Boulder-induced form roughness and skin shear stresses in a gravel-bed stream

Boulder spacing in mountain rivers and near-wake flow zones within the boulder array is very useful for fish habitat and growth of aquatic organisms.The present study aims to investigate how the boulder array and spacing influence the near-bed flow structures in a gravel-bed stream.Boulders are staggered over a gravel-bed stream with three different inter-boulder spacing namely(a)large(b)medium and(c)small spacing.An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used for flow measurements in a rectangular channel and the results were compared with those acquired from numerical simulation.The time-averaged velocity profiles at the near-wake flow zones of boulders experience maximum flow retardation which is an outcome of the boulder-induced form roughness.The ratio of velocity differences associated to form and skin roughness and its positive magnitude reveals the dominance of form roughness closest to the boulders.Form roughness computed is 1.75 to 2 times higher than the skin roughness at the near-wake flow region.In particular,the collective immobile boulders placed at different inter-boulder spacings developed high and low bed shear stresses closest to the boulders.The low bed shear stresses characterised by a secondary peak developed at the trough location of the boulders is attributed to the skin shear stress.Further,the spatial averaging of time-averaged flow quantities gives additional impetus to present an improved illustration of fluid shear stresses.The formation of form-induced shear stress is estimated to be 17%to 23%of doubleaveraged Reynolds shear stress and partially compensates for the damping of time-averaged Reynolds shear stress in the interfacial sub-layer.The quadrant analysis of spatial velocity fluctuations depicts that the form-induced shear stresses are dominant in the interfacial sub-layer and have no significance above the gravel-bed surface.

Evaluation of the coefficient of lateral stress at rest of granular materials under repetitive loading conditions

Although the internal stress state of soils can be affected by repetitive loading,there are few studies evaluating the lateral stress(or K_(0))of soils under repetitive loading.This study investigates the changes in K_(0) and directional shear wave velocity(V_(s))in samples of two granular materials with different particle shapes during repetitive loading.A modified oedometer cell equipped with bender elements and a diaphragm transducer was developed to measure the variations in the lateral stress and the shear wave velocity,under repetitive loading on the loading and unloading paths.The study produced the following results:(1)Repetitive loading on the loading path resulted in an increase in the K_(0) of test samples as a function of cyclic loading number(i),and(2)Repetitive loading on the unloading path resulted in a decrease in K_(0) according to i.The shear wave velocity ratio(i.e.V_(s)(HH)/V_(s)(VH),where the first and second letters in parentheses corresponds to the directions of wave propagation and particle motion,respectively,and V and H corresponds to the vertical and horizontal directions,respectively)according to i supports the experimental observations of this study.However,when the tested material was in lightly over-consolidated state,there was an increase in K_(0) during repetitive loading,indicating that it was the initial K_(0),rather than the loading path,which is responsible for the change in K_(0).The power model can capture the variation in the K_(0) of samples according to i.Notably,the K_(0)=1 line acts as the boundary between the increase and decrease in K_(0) under repetitive loading.

Experimental and simulation study on shear stress-induced erythrocyte damage based on vortex oscillator

Background:Shear stress-induced erythrocyte damage,namely hemolysis,is an important problem in the development of blood-contacting medical devices such as mechanical circulatory support devices.Computational fluid dynamics simulation combined with hemolysis prediction models have been widely used to predict hemolysis.With the development of hemolysis prediction models,the new hemolysis prediction model requires more experimental data to verify.In addition,the difference of in vitro blood-shearing device also affect the accuracy of hemolysis prediction.Methods:To address these problems,a new in vitro blood-shearing device(vortex oscillator)was used to further verify the accuracy of the hemolysis prediction models,and to guide the optimal design of blood-contacting medical devices such as mechanical circulatory support devices.Firstly,the flow field information such as wall stress and velocity of the vortex oscillator under different speeds was analyzed.Secondly,different hemolysis prediction models were used to calculate hemolysis,and the predicted data was compared with the experimental data.Results and Conclusion:In this study,the flow field information inside the vortex oscillator at high rotational speeds was systematically investigated,and the prediction of hemolysis was carried out.The results showed that the predicted data of hemolysis was significantly different from the experimental data,which indicated that it was urgent to establish a standardized in vitro blood-shearing platform to provide a reference for accurate hemolysis prediction.

