Shot peening is a widely used surface treatment method by generating compressive residual stress near the surface of metallic materials to increase fatigue life and re- sistance to corrosion fatigue, cracking, etc. Co...Shot peening is a widely used surface treatment method by generating compressive residual stress near the surface of metallic materials to increase fatigue life and re- sistance to corrosion fatigue, cracking, etc. Compressive re- sidual stress and dent profile are important factors to eval- uate the effectiveness of shot peening process. In this pa- per, the influence of dimensionless parameters on maximum compressive residual stress and maximum depth of the dent were investigated. Firstly, dimensionless relations of pro- cessing parameters that affect the maximum compressive residual stress and the maximum depth of the dent were de- duced by dimensional analysis method. Secondly, the in- fluence of each dimensionless parameter on dimensionless variables was investigated by the finite element method. Fur- thermore, related empirical formulas were given for each di- mensionless parameter based on the simulation results. Fi- nally, comparison was made and good agreement was found between the simulation results and the empirical formula, which shows that a useful approach is provided in this pa- per for analyzing the influence of each individual parameter.展开更多
Calculation by means of the previous indices of the seismic activity can have the matter element analysis possess the forecast function. Readjusting repeatedly the grade limit value of every index can maximize the his...Calculation by means of the previous indices of the seismic activity can have the matter element analysis possess the forecast function. Readjusting repeatedly the grade limit value of every index can maximize the historical fitting ratio of the calculated and actual grade of the annual maximum magnitude, whose result is relatively ideal.展开更多
Fishponds waters intended to satisfy the nutritional needs of the populations in terms of supply of fish resources are strongly and unfortunately exposed to the mobility and dispersion of metallic trace elements (TMEs...Fishponds waters intended to satisfy the nutritional needs of the populations in terms of supply of fish resources are strongly and unfortunately exposed to the mobility and dispersion of metallic trace elements (TMEs) or to the persistence in the environment and in the form of pesticide residues from human activities. The objective of this work is to evaluate, on the one hand, the levels of identified pesticide residues and, on the other hand, those of researched TMEs (lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic) in the waters of ponds used for fish farming in Zépréguhé, a locality located 9 km from the town of Daloa in the centre-west of Côte d’Ivoire. The dosage of the samples carried out by means of a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) made it possible to detect nine (9) pesticide molecules, including eight (8) organochlorines and a single molecule from the pyrethroid family, obtained from the detection limit of 0.006 μg/L and the quantification limit of 0.018 μg/L. The maximum average concentration was obtained with α-endosulfan for a content reaching 0.8038 μg/L and well above the maximum admissible concentration of 0.1 μg/L. The TMEs were quantified using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Arsenic is the most abundant metal with an average concentration of 9.497 μg/L. With the exception of lead, these measured levels are above the acceptable limit values for freshwater. This study showed that human activities such as the use of fertilisers and plant protection products in plantations, sand extraction and road traffic have a negative impact on the quality of the water in ponds used for fish breeding.展开更多
Objective Our objective is to build a model that explains the association between the exposure to trace elements in the soil and the risk of neural tube defects. Methods We built a function with different parameters t...Objective Our objective is to build a model that explains the association between the exposure to trace elements in the soil and the risk of neural tube defects. Methods We built a function with different parameters to describe the effects of trace elements on neural tube defects. The association between neural tube defects and trace element levels was transformed into an optimization problem using the maximum likelihood method. Results Tin, lead, nickel, iron, copper, and aluminum had typical layered effects （dosage effects） on the prevalence of neural tube defects. Arsenic, selenium, zinc, strontium, and vanadium had no effect, and molybdenum had one threshold value that affected the prevalence of birth defects. Conclusion As an exploratory research work, our model can be used to determine the direction of the effect of the trace element content of cultivated soil on the risk of neural tube defects, which shows the clues by the dosage effect of their toxicological characteristics. Based on our findings, future biogeochemical research should focus on the direct effects of trace elements on human health.展开更多
底鼓是深埋高应力软岩隧道常遇灾害,现有底鼓力学机制忽略了隧道开挖导致的围岩应力释放、应力转移和应力集中现象,仅对初始地应力状态进行了分析。因此,鉴于有限元-离散元耦合数值方法(finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM)在模...底鼓是深埋高应力软岩隧道常遇灾害,现有底鼓力学机制忽略了隧道开挖导致的围岩应力释放、应力转移和应力集中现象,仅对初始地应力状态进行了分析。因此,鉴于有限元-离散元耦合数值方法(finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM)在模拟岩体材料弹塑性连续变形和断裂失效非连续变形以及破碎块体接触方面的优越性,采用FDEM数值模拟方法研究了隧道底板渐进破裂碎胀大变形演化机制,并研究了地应力侧压系数、围岩体抗拉强度和底板位置对底鼓机制的影响。结果表明:(1)隧道底板底鼓力学机制为围岩的破裂碎胀性大变形,可简述为隧道开挖导致径向应力降低、切向应力升高,当升高的切向应力超过岩体强度时便产生共轭剪切破裂并伴随拉伸断裂,最大切向应力不断向深处完整围岩演化直至与岩体强度达到极限平衡状态,剪切裂隙也随之不断向深处扩展,深部块体推挤浅部块体向隧道空间移动并产生大量空隙,发生体积膨胀现象,造成底鼓灾害;(2)根据地应力侧压系数和围岩体抗拉强度的不同,可归纳出5类不同的底板破坏模式,但都可归结为由于最大切向集中应力造成的破裂碎胀性大变形。修正了原有底鼓力学机制未考虑应力释放、转移和集中等应力演化现象的不足,提出了一种新的基于渐进破裂碎胀性大变形的底鼓力学机制,为隧道底鼓机制的研究提供了一种新视角。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (10972228,11002150,and 91016025)the Basic Research Equipment Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(YZ200930)
文摘Shot peening is a widely used surface treatment method by generating compressive residual stress near the surface of metallic materials to increase fatigue life and re- sistance to corrosion fatigue, cracking, etc. Compressive re- sidual stress and dent profile are important factors to eval- uate the effectiveness of shot peening process. In this pa- per, the influence of dimensionless parameters on maximum compressive residual stress and maximum depth of the dent were investigated. Firstly, dimensionless relations of pro- cessing parameters that affect the maximum compressive residual stress and the maximum depth of the dent were de- duced by dimensional analysis method. Secondly, the in- fluence of each dimensionless parameter on dimensionless variables was investigated by the finite element method. Fur- thermore, related empirical formulas were given for each di- mensionless parameter based on the simulation results. Fi- nally, comparison was made and good agreement was found between the simulation results and the empirical formula, which shows that a useful approach is provided in this pa- per for analyzing the influence of each individual parameter.
