The Essence of Microscopic Particles and Quantum Theory

In the paper, we have given the quantum equation of the gravitational field intensity Eg (r, t) and electric field intensity E (r, t) for the material particles, since the gravitational field intensity Eg (r, t) and electric field intensity E (r, t) is in direct proportion to the distribution function ψ (r, t) of particle spatial position (wave function), these quantum equations are natural converted into the Schrodinger equation. In addition, we have proposed the new model about the photon and matter particles. For all particles, they are not point particles, but they have a very small volume. The photon has a vibration electric field in its very small volume. The neutral material particle, such as neutron, it has a vibration gravitational field in its very small volume. For the charge material particles, such as electron and proton, they have both vibration gravitational field and vibration electric field in their very small volume. With the model, we can explain the diffraction and interference of single slit and multiple-slit for the single photon and material particles, the volatility of all particles come from the superposition of their respective vibration field. After the vibration field of particle superposition, it shows up as a particle property. On this basis, We have obtained some new results, and realized the unification of both wave and particle and field and matter.

Characterization of Calcined Kaolin/TiO_2 Composite Particle Material Prepared by Mechano-Chemical Method

Calcined kaolin/TiO2 composite particle material （CK/TCPM） was prepared with TiO2 coating on the surfaces of calcined kaolin particles by the mechano-chemical method. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） were used to investigate the microstructures and morphologies, respectively. The mechanism of the mechano-chemical reaction between calcined kaolin and TiO2 was studied by infrared spectra （IR）. The results show that TiO2 coats evenly on the surfaces of calcined kaolin particles by Si-O-Ti and Al-O-Ti bonds on their interfaces. The hiding power and whiteness of CK/TCPM are 17.12 g/m^2 and 95.7%, respectively, presenting its similarity to TiO2 in pigment properties.

Preparation and Electrorheological Performance of SiO_2 Particle Materials Adsorbed with YF_3, Y_2(CO_3)_3, Y_2(C_2O_4)_3 or YPO_4

The SiO 2 adsorbing YF 3, Y 2(CO 3) 3, Y 2(C 2O 4) 3 and YPO 4, respectively, formed four systems of particle materials: SiO 2·YF 3, SiO 2·Y 2(CO 3) 3 , SiO 2·Y 2(C 2O 4) 3 and SiO 2·YPO 4. The electrorheological(ER) behavior of the electrorheological fluids (ERF) prepared by dispersing them in silicone oil was tested at 20 ℃ under d.c. field. The results show that the system of SiO 2·YF 3 does not display ER activity, and the ER performance of the particle materials of SiO 2·Y 2(CO 3) 3 is the best among them. The shearing stress of ERF with SiO 2·Y 2(CO 3) 3 particles is 1.644 KPa and the relative viscosity η r(=η E/η 0) is 20.3 (under field strength E=4200 V·mm -1) while the adsorbed content of Y 2(CO 3) 3 in the SiO 2 particle materials is 12.4%(mass fraction).

Effect of Y_2(CO_3)_3 and Surfactants on Electrorheological Performance of SiO_2 Particle Materials

The SiO_2 particle material has weak electrorheological (ER) activity. The ER performance of the SiO_2 particles can be ameliorated after adsorbing Y_2(CO_3)_3. In this paper, the effect of Y_2(CO_3)_3 and different surfactants on the ER performance of the SiO_2 particle materials is investigated. The results show that anionic or cationic surfactants maybe enhance the ER activity of SiO_2 material, and nonionic surfactants cannot when surfactants are added during the process of the SiO_2 particle preparation, only the anionic surfactant, AES, can enhance markedly the ER performance of the material. The surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of the particles were measured. The effect of Y_2(CO_3)_3 and the surfactants on the microstructure of SiO_2 materials and the relationship between ER effect and the microstructure are described.

