Drilling-based measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock and its field application

The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(RCZ) is built. The formula for an ultimate cutting force is established based on the limit equilibrium principle. The relationship between digital drilling parameters(DDP) and the c-φ parameter(DDP-cφ formula, where c refers to the cohesion and φ refers to the internal friction angle) is derived, and the response of drilling parameters and cutting ratio to the strength parameters is analyzed. The drillingbased measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock is constructed. The laboratory verification test is then completed, and the difference in results between the drilling test and the compression test is less than 6%. On this basis, in-situ rock drilling tests in a traffic tunnel and a coal mine roadway are carried out, and the strength parameters of the surrounding rock are effectively tested. The average difference ratio of the results is less than 11%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for obtaining the strength parameters based on digital drilling. This study provides methodological support for field testing of rock strength parameters.

An overview on observational instruments and measuring methods for dewfall

This paper systematically summarizes previous measuring methods and observational instruments for the magnitude of dewfall on land surface, analyzes the characteristics of common observational instruments for land surface dewfall, and describes several basic dewfall measurement methods. Moreover, the basic principles of these methods and instruments are interpreted, and their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability are analyzed. Recommendations for the further improvement of these observational instruments and the development of dewfall measuring methods are presented, and new technologies and scientific proposals for exploiting dewfall are elucidated.

Analysis and Application of the Synthetic Relative Measuring Method in On-Line Monitoring for Capacitive Equipment in Power Systems

On-line measurement for dielectric loss angle can effectively monitor the insulation condition of capacitive equipment in power systems. Synthetic relative measuring methods not only markedly overcome the shortcomings of traditional absolute measuring methods but also greatly improve the accuracy of dielectric loss angle measurement. However, synthetic relative measuring methods based on two or three pieces of capacitive equipment do not have the characteristic of generality. In this paper, a principle of synthetic relative measuring method is presented. The example of application for synthetic relative methods based on three and four pieces of capacitive equipment running in the same phase is taken to present the failure judgment matrices for N pieces of equipment. According to these matrices, the fault condition of N pieces of capacitive equipment can be watched, which is more general. Then some problems needing to be concerned along with two diagnostic methods used in diagnostic system are introduced. Finally, two programmable flow charts for the two methods are given and corresponding examples demonstrate their feasibility in practice.

Measuring methods for three kinds of polyhydroxyalkanoates from activated sludge by gas chromatography

Gas chromatography determination of polyhydroxyalkanoates has been common;however,the pretreatment steps are often complex,and gas chromatography operation conditions are not given in detail.In this study,gas chromatography is used for analyzing PHB,PHV and PH2MV,three majors of PHAs in activated sludge.The sample was centrifuged at a speed of 4000 r/min for the separation of floc and supernatant,freezen,and dried for 12 h in vacuum freezing drier;and then transferred to the fridge for freezing to ice and drying for 12 h in vacuum freezing drier;then chloroform and a simple composition digestion solution including methanol,sulfuric acid and benzoic acid was added;digested at 105 ℃ for 6 h;cooled to room temperature,the lower solution of the result can be used for analyzing.Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with FID detector and auto sampler;the standard curve of standard material shows an excellent linear relationship with correlation coefficients larger than 0.99;the relative standard deviation (RSD) of sludge samples is less than 1%.The recovery rates of each sample are between 95%-105%.The GC analysis time of each PHA sample is shorter than 10 minutes.

Single-borehole measuring method for broken rock zone in gently inclined thin layer weakness structure

According to the structural characteristics of gently inclined thin layer rock mass in which lots of weak interlayer existed,the concept of gently inclined thin layer weakness structure was proposed.If single-borehole measuring method of the acoustic along the conventional arrangement mode was used in measuring the broken rock zone in this structure,the change of the relationship curves (Vp-L) between acoustic p-wave velocity (Vp) and borehole depth (L) would present the irregular feature due to the mechanical characteristics of layered rock mass and harmful effects of weak interlayers,and the scope of broken rock zone couldn't be defined quickly.Based on the analysis of the me- chanical characteristics of layered rock mass,the propagation rule of acoustic and distri- butions characteristics of plastic zone and slip zone in layered rock mass,new arrange- ment mode of acoustic measuring boreholes for broken rock zone in gently inclined thin layer weakness structure was proposed.Namely,the measuring boreholes in two sides were parallel to the strata,the measuring boreholes in the roof and floor perpendicular to the strata.Besides the controlling depth of the measuring boreholes in the scope of the large plastic zones or the large slip zones should be increased.Engineering example showed that new acoustic measuring boreholes arrangement mode had the better appli- cability and could determine the scope of the broken rock zone in the gently inclined thin layer weakness structure quickly.

