Snow and regolith albedo variations using CRISM data at McMurdo crater,Mars

The cryosphere component provides the most reliable and insightful indications of any planet’s climate dynamics.Using data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars(CRISM),we develop a novel approach to determining the broadband Visible and Near Infrared(VNIR)albedo of the Martian surface.This study focuses on albedo changes in the McMurdo crater,part of Mars’s south polar layer deposits.We compare seasonal and interannual variations of the McMurdo surface albedo before,during,and after the Global Dust Storm(GDS)of Martian Year(MY)34.As the seasons progressed from spring to summer,the mean albedo in MY 32 and 34 plunged by over 40%,by about 35%in MY 33,and by slightly more than 30%in MY 35.Compared interannually,however,mean albedo values within both seasons(spring and summer)exhibited no significant differences in those same years.Notably,interannual albedo difference maps reveal albedo variation of more than±0.3 in certain regions of the crater.Considering only snow-covered pixels,interannual albedo differences suggest that Mars dust had a pervasive impact on Mars’s cryosphere.Variations in maximum and minimum albedo values as high as 0.5 were observed,depending upon differences in the dust levels in Martian snow/ice.The maximum and the minimum snow albedo values were lowest in MY 34,indicating the effect of the intense dust storm event that year.The average snow albedo decreased from 0.45 in MY 32 to 0.40 in MY 33 and to 0.33 in MY 34,and then rose back to 0.40 in MY 35.This trajectory suggests a temporary deposition of dust,partially reversed after the GDS by self-cleaning mechanisms(local aeolian process and CO_(2)sublimation/deposition cycle).

基于MARS的岩石抗拉强度预测模型

将无损检测技术与机器学习相结合,通过建立预测模型来快速确定岩石抗拉强度已经成为热门研究方向之一。为了建立预测模型,提出一种基于多元自适应回归样条(MARS)的数据驱动建模技术,用于岩石抗拉强度预测。共收集了80组试验数据,包括施密特回弹数、干密度、点荷载强度指数以及巴西抗拉强度。所有数据被随机分为2个部分,其中70%的数据用于训练模型,剩余30%的数据用于测试模型性能。同时开发了人工神经网络、支持向量机和决策树3种数据驱动模型。选择了4种常用的模型性能评价指标,分别为均方根误差、平均绝对误差、相关系数和决定系数,以此来对所开发模型的预测性能进行比较。结果表明:所开发的智能模型均能够提供较高的预测精度,其中MARS模型性能优于其他3种模型,支持向量机和人工神经网络模型次之,决策树模型相对较差。值得一提的是,MARS模型能够通过方差分析来评估每个变量的相对重要性。研究成果有助于快速确定岩石抗拉强度。

Response of InSight resonance modes to environmental factors on Mars

The InSight(Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations,Geodesy,and Heat Transport)mission has recorded continuous ambient noise signals with many spectral peaks since its landing in 2018.The majority of these peaks are modes produced by instrumental vibrations and are associated with environmental factors,such as temperature and wind energy fluctuations.Understanding how these modes react under various conditions is crucial because it aids in identifying their origins.In this study,we analyzed the three-component spectra of InSight recordings from sols 184–738 and obtained the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR,also known as H/V)curves for different time intervals.The primary modes,such as those at 3.3 and 4.1 Hz,exhibited different behaviors,suggesting diverse origins.Some modes were sensitive to low temperature and some were sensitive to high temperature.Additionally,we investigated the influence of wind and temperature on the H/V curve.The peak frequency was mainly affected by temperature,whereas the H/V value was not associated with the temperature or wind only.Characterizing these modes and elucidating their origins are significant for processing signals from InSight and can provide valuable guidance for designing future planetary seismometers.

Child Neurodevelopment on Mars

This review article aims to gather differences and similarities between planet Mars and planet Earth to determine the necessities for the proper growth and development of the neonatal brain. Factors such as Environmental, Nutritional, Social, Stress, and Education are juxtaposed to understand the difference between pediatric neurodevelopment on both planets. The variation between each factor was analyzed to determine how significant the impact is on neurodevelopment for children. The factors to be discussed were generated based on extensive research on what is most important for proper early neurodevelopment. The five factors are the main categories branched out into subcategories to delve into more detail regarding neurodevelopment. Factors may vary based on the location on each planet, but the best average was cultivated to create a fair evaluation of the differences. Although each factor influences a different part of the brain, each factor (Environmental, Nutritional, Social, Stress, and Education) is equally vital for development anatomy and physiology of the brain.