文摘Calculation by means of the previous indices of the seismic activity can have the matter element analysis possess the forecast function. Readjusting repeatedly the grade limit value of every index can maximize the historical fitting ratio of the calculated and actual grade of the annual maximum magnitude, whose result is relatively ideal.
文摘Fishponds waters intended to satisfy the nutritional needs of the populations in terms of supply of fish resources are strongly and unfortunately exposed to the mobility and dispersion of metallic trace elements (TMEs) or to the persistence in the environment and in the form of pesticide residues from human activities. The objective of this work is to evaluate, on the one hand, the levels of identified pesticide residues and, on the other hand, those of researched TMEs (lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic) in the waters of ponds used for fish farming in Zépréguhé, a locality located 9 km from the town of Daloa in the centre-west of Côte d’Ivoire. The dosage of the samples carried out by means of a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) made it possible to detect nine (9) pesticide molecules, including eight (8) organochlorines and a single molecule from the pyrethroid family, obtained from the detection limit of 0.006 μg/L and the quantification limit of 0.018 μg/L. The maximum average concentration was obtained with α-endosulfan for a content reaching 0.8038 μg/L and well above the maximum admissible concentration of 0.1 μg/L. The TMEs were quantified using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Arsenic is the most abundant metal with an average concentration of 9.497 μg/L. With the exception of lead, these measured levels are above the acceptable limit values for freshwater. This study showed that human activities such as the use of fertilisers and plant protection products in plantations, sand extraction and road traffic have a negative impact on the quality of the water in ponds used for fish breeding.
基金supported by the National "973" project on Population and Health (No. 2007CB5119001)the National Yang‐Zi Scholar Program, 211 and 985 projects of Peking University (No. 20020903)
文摘Objective Our objective is to build a model that explains the association between the exposure to trace elements in the soil and the risk of neural tube defects. Methods We built a function with different parameters to describe the effects of trace elements on neural tube defects. The association between neural tube defects and trace element levels was transformed into an optimization problem using the maximum likelihood method. Results Tin, lead, nickel, iron, copper, and aluminum had typical layered effects （dosage effects） on the prevalence of neural tube defects. Arsenic, selenium, zinc, strontium, and vanadium had no effect, and molybdenum had one threshold value that affected the prevalence of birth defects. Conclusion As an exploratory research work, our model can be used to determine the direction of the effect of the trace element content of cultivated soil on the risk of neural tube defects, which shows the clues by the dosage effect of their toxicological characteristics. Based on our findings, future biogeochemical research should focus on the direct effects of trace elements on human health.
文摘底鼓是深埋高应力软岩隧道常遇灾害,现有底鼓力学机制忽略了隧道开挖导致的围岩应力释放、应力转移和应力集中现象,仅对初始地应力状态进行了分析。因此,鉴于有限元-离散元耦合数值方法(finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM)在模拟岩体材料弹塑性连续变形和断裂失效非连续变形以及破碎块体接触方面的优越性,采用FDEM数值模拟方法研究了隧道底板渐进破裂碎胀大变形演化机制,并研究了地应力侧压系数、围岩体抗拉强度和底板位置对底鼓机制的影响。结果表明:(1)隧道底板底鼓力学机制为围岩的破裂碎胀性大变形,可简述为隧道开挖导致径向应力降低、切向应力升高,当升高的切向应力超过岩体强度时便产生共轭剪切破裂并伴随拉伸断裂,最大切向应力不断向深处完整围岩演化直至与岩体强度达到极限平衡状态,剪切裂隙也随之不断向深处扩展,深部块体推挤浅部块体向隧道空间移动并产生大量空隙,发生体积膨胀现象,造成底鼓灾害;(2)根据地应力侧压系数和围岩体抗拉强度的不同,可归纳出5类不同的底板破坏模式,但都可归结为由于最大切向集中应力造成的破裂碎胀性大变形。修正了原有底鼓力学机制未考虑应力释放、转移和集中等应力演化现象的不足,提出了一种新的基于渐进破裂碎胀性大变形的底鼓力学机制,为隧道底鼓机制的研究提供了一种新视角。