A THEORY OF DETERMINING MASS TRANSFERPARAMETERS FOR WOOD PARTICLE MATERIALS

The transient mass transter processes in the natural drying of wood particle materials were experimental;y studied A new theory tio determme the mass transfer parameters in the Materials was developed in terms of gradient transformation method(GTM).By making use of GTM.Thewater vapour diffusion coefficient and the surtaee emission coefficent of wood chip were expermentally determined both in air phase and in solid phase.It Was found that the internal resistance to water vapour diffusion in the air phase of wood partiele aggregates is around ten to the third power as large as that in common air The drag coefficient was given to quantify the effect The phenomenon of undersurface diffusion in wood partiele bed was quantitatively modelled.The dimensionless Fourier snumber and the Biot's number for mass transfer were theoretically derived.The study showed that Biot's number for the problem investigated was the ratio of the characteristie length of wood partiele bed to the penetrating depth of the undersurface.An analytical solution of the nonlinear goveming equation for water transport process in the aggregates of wood chip was obtained by introducing the variable coefficients measured in the study into the governing equation.The comparison between the analytical solution and the observed moisture content of wood chip showed that the deviation was less than ±7%.The thermophysieal properties of wood particle materials are little known at present.The knowledge provided in the paper will be and in the handling.researeh or engineering application of wood chip.wood shavingsete.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON THE LOCAL CRITICAL STRESS AND SIZE EFFECT FOR INTERFACIAL DEBONDING IN PARTICLE REINFORCED RHEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

The mechanisms of interfacial debonding of particle reinforcedrheological materials are studied. Based on an energy criterion, asimple formula of local critical stress for interfacial debonding isderived and expressed in terms of the interfacial energy. Theparticle size effect on interface debond- ing can then be analyzedeasily owing to the fact that critical stress is inverselyproportional to the square root of particle radius. By takingPP/CaCO_3 system as an example, the present energy criterion iscompared with the mechanical debonding criterion, and it is foundthat under the condition that bond strength is equal to matrixstrength and particle radius not over 0.2μm, the mechanicaldebonding cri- terion can be automatically satisfied if the energycirterion is satisfied.

Study on hydrodynamic diffusion law of the swelling particle slurry in karst pipeline

The swelling particle grouting material has demonstrated remarkable plugging effectiveness in high-pressure and large-flow burst water within karst pipelines.Currently,current research on the rheolog-ical model,flow computation theory,and plugging mechanism of this material is lacking.The conven-tional grouting slurry diffusion process,using the liquid-liquid two-phase flow method,fails to accurately simulate high solubility slurry and particle swelling.To address these limitations,this study established a precise constitutive model to describe the swelling particle slurry diffusion process in dynamic water.Additionally,a coupling calculation method was proposed to analyze the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of viscosity during slurry diffusion by considering the migration of slurry and the changes in viscosity.To investigate the interaction between particle swelling and flow field changes,a Compu-tational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method(CFD-DEM)coupling model was developed for the diffusion of swelling particle slurry.It is demonstrated that slurry viscosity increases exponentially within the diffusion front as the particle swelling rate rises,and the drag force exhibits an intriguing behavior of initially increasing and then decreasing as the slurry flows through the pipeline.Further-more,the CFD-DEM coupling model proved to be more accurate in describing viscosity distribution and diffusion distance compared to the finite element solution.The primary objective of this paper is to reveal the plugging mechanism and provide theoretical support for the engineering application of the swelling particle grouting material.

Recent advances in Ni-rich layered oxide particle materials for lithium-ion batteries

Ni-rich layered oxides with chemical formula of LiNixCoyMnzO2 or LiNixCoyAl2O2(x+y+z=1,x≥0.6)have been considered as promising cathode materials for 1让hium-ion batteries(LIBs)because of their high specific capacity(≥180mAhg^-1)and acceptable manufacture cost.However,the problems associated with high Nicontent severely restrict their large-scale applications.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in Ni-rich layered oxide particle materials for LIBs.We begin with the introduction of the structure,redox mechanism,and problems of Ni-rich layered oxides,mainly including residual lithium compounds,gas evolution,rock-salt phase formation,microcrack of particles,dissolution of transitionmetal ions,and thermal runaway.Then,four strategies(primary particle engineering,surface coating,doping,concentration gradient design)toward solving the problems of Ni-rich layered oxides will be systematically discussed with the emphasis on structure-performa nee relati on ships.To achieve satisfied comprehensive performance and accelerate large-scale applications of Ni-rich layered oxides,the combination of two or more strategies(particle engineering and surface/bulk stabilization techniques)w让h synergistic effects is necessary in future works.This review would promote further research and application of high-performance Ni-rich layered oxide particle materials for LIBs.

