Visual field mean deviation and relevant factors in 928 Chinese retinitis pigmentosa patients

AIM: To investigate the associations between demographic and clinical factors with the rate of visual field mean derivation(MD) decline in retinitis pigmentosa(RP) patients.METHODS: Correlations of MDs with the visual acuity and retinal pigmentation were analyzed in 928 RP patients. MD decreasing rate in 10 y and potential influences of gender, age, family history and retinal pigmentation on the rate were explored in 201 RP patients. RESULTS: In the 928 patients, average MD and visual acuity were-14.44±8.61 dB and 0.79±0.35 respectively and when MD was lower than-9.18 dB the visual acuity would be below 1.0(20/20). The average MD medium between eyes with or without retinal pigmentation was-14.82 dB. In 123 non-pigmented eyes, the average MD were lower than the medium but in 153 pigmented eyes it was higher than that. In the 201 patients, the average decreasing value of MD in 10 years’ period was-8.01±3.66 dB and the value were correlated to retinal pigmentation but not to gender, age or RP family history. CONCLUSION: The rate of MD decline in RP eyes is significantly related to retinal pigmentation. Our study demonstrates the quantitative rate of MD decline in RP patients and the value of MD could well reflect the severity of RP.

Mean Difference and Mean Deviation of Tukey Lambda Distribution

The purpose of this paper is to broaden the knowledge of mean difference and, in particular, of an important distribution model known as Tukey lambda, which is generally used to choose a model to fit data. We have obtained compact formulas, which are not yet reported in literature, of mean deviation and mean difference related to the said distribution model. These results made it possible to analyze the relationships among variability indexes, namely standard deviation, mean deviation and mean difference, regarding Tukey lambda model.

The Mean Deviation from the Median of the Dagum Distribution

The Dagum model is particularly suitable for the analysis of the distributions of economic quantities, such as income, assets and consumption. The purpose of this note is to derive the expression of the mean deviation from the median of the Dagum distribution to study the behavior of the scale and shape parameters in terms of absolute variability and in terms of relative variability.

MEAN SQUARE DEVIATION ANALYSIS OF INTERANNUAL SST VARIABILITY IN TROPICAL PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEAN

Using the SST data series in tropical ocean (20N ~ 20S, 50E ~ 80W) during 1951 ~ 1997 to calculate its monthly mean square deviation, the work obtains results showing that interannual SST variability of the Pacific is more significant than that of the Indian Ocean, especially near the central and eastern equatorial Pacific (165W～90W, 6N～6S), where it ranges from 2C to 4C. The interannual SST variability is obvious in November and December but small in March and April. The interannual variability of 搘arm pool?SST is not so obvious as that of the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, interannual SST variability of the Indian Ocean ranges from 1C to 2C or so, being smaller than that of the Pacific. In the Indian Ocean, interannual SST variability of the Southern Hemisphere is more obvious than that of the Northern Hemisphere. According to above characteristics of interannual SST variability, the key sectors are determined.

Spectrum Deviation Method of Identification of Foreshocks or Generalized Foreshocks and Its Applications

Based on previous research work,we present a spectrum deviation method to recognize a foreshock or generalized foreshock in this paper. The criterion to determine whether an event is a foreshock is a wide spectrum for an ordinary event,however,a moderate earthquake with foreshock or generalized foreshock has the characteristics of a narrow frequency band,and it deviates to the low frequency. It may be explained by metastable extension in the rupture source or related area of the main shock or regional fragmentation damage and crack nucleation process. The calculation results of two foreshocks,the M_S4. 7 event which occurred before the Yushu M_S7. 1 earthquake on April 14,2010 and the M_S5. 3 event which occurred before the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake on February 12,2014,show that the spectra of foreshocks shift,and they are quite different from the nonforeshock seismic spectrum of equivalent size. Therefore,this result can verify the validity of the spectrum deviation method.