能谱CT结合MARs技术对不同材质义齿伪影去除的临床价值

目的研究能谱CT单能量成像及单能量+多伪影去除系统(MARs)去除义齿周围伪影的临床价值,并比较不同材质义齿对影像质量的影响。方法纳入100例有义齿植入的患者,义齿种类包括镍铬合金(30例)、烤瓷(30例)、胶托+不锈钢托(40例)。在相同CT扫描参数条件下进行能谱成像技术(GSI)扫描,获得混合能量(QC)影像、70~140 keV的单能量影像及单能量+MARs影像。在每例患者义齿伪影最严重层面和邻近无伪影的软组织区域划定2个感兴趣区(ROI):ROI1选取在同层无伪影的头夹肌处;ROI2选取在口腔中部舌部软组织明暗相间伪影区,ROI面积150~200 mm^(2),分别测量噪声(SD)、CT平均值,并计算伪影指数(AI),以SD和AI作为客观评价参数。由2名高年资放射科医师对各组影像质量进行主观评分。结果镍铬合金、烤瓷、胶托+不锈钢托3种材质义齿邻近组织的SD、AI随着管电压的增加而降低,在90 keV及以上时明显低于QC影像;单能量+MARs影像的SD和AI均明显低于同参数单能量影像;随着管电压的增加,口腔软组织的对比度明显降低,在110 keV+MARs时对比度最佳,主观评分最高。镍铬合金、烤瓷、胶托+不锈钢托3种材质义齿最佳成像参数比较,烤瓷的SD和AI最小。结论能谱扫描联合MARs技术能有效减少镍铬合金、烤瓷、胶托+不锈钢托的金属伪影,可作为去除口腔修复体伪影的有效方法。

基于Mars2000的船舶中剖面通用快速优化方法

[目的]船舶中剖面优化具有设计变量多、约束条件复杂的特点。相关研究多采用智能优化算法直接嵌套规范校核软件(如Mars2000)的优化方法,计算量较大。为此,提出基于敏度排序的中剖面快速优化方法。[方法]首先计算各个约束特征量关于各设计变量的敏度,根据敏度信息得到各特征量不满足约束时的设计变量调整次序,并判断各特征量是否只与局部构件相关。优化迭代时,根据当前方案的约束不满足情况,结合敏度信息做变量调整,并进行周期性的敏度更新。最后引入基于坐标轮换法的小范围调整方法进一步提升优化效果。[结果]某油船中剖面算例优化结果表明,所提方法可实现结构减重5.195%。[结论]与直接嵌套Mars2000的智能优化算法相比,本方法在优化效果相当的情况下,计算量仅为前者的5.58%左右,成本优势明显。

Determining the moment of inertia of triaxial Mars with updated global gravity models

The principal moments of inertia(PMIs)with the principal axes are usually taken as the dynamic figure parameters of Mars;they can be deduced from satellite-observed degree-two gravitational potentials in recent global gravity models and from the dynamic ellipticities resulting from precession observations.These PMIs are natural and significant for the geodetic,geophysical,and geodynamic problems of Mars,which are functions of internal density distributions.In this study,a closed and concise formula for determining the PMIs of the entire planet and its core was developed based on the second invariants of gravity and a multipole expansion.We deduced the polar oblateness J^(2)and the equatorial ellipticity J_(22)of Mars to be 1.9566×10^(−3)and 6.3106×10^(−5),respectively.The preferred principal moments of inertia of Mars are A=2.66589×1036 kg·m^(2),B=2.66775×10^(36)kg·m^(2),and C=2.68125×10^(36)kg·m^(2).These values indicate that Mar is slightly triaxial.The equatorial principal moment of inertia of the Martian core is 1.46008×10^(35)kg·m^(2),accounting for~5.47%of the planet’s PMI;this result is critical for investigating the density and size of the core of Mars,and the planet’s free core nutation.

