empirically tested through an intermediary effect model. Technological innovation,FDI and capital market development all meet intermediary conditions,and the market incentive type is more dependent on technological innovation,while the command control type is more dependent on FDI and capital market development.The impact of the two environmental regulation tools on industrial upgrading is further studied. The results show that there is an " inverted U-shaped" relationship between the command control type and industrial upgrading,while there is a " U-shaped" relationship between the market incentive type and industrial upgrading,and there are also certain regional differences in the impact of environmental regulation on industrial upgrading.
文摘The year of 2011 is considered the first year of big data market in China.Compared with the global scale,China's big data growth will be faster than the global average growth rate,and China will usher in the rapid expansion of big data market in the next few years.This paper presents the overall big data development in China in terms of market scale and development stages,enterprise development in the industry chain,the technology standards,and industrial applications.The paper points out the issues and challenges facing big data development in China and proposes to make polices and create support approaches for big data transactions and personal privacy protection.
文摘During the 8th Five-Year Plan period, an average annual growth rate of 24% was achieved by China auto industry, which is in line with that of the gross industrial output val-ue all over China, and is higher than that of the GNP. It can be said that the auto industry ex-perienced a high speed increase in this period, but from the last two years of this period to now, an obvious slowdown in terms of
基金This article is the output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics(HSE University).
文摘This study examines how internal research and development(R&D),external knowledge acquisition,and R&D contracted with other companies interact in local and foreign-owned enterprises in post-communist economies.A large sample of firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey(BEEPS)across 26 postcommunist countries(including European Union(EU)members and non-EU states of Eastern Europe,Caucasian countries,and Central Asian countries)and country-level data from the Global Innovation Index and the International Property Rights Index were used.The findings show that enterprises with majority foreign ownership are relatively more likely to acquire external R&D.We demonstrate that the R&D behavior of enterprises with majority foreign ownership and local firms are interrelated,that is,we find a synergy effect.According to the results,decisions on internal R&D and the purchase of external knowledge for enterprises with majority foreign ownership are similar to those of local firms.However,enterprises with foreign ownership contract R&D with other companies more often if local firms conduct internal R&D.These results indicate the presence of knowledge spillover and cross-learning effects in both types of enterprises in postcommunist countries.Finally,we find that the national innovation environment is not significant for the R&D intensity of enterprises with majority foreign ownership,which suggests their high dependence on the parent structures of multinational enterprises.
基金Project supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program(863) of China(No.2011AA05A120)the National Basic Research Program(973) of China(No.2012CB215100)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ12E07002)
文摘In a market environment of power systems, each producer pursues its maximal profit while the independent system operator is in charge of the system reliability and the minimization of the total generation cost when generating the generation maintenance scheduling(GMS). Thus, the GMS is inherently a multi-objective optimization problem as its objectives usually conflict with each other. This paper proposes a multi-objective GMS model in a market environment which includes three types of objectives, i.e., each producer's profit, the system reliability, and the total generation cost. The GMS model has been solved by the group search optimizer with multiple producers(GSOMP) on two test systems. The simulation results show that the model is well solved by the GSOMP with a set of evenly distributed Pareto-optimal solutions obtained. The simulation results also illustrate that one producer's profit conflicts with another one's, that the total generation cost does not conflict with the profit of the producer possessing the cheapest units while the total generation cost conflicts with the other producers' profits, and that the reliability objective conflicts with the other objectives.
