RESEARCH ON MATRIX CRACK EVOLUTION OF CROSS-PLY CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE

The matrix crack evolution of cross-ply ceramic matrix composites under uniaxial tensile loading is investigated using the energy balance method.Under tensile loading,the cross-ply ceramic matrix composites have five damage modes.The cracking mode 3 contains transverse cracking,matrix cracking and fiber/matrix interface debonding.The cracking mode 5 only contains matrix cracking and fiber/matrix interface debonding.The cracking stress of modes 3 and 5 appearing between existing transverse cracks is determined.And the multiple matrix crack evolution of mode 3 is determined.The effects of ply thickness,fiber volume fraction,interface shear stress and interface debonding energy on the cracking stress and matrix crack evolution are analyzed.Results indicate that the cracking mode 3 is more likely to appear between transverse cracks for the SiC/CAS material.

ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR DYNAMIC RESPONSE FOR VISCOELASTIC COMPOSITE PLATE WITH TRANSVERSE MATRIX CRACKS

Based on the Schapery three-dimensional viscoelastic constitutive relationship with growing damage, a damage model with transverse matrix cracks for the unidirectional ?bre rein- forced viscoelastic composite plates is developed. By using Karman theory, the nonlinear dynamic governing equations of the viscoelastic composite plates under transverse periodic loading are es- tablished. By applying the ?nite di?erence method in spatial domain and the Newton-Newmark method in time domain, and using the iterative procedure, the integral-partial di?erential gov- erning equations are solved. Some examples are given and the results are compared with available data.

Matrix Crack Detection by an Embedded Polarimetric Sensor

Polarimetric optical fibre sensors have been embedded within the 0° ply and close to the 0/90 interface of transparent cross-ply GFRP coupons. The laminate ply cracks may initiate and propagate across the coupon when the coupons were subjected to an increasing quasi-static load in a servo-hydraulic testing machine. Crack accumulation have been monitored using a long gauge-length extensometer. The response of the strain signal, the optical signal and the load signal to cracks at different positions in the coupon in relation to the extensometer and optical sensor positions have been acquired and compared by means of video images of the crack growth. The relationship between crack growth and sensor response was demonstrated. The displacement induced by a new transverse crack has been predicted and compared with experimental data.

Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Response of Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composite Beam with Matrix Cracks Using Multiscale Modeling

A multiscale method for simulating the dynamic response of ceramic matrix composite （CMC） with matrix cracks is developed. At the global level, the finite element method is employed to simulate the dynamic response of a CMC beam. While at the local level, the multiscale mechanical method is used to estimate the stress/strain response of the material. A distributed computing system is developed to speed up the simulation. The simulation of dynamic response of a Nicalon/CAS-II beam being subjected to harmonic loading is performed as a numerical example. The results show that both the stress/strain responses under tension and compressive loading are nonlinear. These conditions result in a different response compared with that of elastic beam, such as： 1） the displacement response is not symmetric about the axis of time; 2） in the condition of small external load, the response at first order natural frequency is limited within a finite range; 3） decreasing the matrix crack space will increase the displace- ment response of the beam.

Effect of matrix cracking on the time delayed buckling of viscoelastic laminated circular cylindrical shells

The effect of matrix cracking on the bifurcation creep buckling of viscoelastic laminated circular cylindrical shells is investigated.The viscoelastic behavior of laminas is modeled by Schapery's integral constitutive equation with growing matrix cracks.The values of damage variables are correlated to non-dimensional density of matrix cracks relying on the formulas from mesomechanics approach,and the evolution equation predicting the growth rate of density of matrix cracks is assumed to follow a power type relation with transverse tensile stress.The governing equations for prebuckling creep deformation and bifurcation buckling of laminated circular cylindrical shells under axial compression are obtained on the basis of the Donnell type shallow shell theory and Kármán-Donnell geometrically nonlinear relationship.Corresponding solution strategy is constructed by integrating finite-difference technique,trigonometric series expansion method and Taylor's numerical recursive scheme for convolution integration.The bifurcation creep buckling of symmetrically laminated glass-epoxy circular cylindrical shells with matrix creep cracking coupled are examined for various geometrical parameters and parameters of damage evolution as well as boundary conditions.The numerical results show that matrix creep cracking remarkably shortens the critic time of bifurcation buckling and reduces the durable critic loads,and its effects become weak and finally vanish with the increase of the ratio of radius to thickness in the case of short laminated circular cylindrical shells,also the influence of the matrix creep cracking is mainly dependent on the boundary conditions at two ends for moderately long circular cylindrical shells.