Analysis of stresses at the center of transversely isotropic Brazilian disk

This article presents the stresses at the center of a Brazilian disk(BD)for transversely isotropic rocks.It is shown that the solution of stresses at the center of an anisotropic disk is a function of the disk radius and the magnitude of applied load,as well as the material orientation with respect to the load axis and two dimensionless ratios with specific physical meanings and limitations.These two dimensionless parameters are the ratios of Young’s modulus and apparent shear modulus,although the ratio of apparent shear modulus will be eliminated if the Saint-Venant assumption is considered.Considerable finite element simulations are carried out to find the stresses at the disk center concerning the material orientation and the two dimensionless parameters.Also,an approximate formula obtained from analytical results,previously proposed in the literature for solving the tensile and compressive stresses at the disk center,is re-written and simplified based on these new definitions.The results of the approximate formula fitted to the analytical results are compared to those obtained from numerical solutions,suggesting a good agreement between the numerical and analytical methods.An approximate equation for the shear stress at the disk center is also formulated based on the numerical results.Finally,the influence of the assumptions for simplification of the proposed formula for the tensile,compressive,and shear stresses at the disk center is discussed,and simple and practical equations are proposed as estimations for the stresses at the center of the BD specimen for low to moderate anisotropic rocks.For highly anisotropic rocks,the reference plots can be used for more accuracy.

Shear sliding of rough-walled fracture surfaces under unloading normal stress

Through high-precision engraving,self-affine sandstone joint surfaces with various joint roughness coefficients(JRC=3.21e12.16)were replicated and the shear sliding tests under unloading normal stress were conducted regarding various initial normal stresses(1e7 MPa)and numbers of shearing cycles(1 e5).The peak shear stress of fractures decreased with shear cycles due to progressively smooth surface morphologies,while increased with both JRC and initial normal stress and could be verified using the nonlinear Barton-Bandis failure criterion.The joint friction angle of fractures exponentially increased by 62.22%e64.87%with JRC while decreased by 22.1%e24.85%with shearing cycles.After unloading normal stress,the sliding initiation time of fractures increased with both JRC and initial normal stress due to more tortuous fracture morphologies and enhanced shearing resistance capacity.The surface resistance index(SRI)of fractures decreased by 4.35%e32.02%with increasing shearing cycles due to a more significant reduction of sliding initiation shear stress than that for sliding initiation normal stress,but increased by a factor of 0.41e1.64 with JRC.After sliding initiation,the shear displacement of fractures showed an increase in power function.By defining a sliding rate threshold of 5105 m/s,transition from“quasi-static”to“dynamic”sliding of fractures was identified,and the increase of sliding acceleration steepened with JRC while slowed down with shearing cycles.The normal displacement experienced a slight increase before shear sliding due to deformation recovery as the unloading stress was unloaded,and then enhanced shear dilation after sliding initiation due to climbing effects of surface asperities.Dilation was positively related to the shear sliding velocity of fractures.Wear characteristics of the fracture surfaces after shearing failure were evaluated using binary calculation,indicating an increasing shear area ratio by 45.24%e91.02%with normal stress.

Antiplane shear crack in a prestressed elastic medium based on the couple stress theory

A prestressed elastic medium containing a mode-Ⅲcrack is studied by means of the couple stress theory(CST).Based on the CST under initial stresses,a governing differential equation along with a mixed boundary value problem is established.The singularities of the couple stress and force stress near the crack tips are analyzed through the asymptotic crack-tip fields resulting from the characteristic expansion method.To determine their intensity,a hypersingular integral equation is derived and numerically solved with the help of the Chebyshev polynomial.The obtained results show a strong size-dependence of the out-of-plane displacement on the crack and the couple stress intensity factor(CSIF)and the force stress intensity factor(FSIF)around the crack tips.The symmetric part of the shear stress has no singularity,and the skew-symmetric part related to the couple stress exhibits an r^(-3/2)singularity,in which r is the distance from the crack tip.The initial stresses also affect the crack tearing displacement and the CSIF and FSIF.

Effects of temperature on critical resolved shear stresses of slip and twining in Mg single crystal via experimental and crystal plasticity modeling

Magnesium(Mg)single crystal specimens with three different orientations were prepared and tested from room temperature to 733 K in order to systematically evaluate effects of temperature on the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS)of slips and twinning in Mg single crystals.The duplex non-basal slip took place in the temperature range from 613 to 733 K when the single crystal samples were stretched along the<0110>direction.In contrast,the single basal slip and prismatic slip were mainly activated in the temperature range from RT to 733 K when the tensile directions were inclined at an angle of 45°with the basal and the prismatic plane,respectively.Viscoplastic self-consistent(VPSC)crystal modeling simulations with genetic algorithm code(GA-code)were carried out to obtain the best fitted CRSSs of major deformation modes,such as basal slip,prismatic slip,pyramidalⅡ,{1012}tensile twinning and{1011}compressive twinning when duplex slips accommodated deformation.Additionally,CRSSs of the basal and the prismatic slip were derived using the Schmid factor(SF)criterion when the single slip mainly accommodated deformation.From the CRSSs of major deformation modes obtained by the VPSC simulations and the SF calculations,the CRSSs for basal slip and{1012}tensile twinning were found to show a weak temperature dependence,whereas those for prismatic,slip and{1011}compressive twinning exhibited a strong temperature dependence.From the comparison of previous results,VPSC-GA modeling was proved to be an effective method to obtain the CRSSs of various deformation modes of Mg and its alloys.

