Experimental and numerical study of hypervelocity impact damage on composite overwrapped pressure vessels

Ground-based tests are important for studying hypervelocity impact(HVI)damage to spacecraft pressure vessels in the orbital debris environment.We analyzed the damage to composite overwrapped pressure vessels(COPVs)in the HVI tests and classified the damage into non-catastrophic damage and catastrophic damage.We proposed a numerical simulation method to further study non-catastrophic damage and revealed the characteristics and mechanisms of non-catastrophic damage affected by impact conditions and internal pressures.The fragments of the catastrophically damaged COPVs were collected after the tests.The crack distribution and propagation process of the catastrophic ruptures of the COPVs were analyzed.Our findings contribute to understanding the damage characteristics and mechanisms of COPVs by HVIs.

Finite Element Analysis of Graphite/Epoxy Composite Pressure Vessel

Shell structure is widely used in industrial applications, such as in machinery, aerospace, ship and building fields, as well as containers of pressurized chemicals or liquefied natural gas. Graphite/epoxy composites has advantages of light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, low expansion, low shrin kage and are often used in the form of composite pressure vessel for various engineering applications. In this study, the stress distributions of composite pressure vessel were analyzed. The finite element code ANSYS was used in analysis, in which the eight-node element SHELL 281 was adopted. The internal pressure 20 MPa, as in container of compressed natural gas, was applied inside the symmetrical cross-ply graphite/epoxy composite pressure vessel. The finite element model was established with suitable mesh size and boundary conditions. The stress distributions are discussed for the composite pressure vessel, especially for the inner two layers at the junction of semis pherical part. The Tsai-Hill criterion was used to assess the failure of composite pressure vessel.

Mechanical analysis and reasonable design for Ti-Al alloy liner wound with carbon fiber resin composite high pressure vessel

To consider the internal pressure loaded by both the cylindrical Ti-Al alloy liner and the carbon fiber resin composite (CFRC) wound layers, two models are built. The first one is a cylinder loaded with the internal pressure in the hoop direction only. In this model, the total hoop direction load is distributed over all layers under the internal pressure. The second one is a cylinder loaded with the internal pressure in the axial direction only. In this model, the total axial load is distributed over all cylinders under the internal pressure. Taking the boundary conditions of the continuous displacement between layers into account, a group of equations are built. From these equations, we get the solutions of stresses in both hoop direction and axial direction loaded by every layer under internal pressures. After the stresses are obtained, a reasonable design can be done. An example is given in the final section of this study.

Exploration on the Optimization Strategy for the Layup of Composite Material Pressure Vessels Based on Advanced Algorithms

This study aims to explore the influence of the laying angle on the pressure shell structure made of composite materials under the condition of a fixed shape. By using a composite material composed of a mixture of T800 carbon fiber and AG80 epoxy resin to design pressure vessels, this material combination can significantly improve the interlaminar shear strength and heat resistance. The article elaborates on the basic concepts and failure criteria of composite materials, such as the maximum stress criterion, the maximum strain criterion, the Tsai-Hill criterion, etc. With the help of the APDL parametric modeling language, the arc-shaped, parabolic, elliptical, and fitting curve-shaped pressure vessel models are accurately constructed, and the material property settings and mesh division are completed. Subsequently, APDL is used for static analysis, and the genetic algorithm toolbox built into Matlab is combined to carry out optimization calculations to determine the optimal laying angle. The research results show that the equivalent stress corresponding to the optimal laying angle of the arc-shaped pressure vessel is 5.3685e+08 Pa, the elliptical one is 5.1969e+08 Pa, the parabolic one is 5.8692e+08 Pa, and the fitting curve-shaped one is 5.36862e+08 Pa. Among them, the stress distribution of the fitting curve-shaped pressure vessel is relatively more uniform, with a deformation of 0.568E−03 m, a minimum equivalent stress value of 0.261E+09 Pa, a maximum equivalent stress value of 0.537E+09 Pa, and a ratio of 0.48, which conforms to the equivalent stress criterion. In addition, the fitting curve of this model can adapt to various models and has higher practical value. However, the stress distribution of the elliptical and parabolic pressure vessels is uneven, and their applicability is poor. In the future, further exploration can be conducted on the application of the fitting curve model in composite materials to optimize the design of pressure vessels. This study provides important theoretical support and practical guidance for the design of composite material pressure vessels.