Studies on the preliminary cracking: The reasons why matrix catalytic function is indispensable for the catalytic cracking of feed with large molecular size

The matrix catalytic function when cracking the feed oil with large molecular size was systematically studied using three different catalyst configurations, including staged bed, partly mixed bed and completely mixed bed. Results showed that molecules in the feed oil with large molecular size indeed preferred to be first precracked on the matrix surface and then entered into the zeolite pores during the practical reaction process. Furthermore, the matrix catalytic function exhibited a great matrix-precracking ability to large feed molecules, which considerably increased the catalyst activity and the light oil selectivity. Besides the much better accessibility, the matrix-precracking ability was also from the similar capability to crack large feed hydrocarbons into the moderate fragments with that of the zeolite component. More interestingly, the interactions between the matrix catalytic function and the zeolite catalytic function made the catalyst not only exhibit much more catalytic advantages of the zeolite component, but also retain the matrix-precracking ability. As a result, the interactions enhanced the catalyst activity and improved the product distribution at the same time. The matrix catalytic function is indispensable for the catalytic cracking of feed with large molecular size, although the matrix component itself presented an inferior catalytic performance than the zeolite component did. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

The Role of Particles in Fatigue Crack Propagation of Aluminum Matrix Composites and Casting Aluminum Alloys

Fatigue crack propagation （FCP） behaviors were studied to understand the role of SiC particles in 10 wt pct SiCp/A2024 composites and Si particles in casting aluminum alloy A356. The results show that a few particles appeared on the fracture surfaces in SiCp/Al composites even at high △K region, which indicates that cracks propagated predominantly within the matrix avoiding SiC particles due to the high strength of the particles and the strong particle/matrix interface. In casting aluminum alloy, Si particle debonding was more prominent.Compared with SiCp/Al composite, the casting aluminum alloy exhibited lower FCP rates, but had a slight steeper slope in the Paris region. Crack deflection and branching were found to be more remarkable in the casting aluminum alloy than that in the SiCp/Al composites, which may be contributed to higher FCP resistance in casting aluminum alloy.

Effect of Reinforcement Clustering on Crack Initiation Mechanism in a Cast Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite during Low Cycle Fatigue

The reinforcement distribution of metal matrix composites (MMCs) plays an important role in low cycle fatigue. Thus, it is essential to study the effect of reinforcement clustering on the crack initiation mechanism of MMCs. In this study, the effect of reinforcement clustering on the microcrack initiation mechanism in a cast hybrid MMC reinforced with SiC particles and Al2O3 whiskers was investigated experimentally and numerically. Experimental results showed that microcracks always initiated in the particle-matrix interface, located in the cluster of the reinforcements. The interface debonding occurred in the fracture which created additional secondary microcracks due to continued fatigue cycling. The microcrack coalesced with other nearby microcracks caused the final fracture. To validate the experimental results on the microcrack initiation, three dimensional unit cell models using finite element method (FEM) were developed. The stress distribution in both the reinforcement clustering and non-clustering regions was analyzed. The numerical analysis showed that high stresses were developed on the reinforcements located in the clustering region and stress concentration occurred on the particle-matrix interface. The high volume fraction reinforced hybrid clustering region experienced greater stresses than that of the SiC particulate reinforced clustering region and low volume fraction reinforced hybrid clustering region. Besides, the stresses developed on the non-clustering region with particle-whisker series orientation were reasonably higher than that of the non-clustering region with particle-whisker parallel orientation. The high volume fraction reinforced hybrid clustering region is found to be highly vulnerable to initiate crack in cast hybrid MMC during low cycle fatigue.

CRACK IDENTIFICATION IN STEPPED CANTILEVER BEAM COMBINING WAVELET ANALYSIS WITH TRANSFORM MATRIX

This paper illustrates the crack identification method combining wavelet analysis with transform matrix. Firstly, the fundamental vibration mode was applied to wavelet analysis. The crack location was found by the peaks of the wavelet coefficients. Secondly, based on the identified crack locations, a simple transform matrix method requiring only the first two tested natural frequencies was used to further identify the crack depth. The present method can be used for crack identification in a complex structure. Numerical results of crack identification of a stepped cantilever beam show that the suggested method is feasible.

Strain Energy Release Rate Analyse of Matrix Micro Cracking in Composite Cross-Ply Laminates

The stress field distribution in composite cross ply laminates damaged by matrix cracking is analysed through an approach which uses several hypotheses to simplify the damage state. The proposed cracking criterion involves the partial components of the strain energy release rate associated with transverse and longitudinal cracking. The respective contributions of the 0° and 90° layers to the damage process are also investigated. The initiation of transverse and longitudinal cracking mechanisms is predicted. We also give an assessment of the influence of each individual component of the stress tensor on the strain energy release rate of the damaged laminate.