Measuring method for micro-diameter based on structured-light vision technology

Based on structured-light vision measurement technology, we study a measuring method for microdiameter. The measurement principle and mathematical model are described. A novel grayscale barycenter extraction algorithm along the radial direction is proposed, which can precisely gather the image coor- dinates of the ellipse-shaped light-stripe centers. The accuracy of the measurement result shows marked improvement by using the algorithm. The method executes circle fitting to the measured three-dimensional （3D） data using linear least square method, which can acquire the diameter, surface profile, and other information of the object effectively. On the scene, a line-structured light vision system using the presented method is applied to measure the curvature radius of metal blades. Experimental results show that the measurement precision of the system is higher than 2 μm.

Self-heating Probe Instrument and Method for Measuring High Temperature Melting Volume Change Rate of Material

The castings defects are affected by the melting volume change rate of material. The change rate has an important effect on running safety of the high temperature thermal storage chamber, too. But the characteristics of existing measuring installations are complex structure, troublesome operation and low precision. In order to measure the melting volume change rate of material accurately and conveniently, a self-designed measuring instrument, self-heating probe instrument, and measuring method are described. Temperature in heating cavity is controlled by PID temperature controller; melting volume change rate υ and molten density are calculated based on the melt volume which is measured by the instrument. Positive and negative υ represent expansion and shrinkage of the sample volume after melting, respectively. Taking eutectic LiF＋CaF2 for example, its melting volume change rate and melting density at 1 123 K are -20.6% and 2 651 kg/m–3 measured by this instrument, which is only 0.71% smaller than literature value. Density and melting volume change rate of industry pure aluminum at 973 K and analysis pure NaCl at 1 123 K are detected by the instrument too. The measure results are agreed with report values. Measuring error sources are analyzed and several improving measures are proposed. In theory, the measuring errors of the change rate and molten density which are measured by the self-designed instrument is nearly 1/20-1/50 of that measured by the refitted mandril thermal expansion instrument. The self-designed instrument and method have the advantages of simple structure, being easy to operate, extensive applicability for material, relatively high accuracy, and most importantly, temperature and sample vapor pressure have little effect on the measurement accuracy. The presented instrument and method solve the problems of complicated structure and procedures, and large measuring errors for the samples with high vapor pressure by existing installations.

A novel measuring method of clamping force for electrostatic chuck in semiconductor devices

Electrostatic chucks are one of the core components of semiconductor devices. As a key index of electrostatic chucks, the clamping force must be controlled within a reasonable range. Therefore, it is essential to accurately measure the clamping force. To reduce the negative factors influencing measurement precision and repeatability, this article presents a novel method to measure the clamping force and we elaborate both the principle and the key procedure. A micro-force probe component is introduced to monitor, adjust, and eliminate the gap between the wafer and the electrostatic chuck. The contact force between the ruby probe and the wafer is selected as an important parameter to characterize de-chucking, and we have found that the moment of de-chucking can be exactly judged. Moreover, this article derives the formula calibrating equivalent action area of backside gas pressure under real working conditions, which can effectively connect the backside gas pressure at the moment of de-chucking and the clamping force. The experiments were then performed on a self-designed measuring platform.The de-chucking mechanism is discussed in light of our analysis of the experimental data. Determination criteria for de-chucking point are summed up. It is found that the relationship between de-chucking pressure and applied voltage conforms well to quadratic equation. Meanwhile, the result reveals that actual de-chucking behavior is much more complicated than the description given in the classical empirical formula.

A lattice measuring method based on integral imaging technology

Aiming at the problem that the lattice feature exceeds the view field of the scanning electron microscope(SEM)measuring system,a new lattice measuring method is proposed based on integral imaging technology.When the system works,the SEM measuring system is equivalent to an integral image acquisition system.Firstly,a lattice measuring method is researched based on integral imaging theory.Secondly,the system parameters are calibrated by the VLSI lattice standard.Finally,the value of the lattice standard to be tested is determined based on the calibration parameters and the lattice measuring algorithm.The experimental results show that,compared with the traditional electron microscope measurement method,the relative error of the measured value of the algorithm is maintained within 0.2%,with the same level of measurement accuracy,but it expands the field of view of the electron microscope measurement system,which is suitable for the measurement of samples under high magnification.