Stiffness and Shear Stress Distribution of Glulam Beams in Elastic-Plastic Stage:Theory,Experiments and Numerical Modelling

Traditional methods focus on the ultimate bending moment of glulam beams and the fracture failure of materials with defects,which usually depends on empirical parameters.There is no systematic theoretical method to predict the stiffness and shear distribution of glulam beams in elastic-plastic stage,and consequently,the failure of such glulam beams cannot be predicted effectively.To address these issues,an analytical method considering material nonlinearity was proposed for glulam beams,and the calculating equations of deflection and shear stress distribution for different failure modes were established.The proposed method was verified by experiments and numerical models under the corresponding conditions.Results showed that the theoretical calculations were in good agreement with experimental and numerical results,indicating that the equations proposed in this paper were reliable and accurate for such glulam beams with wood material in the elastic-plastic stage ignoring the influence of mechanic properties in radial and tangential directions of wood.Furthermore,the experimental results reported by the previous studies indicated that the method was applicable and could be used as a theoretical reference for predicting the failure of glulam beams.

Mechanical stress and deformation analyses of pressurized cylindrical shells based on a higher-order modeling

In this research,mechanical stress,static strain and deformation analyses of a cylindrical pressure vessel subjected to mechanical loads are presented.The kinematic relations are developed based on higherorder sinusoidal shear deformation theory.Thickness stretching formulation is accounted for more accurate analysis.The total transverse deflection is divided into bending,shear and thickness stretching parts in which the third term is responsible for change of deflection along the thickness direction.The axisymmetric formulations are derived through principle of virtual work.A parametric study is presented to investigate variation of stress and strain components along the thickness and longitudinal directions.To explore effect of thickness stretching model on the static results,a comparison between the present results with the available results of literature is presented.As an important output,effect of micro-scale parameter is studied on the static stress and strain distribution.

Assessment of Calf Skeletal Muscle Stiffness in Diabetic Nephropathy Patients with Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome by Two-Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography

Objective:To explore the feasibility of two-dimensional shear wave elastography in evaluating calf skeletal muscle stiffness in diabetic nephropathy patients with medial tibial stress syndrome.Methods:A total of 48 diabetic nephropathy patients with medial tibial stress syndrome from January 2020 to December 2022 were included as the study group,and 48 patients with diabetic nephropathy during the same period were included as the control group.Both groups were detected by two-dimensional shear wave elastography with ultrasonic equipment,and Young‘s modulus of the tibialis anterior muscle,tibialis posterior muscle,and gastrocnemius muscle were observed and analyzed in the two groups.Results:The Young‘s modulus values of tibialis anterior muscle,tibialis posterior muscle,and gastrocnemius muscle in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Two-dimensional shear wave elastography is feasible for the evaluation of calf skeletal muscle stiffness in diabetic nephropathy patients with medial tibial stress syndrome,and has high accuracy and repeatability.This technique can be used to diagnose,treat and monitor muscle lesions in patients with diabetic nephropathy,and can also be used to assess muscle fatigue and exercise capacity,which has broad application prospects.

列车荷载作用下压实花岗岩残积土累积变形特性试验研究

为研究列车荷载作用下应力及湿化条件对压实花岗岩残积土累积变形特性的影响,以围压、动应力幅值、含水率为变量,对压实花岗岩残积土进行循环空心扭剪和循环定向加载试验。结果表明:循环扭剪应力路径下主应力轴旋转效应增加了试样的累积变形量,甚至改变了累积变形的发展模式,该影响程度随试样含水率的增大而增大;试样的累积应变发展速率在加载初期(N<100)时完成大幅度衰减,围压增大可加快累积应变发展速率的衰减,动应力幅值的增加会延长累积应变发展速率的衰减时间,循环扭剪加载时试样的累积应变发展速率衰减程度小于循环定向加载试验,含水率越高该效应越显著。通过预测模型能够对两种动力加载应力路径下的稳定型和发展型累积应变发展曲线能够进行拟合,对压实花岗岩残积土的累积变形作出较好预测。

