Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century

Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled human-environment systems has become a potential field of land change science （LCS） in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km on national scale among every 5 years, this paper designed a new dynamic regionalization according to the comprehensive characteristics of land use change including regional differentiation, physical, economic, and macro-policy factors as well. Spatial pattern of land use change and its driving forces were investigated in China in the early 21 st century. To sum up, land use change pattern of this period was characterized by rapid changes in the whole country. Over the agricultural zones, e.g., Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the southeast coastal areas and Sichuan Basin, a great proportion of fine arable land were engrossed owing to considerable expansion of the built-up and residential areas, resulting in decrease of paddy land area in southern China. The development of oasis agriculture in Northwest China and the reclamation in Northeast China led to a slight increase in arable land area in northern China. Due to the ＂Grain for Green＂ policy, forest area was significantly increased in the middle and western developing regions, where the vegetation coverage was substantially enlarged, likewise. This paper argued the main driving forces as the implementation of the strategy on land use and regional development, such as policies of ＂Western Development＂, ＂Revitalization of Northeast＂, coupled with rapidly economic development during this period.

What Mineral Resources will China Need to Discover by the Mid-21st Century？

In the past 40 years of China＇s reform and opening up, China＇s economy has been developing rapidly, and industrialization and urbanization have begun to take shape. At present, China is heading towards an information society. Mineral resources have played a great supporting role during this process. During the whole of 2017, China consumed 2.344 billion tons of iron ore, 2.4 billion tons of cement and 3.65 billion tons of raw coal （Fig. 1）.

Focal Construction & China in the 21st Century

Concentrating all forces on removing bottlenecks in the national economic deveiopment is a major task of China’s economic construction. Since the 1980s, China’s opening to the outside world and reform have promoted its focal construction. In 1982, the State began to select a batch of important projects from those medium-to-large basic construction projects as

Li Lanqing on China's Striding towards the 21st Century

At the '1995 China Summit',and international economicforum, heldnotlongago, Vice-Premier Li Lanqing made areport entitled'China is striding towards the 21stcentury'. He elaborated on issuesconcerning China’s reform anddevelopment and China’ s economic co-operation with other countries. On the reform and development in1994, Vice-Premier Li Lanqing said thatthe year 1994 was the first year to witnesscomprehensive progress in economicrestructuring. We carried out a series ofimportant reforms in finance, taxation,

China's Environment in the 21st Century

MANYpeopleareconcernedabouttheenvironmenttheywillliveinduringthenextcentury.TheStateBureauofEnvironmentalProtectionpredictsthatthequalityoftheenvironmentwillbegreatlyimproved,economicdevelopmentwillbecoordinatedwithenvironmentalneedsandaturntowardapo...

Petroleum Industry in China will Develop Continuously in the 21st Century

China Is Rich in Petroleum and natural Gas Resources China is rich in petroleum and natural gas resources with over 500 sedimentary basins and 6.7 million km2 of sedimentary rock. There are more than 420 Mesozoic and Cenozoic basins stretching over 5.3 million km2 that are over 1000- meter thick in sedimentary rock.

On the Development of China's Thermal Power in the 21st Century while Saving the Energy and Protecting the Environment

In light of China s Ninth Five-year Plan (1996-2000) for Electric Power Industry & the Long Term Targets by the Year 2010, the paper considers the strategy for developing China’s thermal power in the 21st century shall be the efficiency and cleaning technology of coal use. Especially important is the structure of power sources and configuration of technology process, and secondly the implementation of energy saving and environmental protection ideology in the various stages of thermal power construction and design work.

CHINA'S GRAIN SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE 21ST CENTURY

This paper makes predictions for China’s grain production and its associated supply and demand situation up to 2030 by using input-occupancy-output techniques and systems science methodology. It argues that, taking into account its basic situation and world grain resources, China has no other choice but to count on self-sufficiency in terms of grain supply.

Suggestions for Development in Northwest China Early in the 21st Century

I. Thinking Outside the MainstreamIt is a generally accepted wisdom that benefitsfrom the investment in human, social and invisiblecapital are far higher than those realised in theexploitation of natural resources, material and visi-ble capital. This means that different developmentstrategies and policies will result naturally in differ-ing results. At the early stage of China’s reformdrive, the per capita GDP of the country’s

A PROSPECT ON TEXTILE HIGH EDUCATION OF CHINA FACING TO 21ST CENTURY

The 21st century is coming. The education must have a certain lead. Here are the opinions about textile high education of 21st century. 1 The specifies of textile industry today and the requirements of textile high education (1) Textile industry is still a pillar industry of China and its export earnings occupy about 30％ in total of China every year, being the firs! one in all of the industries, the profits tax offizringto state rinancc is about 10% in the country. Howevcr, thedcvelopmentoftextile in dustry will bc changed greatly in the future, especially the configuration of the export products will be lcd in the direction of end-products, and thc proportion of direct export also will be increased in foreign trade. In next century, China will become one of the textile and apparel centers in the world. So, the textile education must foster and train various talcntcd persons for the textile industry to meet the requirement of future.

Forestry Action Program——On China's 21st Century Agenda

Environment and development are important issues of common concern to societies of the contemporary world. They have a direct bearing on the destiny of mankind, as well as the future of the world. Their influence extends to every country, every people and every individual in this world. Forests are the key and bond to carry out the integration of environment and development. It has become a consensus in international society. Forestry shoulders two missions: optimization of the environment and promotion

China's Sloping Land Conversion Program at the Beginning of 21st Century and Its Habitat Suitability in Typical Region of Loess Plateau

自1999年我国开始试行以"退耕还林"工程为主的生态退耕以来,到目前已历时十年。特别是进入21世纪,工程实施强度较大,因此从国家尺度上进行宏观生态退耕格局的分析对于评估生态退耕政策和确定未来政策导向具有重要意义。本研究以TM遥感监测的土地利用变化数据库为基础分析2000-2005年生态退耕的时空格局。在此基础上,以黄土高原典型地区陕西中北部为研究区,采用生态位适宜度评价模型探讨了生态退耕工程实施的合理性。研究结果表明:(1)2000-2005年间,生态退耕主要集中在中国中部地区,尤其是在黄河和长江的中上游地区,生态退耕面积与建设占用面积基本持平。在各生态类型区中,黄土高原土壤侵蚀区生态退耕面积最大,达到了1162.50km^2,主要用于还林;(2)整体看来,研究区内生态退耕的空间格局是合理的,即适宜性越差的耕地退耕比例越大。从退耕区域的适宜性水平来看,有77.35%的地区属于勉强适宜区,其中退为林地的面积为603.32km^2,退为草地的面积为528.94km^2。整个研究区内前者大于后者。然而,退耕地中仍有19.38%属于中度适宜区,原因可能来自于退耕指标分配等管理因素,另外,当地农民外出务工从而将中等适宜度的耕地退耕。结果表明,当前仍有大面积不适宜和勉强适宜的耕地存在,在未来工程实施过程区应该首先考虑该类地区。