A New Method for Measuring the Wall Charge Waveforms of AC PDP

A new method is developed to measure the wall charge waveforms in coplanar alternating current plasma display panel (AC PDP). In the method, two groups of display electrodes are selected from a coplanar AC PDP and two capacitors are respectively connected with these two groups of display electrodes in series, and a measuring circuit and a reference circuit are thus constructed. With the help of special processing, discharge takes place in the cells included in the measuring circuit under a normal drive voltage but no discharge takes place in the cells included in the reference circuit under a normal drive voltage. The wall charge waveforms are obtained from the voltage difference between the two capacitors. Using the method, the wall charge waveforms are measured during resetting period, addressing period and sustaining period for the 304.8mm (12-inch) test PDP panel. The result shows that the wall voltage is about 96V during the sustaining period.

Measuring Method for Shunt Resistance of Solar Cell

Shunt resistance of solar cell must be monitored for large area solar cell manufactured with conventional process.A measuring method for the shunt resistance is derived from direct-current model.The shunt resistance of solar cell is obtained only by treating a part of I-V data.

Thickness Method for Measuring Hair Density of Rex Rabbit

[Objective] The paper was to characterize hair density by changes in hair thickness under certain pressure.[Method] Tile effects of weight of thickness tester and wafer urea at the hottom of presser foot on measurement results were studied, and the optimal measuring weight and wafer diameter was determined. The measurement results of hair thickness under the ahove condition were compared with the results of manual counting. Meanwhile, the effects of hair length and hair fineness on hair density were analyzed.[Result] The hair density obtained by manual count- ing had consistent change trend with the hair thickness measured under certain conditions. If the length and fineness of hairs were introduced for modification, the correlation between hair thickness and hair density would be better. There were little changes in hair length and finelless of rex rabbit, and their effects on hair thickness could be ignored under general condition. [Conclusion] It is completely feasible to characterize hair den- sity of rex rabbit by hair thickness under pressure.

Re-measuring International Short-term Capital Flow into China with Varying Methods

This paper.fi＇rst conducts a systematic review of domestic and foreign scholars＇ approaches to predicting short-term capital flows, then employs a combination of both direct and indirect methods to carry out its analysis. Three kinds of indicators, both specific and general, are applied in both methods. Thorough consideration is given to short-term international capital inflow from trade, other current account items, capital account, and errors and omissions, as well as other channels through which short term capital might accrue to a nation＇s balance. Based on a comprehensive comparison of year-on-year data, this paper also estimates monthly data using a simplified, indirect calculation approach. Estimates show that, despite a degree of difference in results between methods, most estimates are highly consistent for a given period. Based on monthly estimates, we conclude that turbulence in international financial markets （i.e., the United States subprime mortgage crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis） has had a major impact on China ＇s short-term capital flow.

A New Method for Measurement of Local Solid Flux in Gas-Solid Two-phase Flow

Previous works have shown that the suction probe cannot be used to accurately measure the upward and downward particle fluxes independently. A new method using a single optical probe to measure the local solid flux is presented. The measurement of upward, downward and net solid fluxes was carried out in a cold model circulating fluidized bed (CFB) unit. The result shows that the profile of the net solid flux is in good agreement with the previous experimental data measured with a suction probe. The comparison between the average solid flux determined with the optical measuring system and the external solid flux was made, and the maximum deviationturned out to be 22%, with the average error being about 6.9%. These confirm that the optical fiber system can be successfully used to measure the upward, downward and net solid fluxes simultaneously by correctly processing the sampling signals obtained from the optical measuring system.

