Cold Fusion Based on Matter-Antimatter Plasma Formed in Molecular Crystals

The main purpose of this work is to shed light on the possibility of producing huge amount of energy based on the construction matter-antimatter plasma in a molecular crystal. It is assumed that two beams of isothermal hydrogen and antihydrogen are injected into a palladium crystal leading to a plasma state composed of particles and antiparticles. The collapse of this state releases a huge amount of energy which can be used as fuel for space shuttles. Thus, the novel system of isothermal pressure interaction enhances the energy power carried out by the quantum ion acoustic soliton (QIAS). In addition to the energy power released from the particle-antiparticle annihilation. The probability of merging the energy from these two cases is available at certain condition. The released energy may be a significant step in solving the energy scape of Tokomak to produce fusion energy. The study starting from the one-dimensional quantum hydrodynamic model (in which the term of electron-positron and proton-antiproton for hydrogen-antihydrogen is included), a Korteweg de Vries equation (kdv) is derived, the QIAS energy experiences and the annihilation energy power are calculated. It is found that the total energy of QIAS and the energy resulting from hydrogen-antihydrogen annihilation are important step towards the establishment of a cold fusion power station.

STUDY OF RECOVERY IN DEFORMED Ni-Cr-Co SUPERALLOYS USING POSITRON ANNIHILATION

The recovery recrystallization of 3 deformed Ni-Cr-Co superalloys with different Co con- tents has been studied using positron annihilation technique and TEM.The alloys with low Co content have more defects occurred than ones with high Co content,and the former may be faster in dislocation recovery than the latter.Thus,the apparent activation energy of recrystallization increases with the increase of their Co content in alloys.The relationship be- tween apparent activation energy and stacking fault energy together with their effect on re- covery were also discussed.

Energy Transfer and Photoluminescence Enhancement in WS_(2)/hBN/MoS_(2) Heterostructures

Two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)and their heterostructures(HSs)exhibit unique optical properties and show great promise for developing next-generation optoelectronics.However,the photo-luminescence(PL)quantum yield of monolayer(1L)TMDs is still quite low at room temperature,which severely lim-its their practical applications.Here we report a PL enhancement effect of 1L WS_(2) at room temperature when con-structing it into 1L-WS_(2)/hBN/1L-MoS_(2) vertical HSs.The PL enhancement factors(EFs)can be up to 4.2.By using transient absorption(TA)spectroscopy,we demonstrate that the PL enhancement effect is due to energy transfer from 1L MoS_(2) to 1L WS_(2).The energy transfer process occurs on a picosecond timescale and lasts more than one hundred picoseconds which indicates a prominent contribution from exciton-exciton annihilation.Furthermore,the PL en-hancement effect of 1L WS_(2) can be observed in 2L-MoS_(2)/hBN/1L-WS_(2) and 3L-MoS_(2)/hBN/1L-WS_(2) HSs.Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the energy transfer process in the PL enhancement of 2D TMDs and a fea-sible way to optimize the performance of TMD-based optoelectronic devices.

The Electromagnetic Nature of Gravitation and Matter-Antimatter Antigravity. Surmise on Quantum Vacuum Gravitation and Cosmology

