Study on the Background,Scientific Connotation and Contemporary Value of Marx’s and Engels’s Peasant Thoughts

In the process of leading the international communist movement,Marx and Engels faced the profound influence of social revolution and multi-social thoughts caused by the development of capitalism.They always stood at the historical height and the forefront of the times with their attention attached to and study the peasant issues,on the basis of the need to provide scientific theoretical guidance for the workers’ movement and the revolutionary allied forces.Marx and Engels insisted on the connection between theory and practice,the unity of materialism and dialectics,the combination of principle and flexibility,the principle of complementing macro and micro analysis,and the features of peasantry class,personality characteristics,revolutionary nature,political attitudes and history of peasants and other in-depth analysis being accomplished and put forward practical and feasible joint measures to form a peasant thought with great scientific connotation.This idea is still of important value for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy by our party in the new era and the proper resolution of the “three rural issues”.

On the Theory of Harmonious Co-existence between Man and Nature by Marx and Engels

Marx and Engles believed that man and nature develop harmoniously, when the activities of man constitute the content of nature, which is changed constantly because of the activities of man. Marx and Engles also pointed out the duality of the conquest, change and influence exerted on nature by man. On one hand, it can improve people’s living conditions and make people free from the enslavement of the nature. On the other hand, it may also lead to excessively snatching and wrecking nature, then make the deterioration of the environment and ecology out of balance. They also, from the technical angle of ecology, put forward the concrete measures to realize the harmonious symbiosis of man and nature in the development of economy. They also believed that only when socialism or communism is realized, can the conciliation of mankind and nature be realized finally. Marx and Engle’s theory of harmonious symbiosis of man and nature is of great theoretical directive significance for us to insist on the scientific development view.

Realistic Meaning of Agricultural Crisis Theory of Marx and Engels

Agricultural crisis theory of Marx and Engels is an indispensable important component in Marx economic crisis theory system. In the process of China market economy quickly developing,although comprehensive agricultural crisis does not appear,agricultural crisis sign has appeared. Therefore,it has very important theoretic value and actual significance to learn and study agricultural crisis theory of Marx and Engels.

The Review and Prospect of Marx and Engels' Educational Thought Research in China

The study of Marx and Engels'educational thought has experienced different stages in China,different stages show different characteristics,and has made some progress in the aspects of“human nature”,“all-round development of human beings”,“the combination of education and productive labor”,“the relationship between education and various social phenomena”,and“the thought of moral education”.Looking forward to the future,the study of Marx and Engels'educational thought in China should be further carried out:the depth of text research,the strengthening of academic research,the emphasis of method research and the deepening of cross-research.

An Overview of the Study of the Materialist Dialectics of Late Engels and the Marxist Dialectical Debate

This year marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of the great proletarian revolutionary mentor Engels,and the theoretical community has once again started a wave of research on his thought.On the basis of Hegel’s dialectic,Engels inherited and developed Marx’s dialectic,and founded the materialist dialectic,which he called“the best tool and the sharpest weapon”.However,the relationship between Engels’materialist dialectics and Marx’s dialectics has been debated for more than a hundred years in the theoretical circles both at home and abroad,and it is of great significance to correctly summarize and elaborate the domestic and international views in order to clarify the internal logic and truth of Engels’materialist dialectics.