Geomechanical model test for analysis of surrounding rock behaviours in composite strata

Due to the large differences in physico-mechanical pro perties of composite strata,jamming,head sinking and other serious consequences occur frequently during tunnel boring machine(TBM)excavation.To analyse the stability of surrounding rocks in composite strata under the disturbance of TBM excavation,a geomechanical model test was carried out based on the Lanzhou water supply project.The evolution patterns and distribution characteristics of the strain,stress,and tunnel deformation and fracturing were analysed.The results showed that during TBM excavation in the horizontal composite formations(with upper soft and lower hard layers and with upper hard and lower soft layers),a significant difference in response to the surrounding rocks can be observed.As the strength ratio of the surrounding rocks decreases,the ratio of the maximum strain of the hard rock mass to that of the relatively soft rock mass gradually decreases.The radial stress of the relatively soft rock mass is smaller than that of the hard rock mass in both types of composite strata,indicating that the weak rock mass in the composite formation results in the difference in the mechanical behaviours of the surrounding rocks.The displacement field of the surrounding rocks obtained by the digital speckle correlation method(DSCM)and the macro-fracture morphology after tunnel excavation visually reflected the deformation difference of the composite rock mass.Finally,some suggestions and measures were provided for TBM excavation in composite strata,such as advance geological forecasting and effective monitoring of weak rock masses.

Theoretical study of failure in composite pressure vessels subjected to low-velocity impact and internal pressure

A theoretical solution is aimed to be developed in this research for predicting the failure in internally pressurized composite pressure vessels exposed to low-velocity impact.Both in-plane and out-of-plane failure modes are taken into account simultaneously and thus all components of the stress and strain fields are derived.For this purpose,layer-wise theory is employed in a composite cylinder under internal pressure and low-velocity impact.Obtained stress/strain components are fed into appropriate failure criteria for investigating the occurrence of failure.In case of experiencing any in-plane failure mode,the evolution of damage is modeled using progressive damage modeling in the context of continuum damage mechanics.Namely,mechanical properties of failed ply are degraded and stress analysis is performed on the updated status of the model.In the event of delamination occurrence,the solution is terminated.The obtained results are validated with available experimental observations in open literature.It is observed that the sequence of in-plane failure and delamination varies by increasing the impact energy.

Micro Model of Carbon Fiber/Cyanate Ester Composites and Analysis of Machining Damage Mechanism

Machining damage occurs on the surface of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites during processing. In the current simulation model of CFRP, the initial defects on the carbon fiber and the periodic random distribution of the reinforcement phase in the matrix are not considered in detail, which makes the characteristics of the cutting model significantly different from the actual processing conditions. In this paper, a novel three-phase model of carbon fiber/cyanate ester composites is proposed to simulate the machining damage of the composites. The periodic random distribution of the carbon fiber reinforced phase in the matrix was realized using a double perturbation algorithm. To achieve the stochastic distribution of the strength of a single carbon fiber, a novel method that combines the Weibull intensity distribution theory with the Monte Carlo method is presented. The mechanical properties of the cyanate matrix were characterized by fitting the stress-strain curves, and the cohesive zone model was employed to simulate the interface. Based on the model, the machining damage mechanism of the composites was revealed using finite element simulations and by conducting a theoretical analysis. Furthermore, the milling surfaces of the composites were observed using a scanning electron microscope, to verify the accuracy of the simulation results. In this study, the simulations and theoretical analysis of the carbon fiber/cyanate ester composite processing were carried out based on a novel three-phase model, which revealed the material failure and machining damage mechanism more accurately.