The Impact of Matrix Treatment (Family Training) in Reducing the Amount of Drug Consumption in Heroin and Crack Addicts

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of family training based on matrix model in reducing the amount of drug consumption by heroin and crack addicts. The subjects were referral to Karaj Clinic, Karaj City, Iran, for crack abuse in 2013. In order to select participants convenience sampling was been used and totally 45 patients were selected (15 heroin addict, 15 crack addict, and 15 with combination of heroin and crack addiction) and put into two groups of experimental and control groups randomly. For collecting the data, Addiction Severity Index questionnaire was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used through one-way analysis of covariance for data analyzing. The results indicated that there was statistical difference between the experimental and control group with consumption of heroin and crack in family status, mental and substance use and also it has been shown that the experimental group with heroine consumption achieved better performance compared with the control group in the amount of consumption.

EFFECT OF FIBER FAILURE ON QUASI-STATIC UNLOADING/RELOADING HYSTERESIS LOOPS OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

The two-parameter Weibull model is used to describe the fiber strength distribution.The stress carried by the intact and fracture fibers on the matrix crack plane during unloading/reloading is determined based on the global load sharing criterion.The axial stress distribution of intact fibers upon unloading and reloading is determined based on the mechanisms of fiber sliding relative to matrix in the interface debonded region.The interface debonded length,unloading interface counter slip length,and reloading interface new slip length are obtained by the fracture mechanics approach.The hysteresis loops corresponding to different stresses considering fiber failure are compared with the cases without considering fiber failure.The effects of fiber characteristic strength and fiber Weibull modulus on the fiber failure,the shape,and the area of the hysteresis loops are analyzed.The predicted quasi-static unloading/reloading hysteresis loops agree well with experimental data.

基质Lewis酸性调控及其催化轻烃裂化反应性能

催化剂分子筛和基质的合理匹配是提高石脑油催化裂化制低碳烯烃产量的最有效路径之一,但是基质表面Lewis酸性对裂化反应的影响尚未明确。本研究通过硼和锌改性γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和锡改性KIT-6介孔氧化硅材料调变表面的Lewis酸,研究基质及其与ZSM-5分子筛配合使用时催化正庚烷和1-己烯裂化制低碳烯烃的性能。采用XRD、TEM、N2物理吸附-脱附以及NH3-TPD等方法探讨了改性γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和KIT-6的结构性质和表面酸性质。结果表明,B可以降低γ-Al_(2)O_(3)的表面Lewis酸性(酸量和酸强度),而Zn可以增强其表面酸性;此外,Sn可以提高有序介孔KIT-6表面Lewis酸性。催化裂化反应结果表明,当基质单独使用时,随基质表面Lewis酸性增强,轻烃反应活化能降低且转化率升高;当基质与ZSM-5配合使用时,基质在上分子筛在下的双床层排布方式对应的转化率最高,且随基质Lewis酸性增强,轻烃转化率升高,但Lewis酸性过强会加速氢转移反应,降低低碳烯烃的选择性。

FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH FEATURE OF Fe-Cr-Ni MATRIX COMPOSITE REINFORCED BY TITANIUM CARBIDE PARTICULATE AT 1023K

The initiation and propagation of the short fatigue crack in a 10vol% titanium carbide particulate reichreed cast Fe-26Cr-14Ni mathe coopsite at 1023K were investigated.It is shown that the titanium carbide particulate may hinder the crack propagation and fatigue fracture of the composite. The relationships between fatigue crack propagation rate and stress intensity factor are da/dN=4.2×10-c(△K)4 for the matrix alloy and da/dN=1.4×10-19(△K)c for the composite. The fatigue thresholds of the composite and mathe alloy are 78 and 3.2MPa.m1/2, respectively. Microcracks initiate at the intedece between titanium carbide particulate and austenite and then propagate in carkide particles. The fracture sudece of the composite shows a distinct transition from wavy and serated cleavage near the threshold regime to striation-type splitting in the stable fatigue crack propagation stage and to a veined morphology characteristic in unstable rapid region.

