Image Dehazing by Incorporating Markov Random Field with Dark Channel Prior

As one of the most simple and effective single image dehazing methods, the dark channel prior(DCP) algorithm has been widely applied. However, the algorithm does not work for pixels similar to airlight(e.g., snowy ground or a white wall), resulting in underestimation of the transmittance of some local scenes. To address that problem, we propose an image dehazing method by incorporating Markov random field(MRF) with the DCP. The DCP explicitly represents the input image observation in the MRF model obtained by the transmittance map. The key idea is that the sparsely distributed wrongly estimated transmittance can be corrected by properly characterizing the spatial dependencies between the neighboring pixels of the transmittances that are well estimated and those that are wrongly estimated. To that purpose, the energy function of the MRF model is designed. The estimation of the initial transmittance map is pixel-based using the DCP, and the segmentation on the transmittance map is employed to separate the foreground and background, thereby avoiding the block effect and artifacts at the depth discontinuity. Given the limited number of labels obtained by clustering, the smoothing term in the MRF model can properly smooth the transmittance map without an extra refinement filter. Experimental results obtained by using terrestrial and underwater images are given.

A New Encryption-Then-Compression Scheme on Gray Images Using the Markov Random Field

Compressing encrypted images remains a challenge.As illustrated in our previous work on compression of encrypted binary images,it is preferable to exploit statistical characteristics at the receiver.Through this line,we characterize statistical correlations between adjacent bitplanes of a gray image with the Markov random field(MRF),represent it with a factor graph,and integrate the constructed MRF factor graph in that for binary image reconstruction,which gives rise to a joint factor graph for gray images reconstruction(JFGIR).By exploiting the JFGIR at the receiver to facilitate the reconstruction of the original bitplanes and deriving theoretically the sum-product algorithm(SPA)adapted to the JFGIR,a novel MRF-based encryption-then-compression(ETC)scheme is thus proposed.After preferable universal parameters of the MRF between adjacent bitplanes are sought via a numerical manner,extensive experimental simulations are then carried out to show that the proposed scheme successfully compresses the first 3 and 4 most significant bitplanes(MSBs)for most test gray images and the others with a large portion of smooth area,respectively.Thus,the proposed scheme achieves significant improvement against the state-of-the-art leveraging the 2-D Markov source model at the receiver and is comparable or somewhat inferior to that using the resolution-progressive strategy in recovery.

An Improved Non-Parametric Method for Multiple Moving Objects Detection in the Markov Random Field

Detecting moving objects in the stationary background is an important problem in visual surveillance systems.However,the traditional background subtraction method fails when the background is not completely stationary and involves certain dynamic changes.In this paper,according to the basic steps of the background subtraction method,a novel non-parametric moving object detection method is proposed based on an improved ant colony algorithm by using the Markov random field.Concretely,the contributions are as follows:1)A new nonparametric strategy is utilized to model the background,based on an improved kernel density estimation;this approach uses an adaptive bandwidth,and the fused features combine the colours,gradients and positions.2)A Markov random field method based on this adaptive background model via the constraint of the spatial context is proposed to extract objects.3)The posterior function is maximized efficiently by using an improved ant colony system algorithm.Extensive experiments show that the proposed method demonstrates a better performance than many existing state-of-the-art methods.

Magnetic-resonance image segmentation based on improved variable weight multi-resolution Markov random field in undecimated complex wavelet domain

To solve the problem that the magnetic resonance(MR)image has weak boundaries,large amount of information,and low signal-to-noise ratio,we propose an image segmentation method based on the multi-resolution Markov random field(MRMRF)model.The algorithm uses undecimated dual-tree complex wavelet transformation to transform the image into multiple scales.The transformed low-frequency scale histogram is used to improve the initial clustering center of the K-means algorithm,and then other cluster centers are selected according to the maximum distance rule to obtain the coarse-scale segmentation.The results are then segmented by the improved MRMRF model.In order to solve the problem of fuzzy edge segmentation caused by the gray level inhomogeneity of MR image segmentation under the MRMRF model,it is proposed to introduce variable weight parameters in the segmentation process of each scale.Furthermore,the final segmentation results are optimized.We name this algorithm the variable-weight multi-resolution Markov random field(VWMRMRF).The simulation and clinical MR image segmentation verification show that the VWMRMRF algorithm has high segmentation accuracy and robustness,and can accurately and stably achieve low signal-to-noise ratio,weak boundary MR image segmentation.