We show that the electromagnetic quantum vacuum derives directly from Maxwell’s theory and plays a primary role in quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, gravitation and cosmology. It corresponds to the electromagnetic field ground state at zero frequency, a zero-energy cosmic field permeating all of space and it is composed of real states, called kenons (κενο = vacuum). Photons are local oscillations of kenons guided by a non-local vector potential wave function with quantized amplitude. They propagate at the speed imposed by the vacuum electric permittivity ε0 and magnetic permeability μ0, which are intrinsic properties of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. The electron-positron elementary charge derives naturally from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum and is related to the photon vector potential. We establish the masse-charge equivalence relation showing that the masses of all particles (leptons, mesons, baryons) and antiparticles are states of the elementary charges and their magnetic moments. The equivalence between Newton’s gravitational law and Coulomb’s electrostatic law results naturally. In addition, we show that the gravitational constant G is expressed explicitly through the electromagnetic quantum vacuum constants putting in evidence the electromagnetic nature of gravity. We draw that G is the same for matter and antimatter but gravitational forces should be repulsive between particles and antiparticles because their masses bear naturally opposite signs. The electromagnetic quantum vacuum appears to be the natural link between quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, gravitation and cosmology and constitutes a basic step towards a unified field theory. Dark Energy and Dark Matter might originate from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum fluctuations. The calculated electromagnetic vacuum energy density, related to the cosmological constant considered responsible for the cosmic acceleration, is in good agreement with the astrophysical observations. The cosmic acceleration may be due to both “quantum vacuum fluctuations” and “matter-antimatter gravitational repelling”. All the above results are established without stating any assumptions or postulates. Next, we advance two hypotheses with cosmological impact. The first is based on the possibility that gravitation is due to the electromagnetic quantum vacuum density of states fluctuations giving rise to a photon pressure at the characteristic collective oscillation frequencies of the charge densities composing the bodies (Electromagnetic Push Gravity). The second advances that energy, matter and antimatter in the universe emerge spontaneously from the quantum vacuum fluctuations as residues that remain stable in space and we present the main principles upon which a new cosmological model may be developed overcoming the well-known Big Bang issues.

Mechanistic insights into intramolecular energy transfer dynamics in photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion

Photosensitizers constitute a crucial element in the process of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion,necessitating robust absorption of visible or near-infrared light,high intersystem crossing efficiency,prolonged triplet state lifetime,and minimal energy dissipation during intersystem crossing and vibrational relaxation.Nonetheless,conventional monomeric photosensitizers frequently fail to simultaneously meet these requirements.In recent years,researchers,including our group,have fabricated photosensitizers that incorporate multiple covalent linkages,such as dyads and triads,which are regarded more likely to achieve comprehensive performance optimization.This review article explores the design and characteristics of recently synthesized dyads and triads photosensitizers that operate on the principles of intramolecular singlet energy transfer and intramolecular triplet energy transfer,demonstrating their outstanding efficacy in high-efficiency triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion.We provide an exhaustive explanation of the design rationales,photophysical,and photochemical properties of these photosensitizers,along with suggestions for the creation of photosensitizers with enhanced performance.Moreover,we discuss potential avenues and opportunities for the future development of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion technology.

Study on the energy level limitations of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion with anthracene-isomerized dimers as annihilators

The enhancement in the efficiency of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)is mainly determined by the triplet energy transfer(TET)and triplet-triplet annihilation(TTA)between the sensitizers and annihilators.The TET process works efficiently by adjusting the concentration ratio of the sensitizers and annihilators.The efficiency of TTA is determined by the properties of the annihilator.Because TTA is a Dexter-type energy transfer and is affected by the diffusion rate,the energy levels of the excited states and the molecular size are both crucial in TTA.In this study,four isomerized dimers of 9,10-diphenlanthracene(DPA)and anthracene(An)were designed and prepared as annihilators for TTA-UC.The singlet and triplet energy levels could be adjusted by altering the connection position while maintaining the molecular weight and size.When PtOEP was used as the sensitizer,the maximum upconversion efficiency of 9-[4-(9-anthracenyl)phenyl]-10-phenylanthracene(9DPA-9An)was~11.18%.This is four times higher than that of 9,10-diphenyl-2,9-bianthracene(2DPA-9An,2.63%).The calculation of the energies of T_(1)and the higher triplet state(T_(3),because E(T_(2))is similar to the E(T)of these dimers)for these dimers has provided insights into the underlying reasons.These indicated that the energy gap value of 2×E(T_(1))-E(T_(3))is the determining factor for TTA efficiency.This work may provide a better understanding of the excited-state energy levels,which is crucial for designing novel annihilators to enhance the TTA-UCefficiency.