The Mars orbiter magnetometer of Tianwen-1:in-flight performance and first science results

The Mars Orbiter MAGnetometer(MOMAG)is a scientific instrument onboard the orbiter of China’s first mission for Mars—Tianwen-1.Since November 13,2021,it has been recording magnetic field data from the solar wind to the magnetic pile-up region surrounding Mars.Here we present its in-flight performance and first science results,based on its first one and one-half months’data.Comparing these early MOMAG observations to the magnetic field data in the solar wind from NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN(MAVEN)mission,we report that the MOMAG magnetic field data are at the same level in magnitude,and describe the same magnetic structures with similar variations in three components.We recognize 158 clear bow shock(BS)crossings in these MOMAG data;their locations match well statistically with the modeled average BS.We also identify and compare five pairs of datasets collected when Tianwen-1’s orbiter and the MAVEN probe made simultaneous BS crossings.These BS crossings confirm the global shape of modeled BS,as well as the south-north asymmetry of the Martian BS.Two cases presented in this paper suggest that the BS is probably more dynamic at flank than near the nose.So far,MOMAG performs well,and provides accurate magnetic field vectors.MOMAG is continuously scanning the magnetic field surrounding Mars.Data from MOMAG’s measurements complement data from MAVEN and will undoubt edly advance our understanding of the plasma environment of Mars.

Proton pitch angle distributions in the Martian induced magnetosphere: A survey of Tianwen-1 Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer observations

The pitch angle distributions of ions and electrons can be affected by various processes;thus,they can serve as an important indicator of the physical mechanisms driving the dynamics of space plasmas.From observations from the Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer onboard the Tianwen-1 orbiter,we calculated the pitch angle distributions of protons in the Martian induced magnetosphere by using information from the magnetohydrodynamically simulated magnetic field,and we statistically analyzed the spatial occurrence pattern of different types of pitch angle distributions.Even though no symmetrical features were seen in the dataset,we found the dominance of the field-aligned distribution type over the energy range from 188 to 6232 eV.Maps of the occurrence rate showed the preferential presence of a trapped-like distribution at the lower altitudes of the surveyed nightside region.Although our results are more or less restricted by the adopted magnetic field,they indicate the complexity of the near-Mars proton pitch angle distributions and infer the possibility of wave–particle interactions in the Martian induced magnetosphere.

A Shape-Memory Deployable Subsystem with a Large Folding Ratio in China’s Tianwen-1 Mars Exploration Mission

Once China’s Tianwen-1 Mars probe arrived in a Mars orbit after a seven-month flight in the deep cold space environment,it would be urgently necessary to monitor its state and the surrounding environment.To address this issue,we developed a flexible deployable subsystem based on shape memory polymer composites(SMPC-FDS)with a large folding ratio,which incorporates a camera and two temperature telemetry points for monitoring the local state of the Mars orbiter and the deep space environment.Here,we report on the development,testing,and successful application of the SMPC-FDS.Before reaching its Mars remote-sensing orbit,the SMPC-FDS is designed to be in a folded state with high stiffness;after reaching orbit,it is in a deployed state with a large envelope.The transition from the folded state to the deployed state is achieved by electrically heating the shape memory polymer composites(SMPCs);during this process,the camera on the SMPC-FDS can capture the local state of the orbiter from multiple angles.Moreover,temperature telemetry points on the SMPC-FDS provide feedback on the environment temperature and the temperature change of the SMPCs during the energization process.By simulating a Mars on-orbit space environment,the engineering reliability of the SMPC-FDS was comprehensively verified in terms of the material properties,structural dynamic performance,and thermal vacuum deployment feasibility.Since the launch of Tianwen-1 on 23 July 2020,scientific data on the temperature environment around Tianwen-1 has been successfully acquired from the telemetry points on the SMPCFDS,and the local state of the orbiter has been photographed in orbit,showing the national flag of China fixed on the orbiter.

Observations and interpretations of geomorphologic features in the Tianwen-1 landing area on Mars by using orbital imagery data

China’s first Mars exploration mission,Tianwen-1,successfully landed in southern Utopia Planitia on Mars on May 15,2021.This work presents a detailed investigation of the geologic context of the landing area surface for this mission based on orbital remotesensing data.We constructed a geomorphologic map for the Tianwen-1 landing area.Results of our detailed geomorphologic map show several major landforms within the landing area,including rampart craters,mesas,troughs,cones,and ridges.Analysis of materials on the landing area surface indicates that most of the landing area is covered by Martian dust.Transverse aeolian ridges are widely distributed within the landing area,indicating the surface contexts were(and still are)modified by regional winds.In addition,a crater counting analysis indicates the landing area has an absolute model age of~3.3 Ga and that a later resurfacing event occurred at~1.6 Ga.Finally,we outline four formational scenarios to test the formation mechanisms for the geomorphologic features on the landing area surface.The most likely interpretation to explain the existence of the observed surface features can be summarized as follows:A thermal influence may have played an important role in the formation of the surface geomorphologic features;thus,igneous-related processes may have occurred in the landing area.Water ice may also have been involved in the construction of the primordial surface configuration.Subsequent resurfacing events and aeolian processes buried and modified the primordial surface.