Electroless plating of copper layer on surfaces of urea-formaldehyde microcapsule particles containing paraffin for low infrared emissivity

A copper coating was deposited by electroless plating on the surfaces of urea-formaldehyde microcap- sules containing paraffin （UFP） particles. This composite microcapsule structure had low infrared OR） emissivity and maintained a constant temperature, and could be used in IR stealth applications. The eiectroless copper layer formation and its micro-appearance, and the effect of the copper layer on the IR emissivity and thermal properties of the composite microcapsules were investigated. The IR emissivity of the composite microcapsules at wavelengths of 1-14 μm gradually decreased with increasing copper mass on the surface. After formation of an integrated copper layer, the rate of IR emissivity decrease was lower. This is because the copper coating improves the surface conductivity of the UFP; a high conductivity results in high reflectivity, which leads to a decrease in IR emissivity. The lowest IR emissivity achieved was 0.68. The phase-change enthalpy of the composite microcapsules decreased with increasing amount of copper coated on the surface because of the high density of copper. When the mass increase of the UFP after electroless copper plating was about 300%, the composite microcapsules had low IR emissivity （about 0.8） and a high phase-change enthalpy （80J/g）.

Scalable gas-phase processes to create nanostructured particles

The properties of nanoparticles are often different from those of larger grains of the same solid material because of their very large specific surface area. This enables many novel applications, but properties such as agglomeration can also hinder their potential use. By creating nanostructured particles one can take optimum benefit from the desired properties while minimizing the adverse effects. We aim at developing high-precision routes for scalable production of nanostructured particles. Two gas-phase synthesis routes are explored. The first one - covering nanoparticles with a continuous layer - is carried out using atomic layer deposition in a fluidized bed. Through fluidization, the full surface area of the nanoparticles becomes available. With this process, particles can be coated with an ultra-thin film of constant and well-tunable thickness. For the second route - attaching nanoparticles to larger particles - a novel approach using electrostatic forces is demonstrated. The micron-sized particles are charged with one polarity using tribocharging. Using electrospraying, a spray of charged nanoparticles with opposite polarity is generated. Their charge prevents agglomeration, while it enhances efficient deposition at the surface of the host particle. While the proposed processes offer good potential for scale-up, further work is needed to realize large-scale processes.

Modelling large deformation and soil–water–structure interaction with material point method:Briefing on MPM2017 conference

The 1st International Conference on the Material Point Method for ＂Modelling Large Deformation and Soil–Water–Structure Interaction＂（MPM2017）was held in Delft,The Netherlands on 10-13 January 2017.This is the first conference organised by the Anura3D MPM Research Community,following a series of international workshops and symposia previously held in The Netherlands,UK,Spain and Italy,as part of the European Commission FP7 Marie-Curie project MPM-DREDGE.We are delighted to present seven contributions in this Special Column of the Journal of Hydrodynamics,and take this opportunity to announce that the 2nd conference,MPM2019,will be held in Cambridge,UK in January 2019.

Effect of precursor thermal history on the formation of amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate

The role of the thermal history of the precursor was studied for amorphous and crystalline calcium carbon- ate phases synthesized from calcium nitrate. The X-ray diffraction patterns of these phases are influenced by their annealing temperature of 0, 300, 400, and 500 ℃. However, the effect of the precursor thermal history on the X-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting calcium carbonate phase is negligible. Transmis- sion electron microscopy indicates that materials annealed at 400 ℃ consist of amorphous aggregates, irrespective of the precursor thermal history. The crystallite size of crystalline calcium carbonate is influ- enced by the precursor thermal history, and ranges from 23 to 26 rim. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements indicate that the annealing temperature plays an important role in determining the local electronic structure. The role of the thermal history of the precursor is also important for the resultinu electronic structure.

Enhanced mechanical properties in Al/diamond composites by Si addition

Diamond particles reinforced aluminum–silicon matrix composites,abbreviated as Al（Si）/diamond composites,were fabricated by squeeze casting.The effect of Si content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated.The mechanical properties are found to increase monotonically with Si content increasing up to 7.0 wt%.The Al-7.0 wt% Si/diamond composite exhibits tensile strength of 78 MPa,bending strength of 230 MPa,and compressive strength of426 MPa.Al–Si eutectic phases are shown to connect with Al matrix and diamond particles tightly,which is responsible for the enhancement of mechanical properties in the Al（Si）/diamond composites.