Origin of the Universe, Dark Energy, and Dark Matter

This explanation of the origin of the universe, dark energy, and dark matter is based on quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory. It envisions our universe beginning with a quantum fluctuation from nothing into an unstable closed space with our familiar three space dimensions accompanied by seven extra space dimensions, the four basic forces unified, and initial radius of the order of the proton wavelength. The compact extra dimensions collapsed to their ground state with radius of the order of today’s Planck length, injecting most of the entropy (information) in the extra dimensions into our three space dimensions and inflating them by a factor of about e58≈1025. The constant ground state energy of the compact extra dimensions is related to the dark energy (vacuum energy) driving today’s accelerating expansion of our three-dimensional universe. With the usual values of G, , c, and Hubble constant? h0=0.65, the dark energy fraction is ≈0.7. Immediately after inflation, the strong force acting only on matter was an effective “strong gravity” (about 1038 times stronger than gravity today) causing 83% of matter to coalesce into small impenetrable closed systems interacting only by gravity and constituting most of the dark matter. Other universes may have formed similarly in the infinite sweep of cosmic time, but are of no practical significance because they are profoundly elsewhere. The holographic principle (a consequence of quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory) indicates only a finite number (about 10122) of bits of information encoded on the event horizon will ever be available to describe all physics within our universe. There are no sources or sinks of information outside the universe, so the universe must be described as a closed system. Matter dominance over anti-matter relates to the finite number of bits of information in the universe, as does the fact that theories involving continuum mathematics only approximate an underlying theory involving discrete mathematics. Ordinary matter constitutes only about 5% of the energy density of the universe. Holographic analysis of large scale structures composed of stars accounts for: minimum stellar mass as a function of time;the hierarchy of star clusters, galaxies, and galaxy clusters;and supermassive black holes. It identifies configurations of spiral and elliptical galaxies consistent with conservation of mass and angular momentum accounting for the 15% of bulgeless disks found in the survey of 15,000 spiral galaxies in the sixth SDSS data release. The smallest scale structures are usually described by the Standard Model of elementary particles, based on local quantum field theory. The Standard Model cannot be the final theory of elementary particles because: it incorrectly assumes neutrinos are massless;it cannot account for the bizarre mass spectrum of three generations of four Standard Model fermions;and does not provide the necessary non-local discrete theory of elementary particles. A holographic (and therefore non-local) preon theory involving strands with finite energy density instead of point particles can be outlined, but calculation in such a framework is difficult and gives no insight into the fermion mass spectrum.

Accelerated Expansion of Space, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Big Bang Processes

The accelerated expansion of our universe results from properties of dark matter particles deduced from Space-Time Quantization. This theory accounts for all possible elementary particles by considering a quantum of length a in addition to c and h. It appears that dark matter particles allow for fusion and fission processes. The resulting equilibrium enables the cosmic dark matter gas to produce dark energy in an adaptive way. It keeps the combined matter-energy density at a constant level, even when space is expanding. This accounts for the cosmological constant Λand the accelerated expansion of space without requiring any negative pressure. The Big Bang is related to G, c, h and a. It started with a “primeval photon” and led to the cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry as well as inflation.

以BAlq为主体的高效高色纯度的红色有机电致磷光器件

以铱配合物红色磷光体Ir(piq)2(acac)为掺杂剂,制备了基于BAlq材料的红色电致磷光器件,其结构为ITO/NPB(30nm)/Ir(piq)2(acac)∶BAlq(25nm)/BCP(13nm)/Alq3(35nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(1000nm),当掺杂浓度为8%的时候,器件发光的色坐标为(x=0.67,y=0.32),基本满足了全色显示对红色发光的要求。在电压为16V时,器件达到最高亮度9380cd/m2。在电流密度为5.45mA/cm2时,外量子效率达到最大5.7%。由于磷光体Ir(piq)2(acac)的磷光寿命较短,所以器件在高电流密度下,仍然保持较高的外量子效率。电流密度为100mA/cm2时,外量子效率仍然维持在4.7%。进一步研究表明在器件中短程的Dexter能量传递以及红光染料对空穴的直接捕获两种机制同时存在。