MARS1基因变异所致间质性肺病及肝病1例

患儿,女,4个月9 d,因反复发热、咳嗽伴肝大1月余入院。患儿系健康足月儿,出生史正常,自生后2个月22 d出现反复发热、咳嗽,不能离氧,胸部影像学提示双肺弥漫性病变,纤维支气管镜检查示双肺间质样改变,考虑存在间质性肺病。患儿同时存在肝大、贫血、高脂血症、甲状腺功能减退、营养不良等。基因检测提示患儿存在MARS1基因复合杂合变异。该变异可致间质性肺病及肝病,是一种在婴儿期或幼儿期发病的严重罕见疾病,为常染色体隐性遗传,以婴儿或幼儿早期呼吸功能不全和肝病为特征。自2013年该病被首次报道以来,至2023年6月全球仅有38例相关病例报道。该文报道1例MARS1基因变异所致间质性肺病及肝病患儿的多学科诊疗。

Observation 20-s periodic signals on Mars from InSight,Sols 800-1,000

Seismometers of the InSight probe(Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigation,Geodesy and Heat Transport)currently operating on Mars have recorded not only seismic events but also high-frequency non-seismic periodic signals that appear to have been induced by variations in the Martian environment and the hardware.Here,we report an observation of a long-period signal with a dominant period of~20 s from Martian solar days(Sol)800 to Sol 1,000.This 20-s signal is detected mostly at quiet nighttime—from22:00 to 04:00 LMST(Local Mean Solar Time)—at the InSight landing site.The measurement of the particle motion suggests that this linearly polarized signal focuses on the horizontal plane with an angle of~30°from the north.By examining the temporal variation of the signal’s amplitude and polarization angle and its times of occurrence in relation to the planet’s atmospheric data,we suggest that this20-s signal may be relevant to wind and temperature variations on Mars.Furthermore,we study the possible influence of this 20-s signal on the noise autocorrelation and find that the stacked autocorrelograms can be quite different when the 20-s signal is present.

Ground calibration of the Mars orbiter magnetometer onboard Tianwen-1

Ground calibration experiments of the Mars orbiter magnetometer(MOMAG)onboard the orbiter of Tianwen-1 were performed to determine the sensitivity,misalignment angle,and offset of the sensors.The linearity of the applied calibrated magnetic fields and the output from the sensors were confirmed to be better than 10^(-4),and the sensor axes were orthogonal to each other within 0.5 degrees.The temperature dependencies of the sensitivity and misalignment angle were examined,but no clear signatures of temperature dependencies could be seen.Sensor offset and the stability of sensor offset drift with a temperature change were also determined by the rotation method.The stability of the sensor offset drift was less than 0.01 nT/℃.The ground calibration of MOMAG determines all the calibration parameters of the sensors for accurate magnetic field measurements in orbit with the appropriate corrections.

Numerical Study on Low-Reynolds Compressible Flows around Mars Helicopter Rotor Blade Airfoil

High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the Cp distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.

Analyzing Whether a Space Shuttle Can Withstand a Perpendicular Launch from Mars

In the near future, humans will go to Mars. During these interplanetary journeys, astronaut safety will be paramount. This study aims to determine whether the astronauts will be able to launch safely from Mars in a space shuttle taking off perpendicularly. This study used kinematics along with equations for calculating atmospheric density and total force on the spacecraft to evaluate these values for each atmospheric layer. Approximations were made for the spacecraft’s dimensions to find the cross-sectional front-view area of the spacecraft and the drag coefficient where verifiable data was unavailable. Although there is data for the dimensions of the spacecraft’s front view, there isn’t any on its area. The total force was found to be significantly lower than 3Gs which ensures a safe take-off for the astronauts and reduces manufacturing costs for assembling new rockets.