CLOUD IMAGE DETECTION BASED ON MARKOV RANDOM FIELD

In order to overcome the disadvantages of low accuracy rate, high complexity and poor robustness to image noise in many traditional algorithms of cloud image detection, this paper proposed a novel algorithm on the basis of Markov Random Field (MRF) modeling. This paper first defined algorithm model and derived the core factors affecting the performance of the algorithm, and then, the solving of this algorithm was obtained by the use of Belief Propagation (BP) algorithm and Iterated Conditional Modes (ICM) algorithm. Finally, experiments indicate that this algorithm for the cloud image detection has higher average accuracy rate which is about 98.76% and the average result can also reach 96.92% for different type of image noise.

Segmentation of MS lesions using entropy-based EM algorithm and Markov random fields

This paper presents an approach for fully automatic segmentation of MS lesions in fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. The proposed method estimates a gaussian mixture model with three kernels as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), normal tissue and Multiple Sclerosis lesions. To estimate this model, an automatic Entropy based EM algorithm is used to find the best estimated Model. Then, Markov random field (MRF) model and EM algorithm are utilized to obtain and upgrade the class conditional probability density function and the apriori probability of each class. After estimation of Model parameters and apriori probability, brain tissues are classified using bayesian classification. To evaluate the result of the proposed method, similarity criteria of different slices related to 20 MS patients are calculated and compared with other methods which include manual segmentation. Also, volume of segmented lesions are computed and compared with gold standard using correlation coefficient. The proposed method has better performance in comparison with previous works which are reported here.

Fast segmentation approach for SAR image based on simple Markov random field

Traditional image segmentation methods based on MRF converge slowly and require pre-defined weight. These disadvan-tages are addressed, and a fast segmentation approach based on simple Markov random field (MRF) for SAR image is proposed. The approach is firstly used to perform coarse segmentation in blocks. Then the image is modeled with simple MRF and adaptive variable weighting forms are applied in homogeneous and heterogeneous regions. As a result, the convergent speed is accelerated while the segmentation results in homogeneous regions and boarders are improved. Simulations with synthetic and real SAR images demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Reservoir lithology stochastic simulation based on Markov random fields

Markov random fields(MRF) have potential for predicting and simulating petroleum reservoir facies more accurately from sample data such as logging, core data and seismic data because they can incorporate interclass relationships. While, many relative studies were based on Markov chain, not MRF, and using Markov chain model for 3D reservoir stochastic simulation has always been the difficulty in reservoir stochastic simulation. MRF was proposed to simulate type variables(for example lithofacies) in this work. Firstly, a Gibbs distribution was proposed to characterize reservoir heterogeneity for building 3-D(three-dimensional) MRF. Secondly, maximum likelihood approaches of model parameters on well data and training image were considered. Compared with the simulation results of MC(Markov chain), the MRF can better reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of sand body.

Optimization by Estimation of Distribution with DEUM Framework Based on Markov Random Fields

这篇论文论述一个 Markov 随机的领域(MRF ) 估计和采样的途径在答案的人口的概率分发。途径被用来用 Markov 随机的领域(DEUM ) 在一般标题分发评价下面定义算法的一个班。因为一张未受指导的图和一个解决方案的联合概率作为分发从图的结构导出的吉布斯是 factorized， DEUM 是在解决方案变量之间的相互作用被代表的分发算法(EDA ) 的评价的一个子类。这篇论文的焦点将在描述 DEUM 框架的三个主要特征上，它把它与传统的 EDA 区分开来。他们是：1 ) MRF 模型，的使用 2 ) 估计模型的参数的健康建模途径并且 3 ) 从模型的采样的蒙特卡罗途径。分发算法的关键词评价 - 进化 algorthms - 健康建模 - Markov 随机的地 - 吉布斯分发 Siddhartha K。Shakya 从 Vladimir 州立大学在计算机工程收到了他的 B.E 和 M.E 度。俄国，在 1998 和 1999 分别地，并且 M.Sc。在来自萨西克斯郡的大学的聪明的系统的度。在 2002 的英国。他从罗伯特·格登大学在计算机科学收到了他的博士学位，阿伯丁，在 2006 的英国。当前，他是在在 BT 研究以内的聪明的系统研究中心的一个研究家伙。Ipswich，英国。在加入 BT 以前，他是在罗伯特·格登大学的计算的学校里的一个研究助手。特别地，他的研究兴趣包括优化算法的理论、实际的方面分发算法，概率的图形的模型和 Markov 随机领域，绘画图的算法，机器学习技术，生物信息学和运作的研究的进化算法和评价技术，例如收入管理和动态定价。他在计算智力是 IEEE 和 ACM 协会的一个成员。约翰·麦卡尔在阿伯丁的大学学习了纯数学，在他在 1991 在谎言组的稳定的 Homotopy 上完成了一个博士的地方。从那以后，他的研究兴趣通过当模特儿和优化到进化算法并且最近地演变， EDA 的强壮的焦点。他特别地对 Markov 随机的领域模型和他们的潜力感兴趣由从评估答案的样品为健康建模改进启发式的搜索。他也在进化算法的应用有强烈、忍受的兴趣到医疗优化，特别地癌症化疗，并且在这个区域广泛地出版了。另外的兴趣包括粒子群，蚂蚁殖民地和人工的免疫系统。McCall 当前是在在他领导计算智力研究组的罗伯特·格登大学的计算的一个高级讲师。