卟啉钯敏化剂构效性质与三线态-三线态湮灭上转换性能研究

上转换发光是一种将长波长的激发光转化为短波长发射的反斯托克斯发光现象,三线态-三线态湮灭上转换(TTA-UC)能够在较低密度能量下被激发,且上转换量子产率高,因此获得研究者们广泛关注。关于敏化剂分子结构与上转换发光性能相关性的研究一直是TTA-UC研究领域的重要热点,选择两种代表性的卟啉钯光敏剂[PdOEP-八乙基卟啉钯(Ⅱ)和PdBrTPP-四溴苯基卟啉钯(Ⅱ)]与蒽衍生物9,10-(4-羟甲基)苯基蒽p-DHMPA发光剂组合上转换体系作为研究模型,通过一系列合成工作获得材料分子后,进一步比较两种敏化剂的光谱性质与体系最终上转换性能之间关系。通过细致研究敏化剂和发光剂的荧光发射和寿命等光谱性质对敏化剂系间窜越,三线态-三线态能量转移及三线态-三线态湮灭等能量传递过程的影响后,发现在532 nm处的摩尔吸光系数PdBrTPP(10.8 cm^-1·mmol^-1)大于PdOEP(3.0 cm^-1·mmol^-1);三线态寿命PdBrTPP(173.13μs)大于PdOEP(109.21μs)。但与p-DHMPA配对时光敏剂与发光剂的三线态能级差ΔE TT,PdOEP(0.140 eV)却高于PdBrTPP(0.062 eV),通过Stern-Volmer方程得到Stern-Volmer猝灭常数K SV和双分子猝灭常数k q值也是PdOEP略高,最终表现出上转换阈值PdOEP/p-DHMPA(22.40 mW·cm^-2)小于PdBrTPP/p-DHMPA(29.78 mW·cm^-2),上转换发光效率ΦUC,PdOEP/p-DHMPA(28.3%)大于PdBrTPP/p-DHMPA(26.8%)。因此,卟啉钯敏化剂的构效对三重态湮灭上转换发光效率影响最为重要的决定因素是敏化剂三线态高低。对于不同的敏化剂,在分子主体结构、摩尔吸光系数与三线态寿命等光谱参数差别不大的情况下,敏化剂的三线态能级越高,就将会具有更大的上转换发光效率。然而如果以总上转换能力指标来评价,PdBrTPP的共轭结构能够提升其在激发波长处吸收更多光子的能力,具有比PdOEP更高的摩尔吸光系数,造成其总上转换能力η比PdOEP高3.4倍。因此从上转换总效能指标来评价,通过敏化剂分子设计调控其在激发光波长处的摩尔吸光系数也不失为一种简单易行的方法。

LaCl_3:Ce^(3+)闪烁体正电子湮没寿命谱仪

对国内最新研制出的LaCl3:Ce3+闪烁晶体时间特性进行了测试,用该种晶体尝试组建了正电子湮没寿命谱仪,时间分辨率达到了350ps。由于LaCl3:Ce3+探头在具有快速时间响应特性的同时还具有较高的能量分辨率,用该探头组建正电子湮没寿命谱仪将具有许多潜在的优势。

TATB基PBX纳米孔隙的正电子湮没寿命谱

为研究压制参数对TATB基高聚物粘结炸药（PB X）微观结构的影响,压制了密度为1.6~1.9 g·cm-3的PBX,采用了正电子湮没寿命谱（PALS）技术表征了其微观结构,讨论了不同压制密度PBX的纳米孔隙的变化。结果显示：压制密度越大,PBX中纳米孔隙浓度越小,平均尺寸越大,这表明压制过程中,PBX界面孔隙不断减小,TATB晶体内部孔隙却不断增大。

正电子能量转换研究进展

简要介绍了正电子能量转换的原理、优点、重要应用前景及主要研究领域.

低能V^(+)注入花生种子引起生物体的微结构变化及其机理

以植物干种子花生为生物体材料 ,注入 2 0 0keV的低能V+离子 .采用正电子湮没技术(PAT)测定了经离子注入和未经离子注入的 2类花生生物样品的正电子湮没寿命谱 (PAL) .实验结果表明 ,在花生种子生物体内存在着大量微小的孔洞 ,孔洞的直径为 0 .7nm .经低能离子注入以后 ,这些孔洞的大小会有所变化 .

