The mass-front velocities of granular flows results from the joint action of particle size gradations and the underlying surfaces.However,because of the complexity of friction during flow movement,details such as the ...The mass-front velocities of granular flows results from the joint action of particle size gradations and the underlying surfaces.However,because of the complexity of friction during flow movement,details such as the slope-toe impedance effects and momentum-transfer mechanisms have not been completely explained by theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,or field investigations.To study the mass-front velocity of dry granular flows influenced by the angle of the slope to the runout plane and particle size gradations we conducted model experiments that recorded the motion of rapid and long-runout rockslides or avalanches.Flume tests were conducted using slope angles of 25°,35°,45°,and 55° and three particle size gradations.The resulting mass-front motions consisted of three stages:acceleration,velocity maintenance,and deceleration.The existing methods of velocity prediction could not explain the slowing effect of the slope toe or the momentum-transfer steady velocity stage.When the slope angle increased from 25° to 55°,the mass-front velocities dropped significantly to between 44.4% and59.6% of the peak velocities and energy lossesincreased from 69.1% to 83.7% of the initial,respectively.The velocity maintenance stages occurred after the slope-toe and mass-front velocity fluctuations.During this stage,travel distances increased as the angles increased,but the average velocity was greatest at 45°.At a slope angle of 45°,as the median particle size increased,energy loss around the slope toe decreased,the efficiency of momentum transfer increased,and the distance of the velocity maintenance stage increased.We presented an improved average velocity formula for granular flow and a geometrical model of the energy along the flow line.展开更多
将纳米材料应用于土壤物理学领域对减少土壤水分流失、提高土壤水肥利用效率、优化土壤物理结构有着重要的意义。基于扰动黄绵土土柱室内一维入渗试验,研究了纳米碳含量(质量含量分别为0、0.001、0.005、0.007、0.010 g g-1)对扰动黄绵...将纳米材料应用于土壤物理学领域对减少土壤水分流失、提高土壤水肥利用效率、优化土壤物理结构有着重要的意义。基于扰动黄绵土土柱室内一维入渗试验,研究了纳米碳含量(质量含量分别为0、0.001、0.005、0.007、0.010 g g-1)对扰动黄绵土的水分入渗过程及饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:(1)纳米碳对扰动黄绵土水分入渗有显著影响。一定入渗历时内,随着纳米碳含量增大,累积入渗量及湿润锋推进速率均呈显著减小趋势。(2)Kostiakov公式和Philip方程均能较好地描述添加纳米碳的扰动黄绵土累积入渗量随时间的变化过程。其中,Kostiakov公式拟合精度更高。(3)湿润锋随时间变化符合幂函数关系。(4)纳米碳对扰动黄绵土的饱和质量含水量和饱和导水率影响同样显著。随纳米碳含量增加,前者增大,后者减小,与纳米碳含量变化分别符合二项式和指数函数关系。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41272297,41401195)the Applied Basic Research Fund of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2014JY0121)the Key Research Fund of the Education Department of Sichuan Province (14ZA0095)
文摘The mass-front velocities of granular flows results from the joint action of particle size gradations and the underlying surfaces.However,because of the complexity of friction during flow movement,details such as the slope-toe impedance effects and momentum-transfer mechanisms have not been completely explained by theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,or field investigations.To study the mass-front velocity of dry granular flows influenced by the angle of the slope to the runout plane and particle size gradations we conducted model experiments that recorded the motion of rapid and long-runout rockslides or avalanches.Flume tests were conducted using slope angles of 25°,35°,45°,and 55° and three particle size gradations.The resulting mass-front motions consisted of three stages:acceleration,velocity maintenance,and deceleration.The existing methods of velocity prediction could not explain the slowing effect of the slope toe or the momentum-transfer steady velocity stage.When the slope angle increased from 25° to 55°,the mass-front velocities dropped significantly to between 44.4% and59.6% of the peak velocities and energy lossesincreased from 69.1% to 83.7% of the initial,respectively.The velocity maintenance stages occurred after the slope-toe and mass-front velocity fluctuations.During this stage,travel distances increased as the angles increased,but the average velocity was greatest at 45°.At a slope angle of 45°,as the median particle size increased,energy loss around the slope toe decreased,the efficiency of momentum transfer increased,and the distance of the velocity maintenance stage increased.We presented an improved average velocity formula for granular flow and a geometrical model of the energy along the flow line.
文摘将纳米材料应用于土壤物理学领域对减少土壤水分流失、提高土壤水肥利用效率、优化土壤物理结构有着重要的意义。基于扰动黄绵土土柱室内一维入渗试验,研究了纳米碳含量(质量含量分别为0、0.001、0.005、0.007、0.010 g g-1)对扰动黄绵土的水分入渗过程及饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:(1)纳米碳对扰动黄绵土水分入渗有显著影响。一定入渗历时内,随着纳米碳含量增大,累积入渗量及湿润锋推进速率均呈显著减小趋势。(2)Kostiakov公式和Philip方程均能较好地描述添加纳米碳的扰动黄绵土累积入渗量随时间的变化过程。其中,Kostiakov公式拟合精度更高。(3)湿润锋随时间变化符合幂函数关系。(4)纳米碳对扰动黄绵土的饱和质量含水量和饱和导水率影响同样显著。随纳米碳含量增加,前者增大,后者减小,与纳米碳含量变化分别符合二项式和指数函数关系。