Numerical method of slope failure probability based on Bishop model

Based on Bishop's model and by applying the first and second order mean deviations method, an approximative solution method for the first and second order partial derivatives of functional function was deduced according to numerical analysis theory. After complicated multi-independent variables implicit functional function was simplified to be a single independent variable implicit function and rule of calculating derivative for composite function was combined with principle of the mean deviations method, an approximative solution format of implicit functional function was established through Taylor expansion series and iterative solution approach of reliability degree index was given synchronously. An engineering example was analyzed by the method. The result shows its absolute error is only 0.78% as compared with accurate solution.

Analysis of glistenings in hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses on visual performance

AIM:To assess patients’ visual performance with glistenings in one piece soft hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses(IOLs)(Alcon)2y postoperatively.METHODS:This cross section trial included 120 eyes with one piece IOL at 2y postoperatively.Glistening was classified in 4 groups,ranging from 0(none)to 3(most evident)according to their severity in IOLs optics observed under a slit lamp.All eyes underwent a uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity evaluation(UCVA and BCVA,LogMAR scale),a complete clinical examination,a contrast sensitivity(CS)evaluation by F.A.C.T chart,and a visual field test by Humphrey Field AnalyzerⅡ(HFA).One-way ANOVA was used for quantitative data,while Pearsonχ2test was used for qualitative data to analyze the visual function of 4glistening groups.RESULTS:Totally 120 eyes were enrolled with 30 eyes in each glistening group.There was no statistical correlation between glistening grades and patients’age,IOLs power,postoperative UCVA and BCVA(P】0.05).Quantificationally,CS values among each group were not statistically different.However,qualitative analysis showed there were more eyes in grade 3 group than in grade 0 group having abnormally declined CS at high spatial frequency(10%vs 36.7%at 18 cpd,P=0.029;6.7%vs 26.7%at 12 cpd,P=0.013).Mean deviation(MD)of the visual field test was-2.14±2.31,-1.97±2.23,-3.02±3.17,-4.12±3.38 in group 0 to 3 respectively.There was a significant decrease in the most serious glistenings group(P=0.018).CONCLUSION:Glistenings may potentially have an impact on contrast sensitivity at high spatial frequency and MD in visual field test.

Study of long term structural and functional changes in medically controlled glaucoma

AIM: Prospectively analyze the long term structural and functional changes in patients of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG) receiving medical therapy(beta blockers and non beta blockers). In this study an attempt has been made to evaluate whether medical reduction of IOP prevents or delays the progression of glaucomatous visual field loss and/or optic nerve damage in patients with open angle glaucoma. · METHODS: Study conducted over a period of 27 months,at a tertiary eye care hospital including both eyes of 40 patients with POAG. Group 1(20 patients,40 eyes) received beta-blockers,and Group 2(20 patients,40 eyes) received non-beta-blockers. Each patient underwent intraocular pressure measurement,best corrected visual acuity,slit-lamp,fundus examination,gonioscopy,central corneal thickness,visual field assessment by Humphrey automated perimetry and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness by Stratus optical coherence tomography at baseline and at two subsequent visits. The average time interval between each visit was 10-11 months. The statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA). Post-hoc test,using tukey’ method were adopted. Probablity(P) value of 0.05 or less was considered to be statistically significant. ·RESULTS: A total of 80 eyes of 40 patients of POAG were enrolled,24 males,16 females,age group 50-80 years. In both beta and non beta blocker group,reduction(improvement) in mean IOP from initial levels to the levels achieved at the 2nd and 3rd visits was statistically significant. One way ANOVA(df=2),fisher f value =11.64,P =0.000,one way ANOVA(df =3),fisher f value =35.61,P =0.000. Both mean deviation(MD) and pattern standard deviation(PSD) in both beta and nonbeta blockers at different visits were not statistically significant. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness(RNFL)-only mean inferior retinal nerve fibre layer,the difference between the mean value in beta and non beta blocker groupwere statistically significant. [unpaired t test value(df =78) =2.27,P =0.03]. Side effects with beta blocker were conjunctival hyperemia(10%),burning(5%),and conjunctival hyperemia(5%) in non beta blockers. ·CONCLUSION: Non-beta-blockers are as effective as beta-blockers in bringing about a significant lowering of intraocular pressure to the normal range,and in preventing progressive damage to the visual fields and retinal nerve fibre layer. The absence of systemic side effects and superior IOP lowering efficacy has made non beta-blockers attractive for first line therapy for the treatment of glaucoma worldwide.