A User Participation Behavior Prediction Model of Social Hotspots Based on Influence and Markov Random Field

Hotspot topic trends can be captured by analyzing user attributes and historical behavior in social network. In this paper,we propose a user participation behavior prediction model for social hotspots,based on user behavior and relationship data,to predict user participation behavior and topic development trends. Firstly,for the complex factors of user behavior,three dynamic influence factor functions are defined,including individual,peer and community influence. These functions take timeliness into account using a time discretization method. Secondly,to determine laws of individual behavior and group behavior within a social topic,a hotspot user participation behavior prediction model is proposed and associated with the basic concepts of random field and Markov property in information diffusion. The experimental results show that the model can not only dynamically predict the individual behavior,but also grasp the development trends of topics.

THE DECISION OF THE OPTIMAL PARAMETERS IN MARKOV RANDOM FIELDS OF IMAGES BY GENETIC ALGORITHM

This paper introduces the principle of genetic algorithm and the basic method of solving Markov random field parameters.Focusing on the shortcomings in present methods,a new method based on genetic algorithms is proposed to solve the parameters in the Markov random field.The detailed procedure is discussed.On the basis of the parameters solved by genetic algorithms,some experiments on classification of aerial images are given.Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and the classification results are satisfactory.

Fusing PLSA model and Markov random fields for automatic image annotation

A novel image auto-annotation method is presented based on probabilistic latent semantic analysis(PLSA) model and multiple Markov random fields(MRF).A PLSA model with asymmetric modalities is first constructed to estimate the joint probability between images and semantic concepts,then a subgraph is extracted served as the corresponding structure of Markov random fields and inference over it is performed by the iterative conditional modes so as to capture the final annotation for the image.The novelty of our method mainly lies in two aspects:exploiting PLSA to estimate the joint probability between images and semantic concepts as well as multiple MRF to further explore the semantic context among keywords for accurate image annotation.To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach,an experiment on the Corel5 k dataset is conducted and its results are compared favorably with the current state-of-the-art approaches.

ON MARKOV RANDOM FIELD MODELS FOR SEGMENTATION OF NOISY IMAGES

Markov random field(MRF) models for segmentation of noisy images are discussed. According to the maximum a posteriori criterion, a configuration of an image field is regarded as an optimal estimate of the original scene when its energy is minimized. However, the minimum energy configuration does not correspond to the scene on edges of a given image, which results in errors of segmentation. Improvements of the model are made and a relaxation algorithm based on the improved model is presented using the edge information obtained by a coarse-to-fine procedure. Some examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the algorithm to segmentation of noisy images.

Modeling and inferring 2.1D sketch with mixed Markov random field

This paper presents a method of computing a 2.1D sketch(i.e., layered image representation) from a single image with mixed Markov random field(MRF) under the Bayesian framework. Our model consists of three layers: the input image layer, the graphical representation layer of the computed 2D atomic regions and 3-degree junctions(such as T or arrow junctions), and the2.1D sketch layer. There are two types of vertices in the graphical representation of the 2D entities:(i) regions, which act as the vertices found in traditional MRF, and(ii) address variables assigned to the terminators decomposed from the 3-degree junctions, which are a new type of vertices for the mixed MRF. We formulate the inference problem as computing the 2.1D sketch from the 2D graphical representation under the Bayesian framework, which consists of two components:(i) region layering/coloring based on the Swendsen-Wang cuts algorithm, which infers partial occluding order of regions, and(ii) address variable assignments based on Gibbs sampling, which completes the open bonds of the terminators of the 3-degree junctions. The proposed method is tested on the D-Order dataset, the Berkeley segmentation dataset and the Stanford 3D dataset. The experimental results show the efficiency and robustness of our approach.