基于PFN-Marx技术的紧凑型重频脉冲功率源

针对低磁场相对论磁控管高功率微波器件实验驱动需求,对基于脉冲形成网络(PFN)储能的高功率脉冲产生技术进行了研究。为了使其结构紧凑且具有较好的输出脉冲波形,设计了半环形PFN脉冲形成单元,两个半环形带状PFN与一体化开关、绝缘盘组成圆环形高压脉冲产生模块。PFN脉冲形成单元由13个陶瓷电容与半环形金属电极板构成,多个高压脉冲产生模块同轴层叠,所有开关导通后各模块PFN串联放电,产生快前沿高功率方波脉冲,再通过对触发开关和充电电源的同步控制实现重频工作。采用电磁仿真软件对PFN物理结构进行优化设计,研制的高压脉冲产生模块充电51 kV在负载8.5Ω上输出电压峰值49.6 kV、脉冲半高宽108 ns、脉冲前沿14 ns、平顶(90%~90%) 74 ns,具有较好的方波特性;11个高压脉冲产生模块层叠集成为1个22级紧凑PFN-Marx装置,在充电51 kV的条件下,84Ω负载上获得峰值516 kV的高电压脉冲输出,半高宽104 ns、平顶63 ns、脉冲前沿11 ns,实现了20 Hz连续15 s重频稳定工作,输出波形完全一致。

分析力学中Santilli方法和Engels第一方法的意义和局限性

讨论变分法逆问题理论中的两种构造拉格朗日函数的基本方法:Santilli方法和Engels第一方法.(1)指出Santilli方法的理论意义在于直接用构造法证明自伴随微分方程能够从变分原理导出,即表示为欧勒-拉格朗日方程形式.(2)提出利用Santilli方法构造的结果,不是唯一的拉格朗日函数,而是一规范等效的拉格朗日函数族,为此修正了该方法.(3)指出在实际应用中Santilli方法的局限性,特别是对某些力学系统,可能因对参变量的定积分发散,而不能有效构造拉格朗日函数.(4)分析Engels第一方法的意义和优越性,同时指出这种方法存在与Santilli方法相似的局限性.(5)以两个力学系统为例,说明上述讨论的结论.

基于级间自触发Marx电路的高压阻尼振荡发生器

为了增大输出电压的同时减小高压阻尼振荡发生器的体积和降低其成本,建立了一种4×4级间自触发Marx结构的阻尼振荡发生器模型。该模型每级的主开关采用基于电容触发方式的串联IGBT模块,只需提供一路隔离信号控制一级放电开关管的导通和关断,通过级间电容实现对相邻级放电管的栅极自动充电和放电,使其导通和关断。该模型提高了Marx单级的工作电压和简化了每级的驱动电路,并且通过加入缓冲电路,解决开关管动态、静态均压问题。基于这种拓扑结构搭建了一台高压阻尼振荡发生器样机,在电感负载上输出16 kV、振荡频率1 MHz的阻尼振荡波形,波形上升时间约为75 ns,重复频率500 Hz。样机体积小巧、工作稳定,验证了该方案的可行性。

Human Intelligence,Human Nature and Humanism:Approaches &Strategic Implications of Engels' Three Major Human Thoughts

Based on the study of Engels' thought of Marxist humanism and combined with the current academic discussions on Marx's"all-round person","whole person"and"free person"and other related discussions,this paper, from the perspectives of human educational knowledge,human fraternity and human realization,aims to establish Engels' path of"trinity"in the humanistic construction of"human intelligence,human nature and humanism."

一种紧凑型固态Marx发生器的研究

提出利用P型开关作为充电管、N型开关作为放电管串联形成半桥结构,将其门极也短接,以同一个信号同时驱动充电管和放电管。再利用共原边的串心磁环驱动方案,只需一个半桥电路就可以从原边同时传递驱动功率和信号,同步驱动所有充电管和放电管,大幅简化了脉冲电源结构和尺寸,降低了成本。以此搭建了24级固态Marx发生器,在10 kΩ阻性负载上,获得了10 kV、1 kHz、5μs的高压方波脉冲,验证了方案的可行性,该电源主电路的尺寸仅为20 cm(长)×13 cm(宽)×5.5 cm(高)。