Evidence for Large Planetary Climate Altering Thermonuclear Explosions on Mars in the Past

Mars data presents a collection of startling and seemly contradictory isotopic data: a glaring excess of the two radiogenic isotopes 129Xe/132Xe @ 2.5 and 40Ar/36Ar @ 3000 enabled identification of MM (Mars Meteorites) because they are so different than any other major Solar System reservoir. Mars appears to have lost an original atmosphere of pressure 1 bar or greater, yet the ratio 14N/15N indicates only a loss of a few millibar by Solar Wind Erosion. The LPARE (Large Planet Altering R-process Event) hypothesis attempts to explain these major isotopic puzzles at Mars by postulating that two massive, anomalous thermonuclear explosions, rich in R-process physics, occurred over the surface of Northern Mars in the past, approximately 500 million years ago, and that these explosions created the 129Xe/132Xe excess, and the accompanying intense neutron bombardment of Mars atmosphere and regolith created the 40Ar/36Ar excess off of potassium in the surface rocks. The collateral massive and non-mass fractionating atmospheric loss, and the intense neutron bombardment of 14N in the atmosphere primarily created the 14N/15N ratio we presently observe, with some mass fractionating erosion of the residual atmosphere. This LPARE hypothesis is found to explain other isotopic features of Mars atmosphere and surface. 80Kr and 82Kr are hyperabundant in the Mars atmosphere and in the youngest MMs indicating intense irradiation of Mars surface with neutrons. Although there is presently no plausible explanation for the nuclear events, the hypothesis can be tested through related nuclear products such as Pu-244.

国际电联水上移动信息访问和检索系统(MARS)数据浅析

ITU(国际电信联盟)的MARS线上检索系统中登记了各国水上移动业务相关台站信息,涵盖海事、无线电业务等内容。本文重点对MARS中登记的船舶、海岸台站相关数据项范围、含义等进行了浅析。一方面,MARS可作为复核监测数据的重要手段,提升了水上移动业务台站监测数据的准确性与可靠性;另一方面,MARS可帮助监测人员主动发现信息,进一步完善短波水上移动业务相关台站用频信息,为其掌握发展态势提供数据依据。

MARS人工肝在急性肝衰竭治疗中的临床应用研究

目的:评价MARS(molecularadsorbentrecyclingsystem,MARS)人工肝治疗肝衰竭的疗效.方法:对37例肝衰竭病人进行MARS治疗,检测治疗前后各种有毒物质及凝血因子的改变并进行比较.结果:①37例肝衰竭病人,经MARS治疗后,血总胆红素、总胆汁酸、肌酐、尿素氮、血氨、内毒素水平明显降低(P<0·05);血清NO和TNF-α、IL-4、IL-6水平明显降低(P<0·05);②单次的MARS人工肝治疗前后凝血因子IX(F·IX)及凝血因子X(F·X)无显著性改变(P>0·05),然而在连续的MARS治疗过程中,在连续两次MARS治疗前之间比较,F·IX以及F·X有显著性差异(P<0·05),即凝血因子呈上升趋势;③25例重型乙肝肝衰竭患者存活15例,存活率60·0%;5例肝脏移植术前急性肝衰竭患者均成功接受肝脏移植;5例肝脏移植术后急性肝衰竭患者存活2例,存活率40·0%.结论:①MARS通过全面清除肝衰竭毒素、NO和细胞因子,对肝衰竭有肯定的治疗作用;②MARS治疗可改善肝脏合成功能;③F·IX和F·X对肝衰竭预后的早期评估有重要意义;④MARS对于等待肝脏移植的肝衰竭患者,则发挥过渡性桥梁作用.

Thermal inertia at the MSL and InSight mission sites on Mars

For planetary surface materials,thermal inertia is the critical property that governs the surface’s daily thermal response and controls diurnal and seasonal surface temperature variations.Here we use the ground measurements made by the MSL Curiosity rover and the InSight lander to determine the thermal inertia of two sites on Mars.This study compares the variation of thermal inertia during and after the Large Dust Storm(LDS)of Martian Year(MY)34.To determine surface thermal inertia,we derive a simple approximation(using energy balance),which utilizes surface albedo,surface energy flux,and diurnal change in the surface temperature.The average thermal inertia in MY34 is about 39.2%,3.7%,and 3.4%higher than MY35 average thermal inertia for the MSL,InSight(FOV1),and InSight(FOV2),respectively.Notably,the thermal inertia at the InSight(FOV1)is consistently lower by about 20 J·m^(-2)·s^(-1/2)·K^(-1) than the InSight(FOV2)site for all scenarios,indicating variation in the region’s surface composition.The best-fit surface albedo in MY34(determined using the KRC model)are about 0.08,0.05,and 0.03 higher than MY35 surface albedo for the MSL,InSight(FOV1),and InSight(FOV2),respectively.An increase in both surface albedo and thermal inertia during the LDS indicates that the underlying surface is both more thermally resistant and more reflective than the overlying loose dust.