正负电子三光子湮灭中光子能谱的Monte Carlo计算

用Monte Carlo方法计算正负电子三光子湮灭的光子能谱,并与量子电动力学(QED)理论谱及实验结果进行了比较,三种结果符合甚好。

类金刚石薄膜的慢正电子分析

采用射频－直流等离子化学气相沉积法制备类金刚石薄膜，用慢正电子湮灭技术研究了类金刚石薄膜中缺陷的深度分布，并系统研究了工艺参数对类金刚石薄膜中缺陷浓度的影响．实验结果表明，单晶Si衬底具有很高的缺陷浓度，类金刚石薄膜中的缺陷浓度较低．且缺陷均匀分布，薄膜表面存在一缺陷浓度较高的薄层，而膜一基之间存在一很宽的界面层，界面层内缺陷浓度随离衬底表面距离的增加而线性降低，到达薄膜心部后，缺陷浓度趋于稳定．类金刚石薄膜的缺陷浓度和膜－基界面层宽度都随负偏压的升高呈先降低、后增加再降低的变化趋势．薄膜中的缺陷浓度随混合气体中C2H2含量的升高而单调增大，但C2H2含量对界面层宽度没有影响．

a-C:H(N)薄膜的慢正电子分析

采用C2H2和N2的混合气体在单晶Si衬底上用射频一直流等离子化学气相沉积法制备a－C：H（N）薄膜，用Fourier红外谱研究了a-C：H（N）薄膜的结构。用慢正电子湮没技术研究了类金刚石薄膜中缺陷的深度分布以及N的百分含量对薄膜中缺陷浓度和缺陷类型的影响。Fourier红外测试结果表明，a－C：H（N）薄膜中氮含量随混合气体中N2百分含量的升高而增大，薄膜中碳氮原子形成C≡N键。慢正电子分析表明．单晶Si衬底具有很高的缺陷浓度，类金刚石薄膜中的缺陷浓度较低，且缺陷均匀分布，薄膜表面存在一缺陷浓度较高的薄层，而膜一基之间存在一很宽的界面层。a-C：H（N）薄膜的缺陷浓度随N含量的增加而增大，但含饲量不改变薄膜中的缺陷类型。

Ni-Cr-Co高温合金回复行为的正电子湮没研究

用正电子湮没技术及透射电镜研究了三种不同Co含量的 Ni-Cr-Co高温合金经室温形变后的回复再结晶过程.结果表明,在相同的形变量下,Co含量低的合金比 Co含量高的合金产生的缺陷多;在回复过程中,Co含量低的合金其位错回复比Co含量高的合金快,而且合金的表观再结晶激活能随Co含量的增加而增加.讨论了Co含量,表观再结晶激活能和层错能之间的关系以及它们对回复过程的影响。

正电子湮没诱发俄歇电子能谱装置的物理设计

与X射线、高能电子或中子激发俄歇电子能谱相比,正电子湮没诱发俄歇电子能谱(PAES)具有极表面选择性、高信噪比、低辐照损伤等特点。本文介绍北京慢正电子强束流的PAES装置,采用4×10-3T磁场对正电子和俄歇电子进行输运,强弱磁场梯度对俄歇电子进行平行化,法拉第筒对俄歇电子的能量进行调制,使得整个系统的能量分辨优于2eV。

正电子湮没辐射多普勒展宽谱的处理及其应用

用迭代法对湮没辐射的Doppler展宽谱去卷职,获取湮没辐射的本征分布。用高斯—牛顿法将本征分布拟合为一个高斯函数(心电子贡献)和抛物线函数(传导电子贡献)之和。从本征分布和抛物线函致可以算出电子的动量分布信息和估测费米能。用纯Ge探测器测量了Al、Ag、Cu、Co、Ni、Sa、In、Mo、W、Zr,Ti、Ge、Si等13种材料的多普勒展宽谱,算出它们的动量分布和费米能,显示各种材料的动量分布明显不同,由实验测得的费米能值与由自由电子气模型计算的理论值很好符合。对Fe Si B非晶和晶态合金的研究表明:两者的动量分布差异甚小,但费米能略有不同。