锚杆岩体界面载荷传递规律及锚固长度设计

为揭示巷道围岩锚固界面脱粘失效机理,量化锚杆支护设计参数,采用三线性粘结滑移模型进行理论分析,对轴向载荷作用下锚固脱粘失效全过程中,锚固段界面剪应力、锚杆轴力分布演化规律以及界面极限锚固力进行研究,根据锚固段长度不同,得到两种界面剪应力分布演化类型。研究结果表明:当锚固长度较短时,界面剪应力存在全长软化阶段;当锚固长度较长时,界面剪应力存在弹性-软化-滑移三段共存阶段。锚固粘结界面弹性段、软化段、摩擦段内的剪应力分别呈现双曲余弦函数衰减分布、余弦函数上升分布、均匀分布规律,锚杆轴力随界面剪应力分布演化呈现多种形态的衰减分布规律。根据锚固界面模型解析计算获得极限锚固力,当不考虑脱粘摩擦力时,极限锚固力随锚固长度的增加趋近于某一固定值;当考虑脱粘摩擦力时,增加锚固长度能够持续提高锚固界面安全系数。研究成果可为锚固机制分析、锚杆支护参数设计提供理论参考。

流变学参数表征湿喷混凝土工作性研究进展

为提高工作性对湿喷混凝土施工性能(可输送性、可喷性)的指导作用,归纳了现有各种技术规范的工作性要求,回顾了流变特性与可喷性相关性研究进展,探讨了流变性能时变机制,总结了时变模型发展现状。结果表明,坍落度无法协调可输送性与可喷性工作性需求矛盾,流变学参数应用效果优于坍落度;屈服剪切应力增加,一次喷射厚度变大,回弹率减小;塑性黏度降低,管道输送压力减小,可输送性变好,但屈服剪切应力、塑性黏度与密实度的相关性尚需深入研究;主流的流变性能时变模型为指数、对数、线性、幂函数等经验公式,应加强有物理意义的模型推导;时变预测模型缺乏有效验证手段,应重点研发速凝体系下湿喷混凝土流变性能的原位评估方法。

基于冲压剪切的剪应力影响因素试验

初步分析了冲压剪切过程中剪应力的影响因素,其中剪切速率和相对间隙是可控的外部因素;利用材料万能试验机进行剪切试验,验证了剪切速率、相对间隙对剪应力的影响。对3种零件分别在3种剪切速率和2种相对间隙下进行剪切试验,结果表明:剪应力随剪切速率的增大而增大;剪应力随相对间隙的增大而减小。

复合型形态学特征联合流体力学对肾下型腹主动脉瘤破裂风险的评估

目的探讨复合型几何形态学特征对腹主动脉瘤(AAA)破裂风险的影响,并进行流体力学分析。方法回顾性收集2019年6月—2023年8月行CTA检查的AAA未破裂患者25例(完整组)和同期检查进行性别和年龄1∶1配比的AAA破裂患者25例(破裂组)。比较两组患者之间AAA的形态学特征,筛选AAA破裂风险的影响因素,并进行流体力学分析。结果破裂组和完整组的瘤体最大直径(D_(max))、瘤颈直径(D_(neck))、瘤体最大直径/健康主动脉直径(D_(max)/DAO)、瘤体最大直径/瘤颈直径(D_(max)/D_(neck))、标准化动脉瘤范围(L_(nor))分别为(5.92±1.50)cm和(3.67±0.68)cm、(2.38±0.50)cm和(2.06±0.03)cm、(2.54±0.67)和(1.56±0.34)、(2.53±0.62)和(1.81±0.38)、(22.73±11.08)和(10.78±4.59);破裂组的形态学指标量值均高于完整组,其差异均具有统计学意义(t=6.947、2.563、6.567、4.952、4.982,P均<0.05)。其中D_(max)和D_(max)/DAO是AAA破裂风险的独立影响因素(OR分别为1.824、4.039,95%CI分别为1.459~6.251和3.261~9.155,P<0.05)。包含复合型形态学特征的多变量新模型对破裂风险分类的准确性高于仅包含D_(max)的常规模型(94%比88%)。破裂组和完整组AAA分别表现为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型血流模式,并且破裂组AAA的低壁剪切力面积大于完整动脉瘤(73.9 cm^(2)比67.8 cm^(2))。结论结合形态学特征D_(max)、D_(max)/DAO和流体力学的血流模式和低壁剪切力面积有助于评估AAA的破裂风险。