雪崩管Marx电路波形振荡影响因素分析

基于雪崩晶体管的Marx电路常用于产生高压纳秒脉冲,输出波形通常具有前沿时间百ps量级、指数型放电后沿、kV级输出电压等特征。然而这种电路结构的典型输出波形后沿通常存在振荡或畸变;Marx电路的储能电容较大时,波形前沿还会出现尖峰振荡;已有研究对此关注较少或将其归因于电路杂散参数、阻抗匹配的影响。从雪崩晶体管动态导通过程的角度进行了仿真分析,并对储能电容取值、Marx电路级数、充电电压等因素的影响开展了实验研究。结果表明,雪崩晶体管自身过压导通状态是引起波形振荡的关键因素;储能电容越大、Marx级数越低、充电电压越小,则振荡的现象越明显,振荡幅值甚至能够高于晶体管雪崩击穿形成的快前沿尖峰,此时快前沿尖峰即体现为波形前沿上的振荡。通过调整Marx电路储能电容大小、优化微带线结构等方式可改善输出波形振荡。

具有快前沿的固态Marx电源的研究

纳秒脉冲电场消融要求在100Ω负载上产生数千伏的纳秒脉冲,加快脉冲前沿有利于获得更窄的纳秒脉冲。提出了一种具有快速前沿的固态Marx发生器,在每级电路中插入一个电感,并且让放电管和充电管同时导通数十纳秒,等放电管完全开通后,关断充电管,对负载进行放电,以消除放电管和放电回路杂散电感对脉冲前沿的限制,获得具有快前沿的高压脉冲。搭建了32级Marx样机,实验中通过调节直通时间,在100Ω的低阻负载上获得了电压上升沿35 ns、脉宽800 ns、电流186 A的高压脉冲。对比并分析了充电管和放电管直通时间对上升沿的影响,发现直通时间越长,脉冲电流的前沿越快。输出端的峰值电流最大可达186 A。表明该脉冲电压源可以有效地提高电流的输出,提高系统带载能力。该方案相比于传统的改进方法,提高了系统抗干扰能力的同时,也减少了所使用开关管的数量,降低了脉冲电源的成本。

基于模糊超群构建的Engel群及其性质研究

通过构造满足Engel递减条件的模糊超群(H,。)上最小的等价关系■^(*),使得模糊超群关于等价关系构建的商群(等价类的集合)H/■^(*)是一个Engel群,并通过等价关系的强正则性来刻画该Engel群,最后引入模糊超群的?-部分的概念,确定等价关系?是可传递的充要条件.

多级谐振充电的Marx脉冲源研究

Marx发生器是一种经典的脉冲功率发生装置。为了更好地满足高电压、双极性高效率等实际使用需求,文中提出了多级谐振充电的Marx脉冲源,即利用串联谐振充电源与串心磁环变压器对Marx脉冲发生器分组充电。搭建两类对称结构多级谐振充电的Marx脉冲发生器并验证其性能,包括可变极性的单极性发生器和双极性脉冲发生器。电路由一组正极性的3路8级Marx和一组负极性的3路8级Marx组成,共48级。实验结果表明,可变极性的单极性Marx发生器可产生正极性或负极性电压幅值为30 kV的脉冲,双极性发生器可向空载和50 kΩ的阻性负载输出±10 kV的电压脉冲。通过FPGA(Field Program Gate Array)的信号控制可以将重复频率控制在1 Hz~1 kHz范围内调节,脉宽可在1~200μs范围内调节,脉冲前后沿为50 ns以内。正、负脉冲之间的弛豫时间为0.2~200.0μs。

The Inheritance of Hardt and Negri to Marx’s Thought: From the Critique of Political Economy to Biopolitical Critique

In the Empire Series,Hardt and Negri attempt to develop biopolitical critique to contemporary capitalist society.Hardt and Negri develop their own biopolitical critique based on their understanding of Foucauldian biopolitics.In the meantime,many arguments of biopolitical critique come precisely from Marx’s critique of political economy.Identifying biopolitical production as the hegemonic paradigm of contemporary capitalist production,Hardt and Negri accomplish the transition from the critique of political economy to biopolitical critique.However,such assertion does not mean a major rupture in the relation between the critique of political economy and biopolitical critique.On the contrary,it only implies an intertwined relationship between them.Moreover,if regarding Foucault’s discussion about political economy and biopolitics as a medium,then the conclusion can be made:There are overlaps between biopolitical critique and the critique of political economy,and the source of biopolitical critique can also be traced directly back to Marx.