基于共旋坐标法的几何非线性裂纹梁单元

现有有限元软件模拟裂纹结构主要采用指派裂纹的实体和壳单元,但缺少梁单元。因此,在弹性梁单元的曲率函数中引入Dirac-δ函数表征局部损伤的曲率变化,得到位移分布函数;推导出应变矩阵和单元刚度矩阵,提出了裂纹梁单元。基于共旋坐标法理论进一步发展了考虑裂纹损伤的几何非线性裂纹梁单元,给出了单元的具体算法及流程。利用课题组开发的有限元求解框架,在程序中实现了裂纹梁单元及共旋列式裂纹梁单元。经过典型算例,对比分析了裂纹位置、裂纹深度及外荷载对裂纹梁弯曲性能的影响。结果表明:该单元能够准确描述裂纹结构的挠度变化,同时与现有模拟裂纹结构弯曲变形的单元相比,提出的裂纹梁和共旋列式裂纹梁在精度分别提高了约1%和4%,并且能够退化成无损伤的梁单元和几何非线性梁单元。

He-Hutchinson模型在连续陶瓷纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料研究中的应用

基于裂纹扩展的能量释放率准则,He-Hutchinson(H-H)模型可以预判连续陶瓷纤维增韧陶瓷基复合材料(CMCs)的基体裂纹在界面处的传播路径,对CMCs的增韧设计有着重要的指导价值,但目前尚未见H-H模型在CMCs研究领域的系统性综述文献。本文首先介绍了H-H模型的力学基础以及应用于CMCs中的必要简化过程,得出基于材料组元断裂能和弹性失配系数的裂纹偏转判据。基于目前形成的材料微观力学参数测量方法,结合CMCs脆性、微观结构复杂的特点,系统总结归纳了适用于CMCs的原位弹性模量、材料断裂能以及界面脱粘能的测量方法及优缺点。基于原位微观力学参数,重点综述与讨论了H-H模型在多孔基体CMCs和含界面相CMCs中的应用进展,最后指出了H-H模型目前存在的主要问题,并对其后续发展提出了建议。

固体发动机药柱低温点火开裂失效的跨尺度分析

为了准确预测推进剂装药在低温点火过程中是否发生开裂,提出了一种全局⁃局部单向收缩耦合的跨尺度分析方法。针对高能硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂,开展低温中应变率单轴拉伸试验,获取了推进剂的典型失效模式。结果表明,基于发展的推进剂非线性粘弹性本构模型,实现了固体发动机药柱低温点火的宏观结构分析,获取了推进剂药柱结构危险点的位置;同时建立了考虑颗粒与基体界面脱湿和颗粒断裂的细观颗粒填充模型,进一步将宏观结构分析结果作用于相应的细观代表性体积单元(RVE)上。最后,建立推进剂细观失效准则,表明在低温点火条件下药柱结构完整性满足要求。收缩跨尺度分析方法可作为预测药柱在低温点火过程中开裂行为的有效手段。

基于传递矩阵法的Timoshenko裂纹梁自振特性分析

首先基于传递矩阵法,将裂纹截面假定一无质量扭转弹簧,通过扭转弹簧建立起各段子梁在裂纹截面处的矩阵传递关系,推导出含任意裂纹Timoshenko梁及无裂纹Timoshenko梁的传递矩阵,引入边界条件简化矩阵方程,并利用Matlab对方程进行求解。其次讨论了裂纹位置和相对深度对单裂纹简支梁自振频率的影响,与文献结果进行对比,误差最多不超过1%;然后通过ABAQUS建立悬臂梁及两端固支梁有限元模型,分析相对裂纹深度对自振频率的影响,计算结果与有限元结果进行对比,误差不超过3.86%;最后研究了不同跨高比下相对裂纹深度对Timoshenko简支梁自振频率的影响,计算结果与文献最大误差为4.56%,验证了本文方法的有效性及适用性。

基于卷积神经网络和传感器数据的风力发电机转子断裂故障诊断

提出基于卷积神经网络和传感器数据的新能源风力发电机转子断裂故障诊断算法。根据转子运行状态与裂纹轴向刚度之间的关联关系,构建了发电机转子裂纹模型。对多个传感器采集的发电机转子振动数据进行融合处理后,将原始的一维数据转换为m×n二维矩阵的形式,利用多通道卷积神经网络对传感器数据信息进行分析,并将输出结果代入到发电机转子裂纹模型中,实现对转子断裂故障的诊断。在测试结果中,算法对不同数据源下的电机转子断裂故障诊断结果,误差稳定在0.03μm以内。

THE EFFECT OF AN ELASTIC TRIANGULAR INCLUSION ON A CRACK

The interaction between an elastic triangular inclusion and a crack is investigated. The problem is formulated using the boundary integral equations for traction boundary value problems derived by Chau and Wang as basic equations. By using the continuity condition of traction and displacement on interface as supplement equations, a set of equations for solving the interaction problem between an inclusion and a crack are obtained, which are solved by using a new boundary element method. The results in terms of stress intensity factors (SIFs) are calculated for a variety of crack_inclusion arrangements and the elastic constants of the matrix and the inclusion. The results are valuable for studying new composite materials.