珊瑚礁冠层水动力学问题研究综述

珊瑚礁冠层水动力学的研究不仅对维护珊瑚礁生态系统的健康以及生态修复具有指导意义,还能为在台风浪等极端波浪影响下的海岸带防灾减灾提供决策依据,也对预测珊瑚礁上的泥沙输运和珊瑚礁海岸线演变具有重要的参考价值。本文回顾了珊瑚礁冠层水动力学的研究现状,从冠层内外流动特性、冠层阻力特性及冠层阻力的模拟方法3个方面对当前该领域的研究进展进行了系统的综述,并提出未来冠层内外流动特性的研究可关注更复杂的波浪或波流共同作用下的水动力特性,冠层阻力特性应充分考虑冠层骨架结构的各向异性,冠层阻力的模拟可采用直接求解基于Navier-Stokes方程来复现冠层尺度下的精细化流场。

单箱双室变截面波形钢腹板组合梁剪应力分析

为了研究单箱双室变截面波形钢腹板组合箱梁(CBBCSW)的剪应力分布规律,分析了单箱双室变截面CBBCSW的顶底板与波形钢腹板(CSW)的承剪问题。基于微元体平衡和切应力互等定理推导了变截面CSW的剪应力计算公式,并与等截面CSW剪应力计算公式进行了对比。对各项剪应力的性质展开了研究,针对变截面CBBCSW的顶底板和参与承剪机理进行了分析,提出了底板承剪比例计算公式。以室内模型试验梁和一座单箱双室变截面CBBCSW为例,采用ANSYS有限元软件分别建立了试验梁与实桥的有限元模型,研究了不同约束体系下,剪应力在CSW上的分布以及顶底板与CSW参与承剪的规律。对比不同荷载情况下,有限元计算结果与理论公式计算结果的差异,分析不同荷载工况对顶底板与CSW参与承剪的影响。此外,分析了横隔板对单箱多室CBBCSW剪力分配的影响。研究结果表明:所提公式的理论结果与试验实测结果和有限元结果吻合较好,且底板参与承剪的比例不可忽视;变截面引起的“附加剪应力”是影响剪力传递的直接原因,弯矩的大小会直接影响底板参与承剪的比例;对称荷载下中腹板与边腹板的剪力分布几乎相同,而横隔板会改变CSW上剪力分配,靠近横隔板处的部位剪应力分布更均匀。研究结果可以为实际工程中变截面CSW的剪应力和承剪比的分析提供参考依据。

钻杆在扭转作用下的变形及抗扭性能分析

钻杆在煤矿勘探开发过程中占据着重要地位,因工作条件恶劣,易失效并造成钻井事故。基于材料力学、工程力学等对钻杆扭转时的切应力及变形量进行分析,建立钻杆在施加纯扭矩作用下的剪应力、单位长度扭转角及抗扭强度计算的力学模型。同时,通过ANSYS仿真得出切应力分布规律及扭转变形量。通过对比,ANSYS仿真结果与理论模型计算结果基本一致,为钻杆失效等进一步研究提供了理论依据。

弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳的自由振动分析

旨在研究热-力-电载荷下弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳的自由振动。首先,建立弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳动力学模型;然后,应用三阶剪切变形壳体理论和修正的偶应力理论,推出弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳模态频率的解析解;最后,通过数值算例分析了微圆柱壳模态频率的影响因素。结果表明:Pasternak弹性支撑比Winkler弹性支撑更有利于提高微圆柱壳的模态频率;改变弹性支撑的刚度系数、轴向力、外加电压、孔隙分布、材料体积分数指数和结构尺寸可调节微圆柱壳的模态频率;孔隙体积分数越大,温度或轴向力对模态频率的影响越大,而电压对模态频率的影响则越小;不同材料指数下,增大孔隙体积分数对模态频率的影响趋势不同;弹性支撑会减弱温度、轴向力和电压对模态频率的影响,对薄圆柱壳或短圆柱壳模态频率的影响较为显著。

冻融对水泥改良路基土力学特性影响研究

以季冻区路基粉砂土为研究对象进行室内三轴压缩试验,分析水泥改良粉砂土与素土的应力-应变关系,探究冻融循环、水泥掺量和围压对土体抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明:改良土的破坏以脆性破坏为主;围压增长不改变试样的破坏形式,土抗剪峰值随围压的增加而增大;冻融循环作用会削弱土体的黏聚力,内摩擦角的变化规律表现为在一定范围内波动;在水泥掺量相同的条件下,随冻融次数的增多,土的抗剪强度因水泥持续水化反应故呈先减小后增大再减小;当水泥掺量为2%时,土体已获得较大抗剪强度。