Beta-Exponentiated Ishita Distribution and Its Applications

This article develops a beta-exponentiated Ishita distribution that extends the exponentiated Ishita distribution. Expansions for the cumulative distribution and probability density functions are given. Various properties of the new distribution such as hazard function, moments, cumulants, skewness, kurtosis, mean deviations, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves, Rényi and Tsallis entropies, and stress-strength reliability are discussed. Moment generating function and characteristic function of the new model were derived. Distribution and the moment of order statistic have been derived. The method of maximum likelihood was used for estimation of parameters. The new model is quite flexible in analysing positively skewed data. Two real datasets are used to demonstrate the flexibility of the new distribution.

洗涤用蛋白酶PB92的分子动力学模拟

以蛋白酶PB92结构为基础,分别对无底物结合和有底物结合的蛋白酶PB92进行了分子动力学(MD)模拟来研究其动力学特性,研究得到了有、无底物结合的蛋白酶PB92的结构性质,并进行了比较,进而评估与底物结合后蛋白酶PB92在结构性特征以及稳定性上发生的一系列变化。实验结果表明,在动力学模拟过程中,有底物结合的蛋白酶PB92的构象比无底物结合的蛋白酶PB92的构象更加致密稳定,表现出符合“诱导契合”反应的模式。对未来更适用于洗涤用品工业的蛋白酶性能和结构的开发提供理论基础和指引。

Analysis and Simulation of Molecular Dynamics of Lysozyme in Water Cluster System

The influence of water on protein conformation was investigated by simulating the molecular dynamics of a model protein lysozyme in different water systems.The lysozyme-water system with TIP3P water model and lysozyme-water cluster system with six-ring water model were evaluated.In addition,the radial distribution function of solvent around lysozyme was calculated.It is found that the distribution of water molecules around lysozyme is similar to that of water clusters.The analyses of dihedral angles and disulfide bonds of lysozyme show that the conformation of lysozyme is severely damaged in the lysozyme-water cluster system compared with that in the lysozyme-water system.This difference can be attributed to the formation of larger number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between lysozyme and water cluster.It is in agreement with the analysis that water clusters can change the degree of denaturation in the process of heat denaturation of lysozyme.

Short Term Wind Power Prediction Using Wavelet Transform and ARIMA

A sustainable production of electricity is essential for low carbon green growth in South Korea. Although wind energy is unlimited in potential, both intermittency and volatility should be tackled for smart grid integration in future. To cope with this, many works have been done for wind speed and power forecasting. It is shown that statistical techniques are useful for short-term forecasting of wind power. This paper presents a statistical wind speed forecasting. The wavelet decomposition is employed as a de-noising technique. An illustration will be given by real-world dataset. According to the result, the MAD （mean absolute deviation） is improved as much as 10%.

Exponential Convergence in Probability for Empirical Means of Lévy Processes

Let （Xt）t≥0 be a Lévy process taking values in R^d with absolutely continuous marginal distributions. Given a real measurable function f on R^d in Kato＇s class, we show that the empirical mean 1/t ∫ f（Xs）ds converges to a constant z in probability with an exponential rate if and only if f has a uniform mean z. This result improves a classical result of Kahane et al. and generalizes a similar result of L. Wu from the Brownian Motion to general Lévy processes.

Calculation and Analysis of Sulfide Capacities for CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-MgO-TiO_2 Slags

The empirical models of sulfide capacity calculated by traditional optical basicity do not consider the charge compensation of alkaline metal ions to AP＋ in the molten slags, so that the deviations between the calculated values and measured ones of sulfide capacity are inevitable. The relation between sulfide capacity and the corrected optical basicity put forward by Mills considering the charge compensation was investigated. Combined with the relation be- tween sulfide capacity and temperatures, a novel and accurate calculation model of sulfide capacity was proposed, which was applied to calculate the sulfide capacities of CaO-Al2 O3-SiO2-MgO and CaO-Al2 03-SiO2-MgO-TiO2 sys-tems, where the sum of the CaO and MgO concentrations in the slags must be not lower than the Al2O3 concentra tion. It was also found that the calculated values were in a good agreement with the measured values, and the mean deviations were 2.57% and 2.65%, respectively.