Modified Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Spatial Resolution for the Elliptical Gamma Camera SPECT Imaging Using Binary Inhomogeneous Markov Random Fields Models

In this work a complete approach for estimation of the spatial resolution for the gamma camera imaging based on the [1] is analyzed considering where the body distance is detected (close or far way). The organ of interest most of the times is not well defined, so in that case it is appropriate to use elliptical camera detection instead of circular. The image reconstruction is presented which allows spatially varying amounts of local smoothing. An inhomogeneous Markov random field (M.r.f.) model is described which allows spatially varying degrees of smoothing in the reconstructions and a re-parameterization is proposed which implicitly introduces a local correlation structure in the smoothing parameters using a modified maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) denoted as one step late (OSL) introduced by [2].

Elitist Reconstruction Genetic Algorithm Based on Markov Random Field for Magnetic Resonance Image Segmentation

In this paper,elitist reconstruction genetic algorithm(ERGA) based on Markov random field(MRF) is introduced for image segmentation.In this algorithm,a population of possible solutions is maintained at every generation,and for each solution a fitness value is calculated according to a fitness function,which is constructed based on the MRF potential function according to Metropolis function and Bayesian framework.After the improved selection,crossover and mutation,an elitist individual is restructured based on the strategy of restructuring elitist.This procedure is processed to select the location that denotes the largest MRF potential function value in the same location of all individuals.The algorithm is stopped when the change of fitness functions between two sequent generations is less than a specified value.Experiments show that the performance of the hybrid algorithm is better than that of some traditional algorithms.

Specular Detection and Removal for a Grayscale Image Based on the Markov Random Field

Specular detection and removal has been a hot topic in the field of computer vision. Most of the existing methods are mainly for color images, but grayscale images are widely used. For a single grayscale image with only intensity information, highlight detection and removal becomes a difficult issue. To solve this problem, the single grayscale image highlight detection and removal method based on Markov random field is presented. Each reflection component modeling is estimated by geometric relation of surface normal in diffuse and specular reflection component in the framework of Markov random field. Their maximum a posteriori estimation is calculated under Bayesian formula and highlight area is detected. Finally, image inpainting method based on the BSCB model removes highlights. Experiment reveals that this method can effectively detect grayscale image specular reflection area, improve highlight areas the repair rate.

A New Method for Medical Image Retrieval Based on Markov Random Field

The development of medical images acquisition and storage technology has led to the rapid growth of the relevant data.Retrieval of similar medical images can effectively help doctors to diagnose diseases more accurately.But because of the particularity of medical images,traditional contentbased image retrieval(CBIR)method such as bag-of-words(BOW)cannot be applied to medical images.For example,when retrieving a diseased image,we should not only consider the similar characteristics but also need to consider the type of lesion.And for medical images,images with the same lesion may have different image features,similar images may have different types of lesions.In this paper,a Markov random field(MRF)is structured,and an approximate belief propagation algorithm is used to retrieval images.An adjust-ranking step after initial retrieval is incorporated to further improve the retrieval performance.This paper uses the real brain CT images.The experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the retrieval accuracy and has good efficiency.

Multi-Label Markov Random Fields as an Efficient and Effective Tool for Image Segmentation, Total Variations and Regularization

One of the classical optimization models for image segmentation is the well known Markov Random Fields(MRF)model.This model is a discrete optimization problem,which is shown here to formulate many continuous models used in image segmentation.In spite of the presence of MRF in the literature,the dominant perception has been that the model is not effective for image segmentation.We show here that the reason for the non-effectiveness is due to the lack of access to the optimal solution.Instead of solving optimally,heuristics have been engaged.Those heuristic methods cannot guarantee the quality of the solution nor the running time of the algorithm.Worse still,heuristics do not link directly the input functions and parameters to the output thus obscuring what would be ideal choices of parameters and functions which are to be selected by users in each particular application context.We describe here how MRF can model and solve efficiently several known continuous models for image segmentation and describe briefly a very efficient polynomial time algorithm,which is provably fastest possible,to solve optimally the MRF problem.The MRF algorithm is enhanced here compared to the algorithm in Hochbaum(2001)by allowing the set of assigned labels to be any discrete set.Other enhancements include dynamic features that permit adjustments to the input parameters and solves optimally for these changes with minimal computation time.Several new theoretical results on the properties of the algorithm are proved here and are demonstrated for images in the context of medical and biological imaging.An interactive implementation tool for MRF is described,and its performance and flexibility in practice are demonstrated via computational experiments.We conclude that many continuous models common in image segmentation have discrete analogs to various special cases of MRF and as such are solved optimally and efficiently,rather than with the use of continuous techniques,such as PDE methods,that restrict the type of functions used and furthermore,can only guarantee convergence to a local minimum.