基于雪崩管Marx电路的高稳定度脉冲技术

采用Marx电路提高雪崩管脉冲源输出脉冲幅度,分析基于雪崩管Marx电路脉冲源的时基稳定度和波形稳定度的影响因素。采用适当的优化措施提高稳定度指标,设计了高稳定度的雪崩管脉冲源,脉冲峰值电压2 000 V(50Ω负载),脉冲全底宽度5 ns,上升时间400 ps,重复频率达到25 kHz,具有很高的稳定度指标:短时抖动小于30 ps,长时漂移小于100 ps/min,峰值电压和脉冲宽度抖动小于1%。

500 kV全固态Marx发生器

500kV全固态Marx发生器采用Z型电路结构,以28个最大工作电压达22kV、满载最高连续重复运行频率达200Hz的绝缘栅双极型晶体管组件作为脉冲控制开关,采用以金属化膜电容器和线绕电感构成的梯形脉冲形成网络作为储能和脉冲形成器件。目前已实现500kV脉冲输出,在50Hz的重复频率下实现数十个脉冲的猝发输出。该发生器的输出脉冲电压峰值与已有文献报道的最高功率固态Marx发生器技术指标相近,输出脉冲电流峰值提高1倍,达到1000A,发生器输出脉冲功率峰值达到500MW。在采用电容器作为储能元件时,此Marx发生器输出脉冲宽度可在3～10μs范围内连续调整。

紧凑型重复频率快前沿Marx发生器研究

设计一种紧凑型重复频率快前沿Marx发生器,采用3.3nF陶瓷电容器作为储能电容,螺旋形空芯电感作为充电电感,通过各级气体火花开关迅速放电在负载上建立了陡化前沿的输出电压波形。将电容器、气体开关、充电及隔离电感设计为同轴一体化结构,整个Marx发生器放置在一个密封的金属圆筒内,通过充氮气或者六氟化硫气体来绝缘。在考虑开关电极分散电容、回路电感等因素基础上,利用自击穿火花开关模型建立了等效放电电路模型,并利用PSpice电路模拟软件进行了数值模拟。在理论分析的基础上,通过优化电路结构,完成了12级Marx发生器的设计与研制。在50Ω电阻负载上获得了电压150kV、脉宽30ns、上升时间10ns的脉冲波形,Marx发生器可60Hz重复频率运行,与模拟结果基本一致。

紧凑型电感隔离快Marx发生器

为了实现脉冲功率装置小型化和实用化,作为初级储能装置的Marx发生器,采用紧凑型结构设计的直接驱动装置成为研究热点。为探索紧凑型Marx直接驱动负载的可行性及相关的设计方法,设计了一台采用电感作为充电和接地器件的紧凑型气体绝缘快前沿Marx发生器并进行了相关实验。初步的实验结果表明,Marx放电正常,充电19kV时,在26Ω负载上可得到145kV的高压脉冲输出。可看出Marx发生器直接驱动有其自身的优势,需要注意的是发生器与负载的连接问题。

紧凑型Marx发生器高功率微波源研究进展

紧凑型Marx发生器不但体积小,重量轻,而且能量效率高,能以一定的重复频率运行,在窄带、宽带和超宽带高功率微波源中获得了广泛的应用。这种类型的高功率微波源是近几年来国内外的研究热点和重要发展方向。对国内外基于紧凑型Marx发生器的高功率微波源的研究进展进行了系统介绍,评述其输出参数和结构特点,并探讨其发展趋势,为正确把握基于紧凑型Marx发生器的高功率微波源的发展动态、科学探索其技术路线提供参考和依据。