Evaluation of regional water security using water poverty index

Water security is a widely concerned issue in the world nowadays.A new method,water poverty index(WPI),was applied to evaluate the regional water security.Twelve state farms in Heilongjiang Province,Northeastern China were selected to evaluate water security status based on the data of 2006 using WPI and mean deviation grading method.The method of WPI includes five key indices:resources(R),access(A),capacity(C),utilization(U)and environment(E).Each key index further consists of several sub-indices.According to the results of WPI,the grade of each farm was calculated by using the method of mean deviation grading.Thus,the radar images can be protracted of each farm.From the radar images,the conclusions can be drawn that the WPI values of Farm 853 and Hongqiling are under very safe status,while that of Farm Raohe is under safe status,those of Farms Youyi,597,852,291 and Jiangchuan are under moderate safe status,that of Farm Beixing is under low safe status and those of Farm Shuangyashan,Shuguang and Baoshan are under unsafe status.The results from this study can provide basic information for decision making on rational utilization of water resources and regulations for regional water safety guarantee system.

A novel gain design method to improve the consensus performance of output-feedback multi-agent systems

This paper considers the consensus problem of a group of homogeneous agents. These agents are governed by a general linear system and can only directly measure the output, instead of the state. In order to achieve the consensus goal, each agent estimates its state through a Luenberger observer, exchanges its estimated state with neighbors, and constructs the control input with the estimated states of its own and neighbors. Due to the existence of observation and process noises, only practical consensus, instead of asymptotical consensus, can be achieved in such multi-agent systems. The performance of the achieved practical consensus can be measured by the ultimate mean square deviation of the states of agents. That performance is closely related to the observation gains of the state observers and the control gains of agents. This paper proposes a method to optimize such performance with respect to the concerned observation and control gains. That method starts with a set of feasible observation and control gains and formulates a group of linear matrix inequalities （LMIs）. Solving these LMIs gives some intermediate matrix variables. By perturbing observation and control gains, and the intermediate matrix variables, the original LMIs yield another group of LMIs, which can be solved to provide a descent direction of observation and control gains. Moving along that descent direction, observation and control gains can be improved to yield better performance and work as the starting point of the next iteration. By iteratively repeating this procedure, we can hopefully improve the consensus performance of the concerned multi-agent system. Simulations are done to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Effect of time-odd fields on odd-even mass differences of semi-magic nuclei

The effect of time-odd fields of Skyrme interaction on neutron odd-even mass differences is studied in the framework of axially deformed Skyrme Hartree-Fock(DSHF)+BCS model. To this end, we take into account both the time-even and time-odd fields to calculate the one-neutron and two-neutron separation energies and pairing gaps of semi-magic Ca, Ni, and Sn isotopic chains. In the calculations, a surface-type pairing interaction(IS pairing) and an isospin dependent contact pairing interaction(IS+IV pairing)are adopted on top of Skyrme interactions SLy4, SLy6 and Sk M*, respectively. We find that the time-odd fields have in general small effects on pairing gaps, but achieve better agreement with experimental data using SLy4 and Sly6 interactions, respectively.It is also shown that the calculations with IS+IV pairing reproduce the one-neutron separation energies of Sn isotopes better than those with the IS pairing interaction when the contributions of the time-odd fields are included.

An analysis of nuclear charge radii based on the empirical formula

Several nuclear charge radii had been calculated based on the law of A1/3 and isospin dependence Z1/3 formula which had been used to describe the charge radii data. It is achieved that the isospin dependence Z1/3 formula is superior to the generally accepted A1/3 law through mean root square deviation analysis, that is, the Z1/3 formula is more effective to describe the charge radii data.