Magnetic field regression using artificial neural networks for cold atom experiments

Accurately measuring magnetic fields is essential for magnetic-field sensitive experiments in areas like atomic,molecular,and optical physics,condensed matter experiments,and other areas.However,since many experiments are often conducted in an isolated environment that is inaccessible to experimentalists,it can be challenging to accurately determine the magnetic field at the target location.Here,we propose an efficient method for detecting magnetic fields with the assistance of an artificial neural network(NN).Instead of measuring the magnetic field directly at the desired location,we detect fields at several surrounding positions,and a trained NN can accurately predict the magnetic field at the target location.After training,we achieve a below 0.3%relative prediction error of magnetic field magnitude at the center of the vacuum chamber,and successfully apply this method to our erbium quantum gas apparatus for accurate calibration of magnetic field and long-term monitoring of environmental stray magnetic field.The demonstrated approach significantly simplifies the process of determining magnetic fields in isolated environments and can be applied to various research fields across a wide range of magnetic field magnitudes.

Method with reliable accuracy and fast speed for measuring operational current of HTS NI closed-loop coils in steady persistent-current-mode

This study proposes a method for measuring the operational current of high temperature superconducting(HTS)non‐insulation(NI)closed‐loop coils,which operate in the steady persistent‐current‐mode(PCM).HTS NI closed‐loop coils are promising for many easily‐quenching direct‐current(DC)applications,where their performance is determined by magnetomotive forces,total number of turns,and dimensions.As the primary interface parameter in an application system,the operational current must be accurately and rapidly measured.Generally,this is achieved by dividing the measured magnetic field by the coil constant.However,even if the influence of the screening current induced field(SCIF)is not considered,existing methods for the coil constant may be disturbed by the performance and location of Hall sensors,or experience a long measuring period.Therefore,a relatively accurate and fast method is proposed in this study,which is based on adjusting the output current of the adjustable power supply and monitoring the coil voltage as an indicator.The proposed method was validated through experiments and simulations using an equivalent circuit model coupled with a finite element method(FEM)model,and its current accuracy can be equivalent to the resolution of the employed power supply.It was demonstrated that this method reduced the requirements for Hall sensor’s performance and location,and has a more reliable accuracy in contrast to the simulation method.Compared to the experimentally conventional method,the proposed method presents a significantly faster speed.The impact of the SCIF was considered and proven to be negligible for the tested pancake coils.Even for coils whose coil constant vibrates owing to the SCIF,this method can be adapted to directly measure various operational currents.Furthermore,it was demonstrated that the measurement error can be influenced by the current discrepancy among turns when the coil is not in the steady PCM,and a procedure for reducing this error was proposed.

Study on Measurement Methods of Multi-Directional Waves—Wave Gauge Array Method

Measuring multi-directional waves with the wave gauge array is one of the fundamental and easily realised methods. In this paper, the wave gauge array is described and the effects of the gauge spacing, the array orientations, etc. of the three array arrangements, i. e., linear array, T-type array and pentagon array, on the resolution of the directional spreading of waves, are investigated experimentally. This study can be used as a reference in the experimental study and the field measurement of directional waves.

A review of welding residual stress test methods

Due to local uneven heating during the welding process,the residual stress of the structure after welding affects the reliability of it.In order to ensure the reliability,it is of great significance to test the residual stress distribution of the welded joint.It has always been the focus to find a simple and feasible method for residual stress testing to quickly and accurately obtain the residual stress distribution of welded joints.The mechanical measurement method has high measurement accuracy,convenient and easy operation,but it will cause certain damage to the components.Physical measurement method can avoid damage to components,but its test cost is usually high,and its measurement accuracy can also be affected by the material microstructure characteristics of welded components.Based on the advantages and disadvantages of these two residual stress test methods,a modal test method is proposed.This method is a non-destructive measurement method.Based on the mathematical relationship between the residual stress of the welded structure and the natural frequency(mathematical model),the natural frequency is measured through the modal test to calculate the residual stress quickly.However,it is difficult to establish a mathematical model with this method,and it is not suitable for realization.

Measurement methods and analysis tools for rail irregularities:a case study for urban tram track

Rail irregularities, in particular for urban rail- way infrastructures, are one of the main causes for the generation of noise and vibrations. In addition, repetitive loading may also lead to decay of the structural elements of the rolling stock. This further causes an increase in main- tenance costs and reduction of service life. Monitoring these defects on a periodic basis enables the network rail managers to apply proactive measures to limit further damage. This paper discusses the measurement methods for rail corrugation with particular regard to the analysis tools for evaluating the thresholds of acceptability in re- lation to the tramway Italian transport system. Further- more, a method of analysis has been proposed： an application of the methodology used for treating road profiles has been also utilized for the data processing of rail profilometric data.