An integrated preforming-performance model for high-fidelity performance analysis of cured woven composite part with non-orthogonal yarn angles

Preforming process would change yarn angle and yarn orientation,its influence on the material properties and material orientations needs to be considered in the performance analysis.However,most current performance models fail to account for the preforming effect.An integrated performance model accounting for the impact of preforming has been developed.In this integrated model,part geometry,yarn angle and orientation after preforming of multiple prepreg layers are predicted by Finite Element Analysis(FEA)using a non-orthogonal constitutive law.Experiments were conducted to validate the preforming simulation for a single dome composites structure made by two prepreg layers with different initial fiber orientations.Performance analysis until failure was then conducted for the single dome structure to validate the integrated performance model.Comparison between simulation and experiment shows that not only the failure mode and failure zone,but also the force-displacement curve during compression process are captured correctly by the performance model,demonstrating the effectiveness of the newly proposed model in accounting for the impact of preforming process.

Nonlinear Out-of-Plane Mechanical Behaviours of Rectangular Woven Composite Flexible Skin Under Uniform Normal Pressure

This paper seeks to investigate nonlinear out-of-plane mechanical behaviours of woven composite flexible skin(WCFS)through experimental and theoretical methods.Firstly,quasi-static experiments are carried out on rectangular WCFSs with different aspect ratios under uniform normal pressure to measure out-of-plane deformation and failure loads.Afterwards,a new three-parameter geometric model is presented to describe 3D geometry of pressurized WCFS,and thus,a nonlinear mechanical model is deduced for depicting the relationship between pressure and out-of-plane displacement.The application of the aforementioned models for experimental results shows that the new models have adequately and logically depicted deformation geometry and nonlinear mechanical characteristics.

考虑张力制度影响的碳纤维缠绕容器爆破性能预测与仿真插件开发

针对缠绕张力对碳纤维缠绕容器承载性能影响规律尚不明确的问题,基于ABAQUSTM软件开发了一套用户友好、自主选择性好且高效的插件工具,能够自动化完成模型建立和相关设置工作,实现了考虑多种缠绕工艺参数的容器结构精细化建模。基于该插件工具,对碳纤维缠绕容器在不同缠绕张力制度下的爆破性能进行了参数化分析,通过爆破试验验证了数值模型的有效性。对于直径为Ф155 mm和Ф474 mm的容器,90 N-80 N-60 N和200 N-180 N-160 N逐层减小的缠绕张力制度将提高容器的爆破性能;对于20 N和30 N递减张力制度,直径Ф474 mm容器的爆破压强随着内层张力的减小逐渐降低,当张力递减幅度增加时,容器的爆破压强趋于稳定,其下降幅度由16.79%减小到3.05%。此外,容器封头段与筒身段过渡区域的应变水平最高,为碳纤维缠绕容器的薄弱位置。

基于细观力学的石墨烯复合材料导热性能分析

基于细观力学理论,运用代表性体积元方法研究石墨烯填充聚乳酸复合材料导热性能。根据显微照片分析复合材料细观结构特征并构建细观结构模型,利用有限元方法求解复合材料等效导热系数,并通过与实验结果对比验证模型正确性和有效性。通过参数化分析研究各细观结构参数对复合材料导热性能的影响规律,所建模型及相应参数化分析结果,对石墨烯填充复合材料的导热性能预测及改进优化具有较强的指导意义。

随机复合材料结构非线性热-力耦合模拟的统计高阶多尺度方法

对于具有复杂随机细观构造的复合材料结构的非线性热-力耦合问题的随机多尺度建模和计算仍是一个具有挑战性的问题。本文发展了一个新的统计高阶多尺度方法,克服了随机多尺度问题直接模拟时巨大的计算量,实现了具有随机复合材料结构非线性热-力耦合问题的数值模拟。借助统计多尺度渐近分析和泰勒级数方法,本文严格推导了可以精确分析随机复合材料结构宏-细观尺度非线性热-力耦合响应的统计高阶多尺度计算模型。然后,通过局部误差分析证明了统计高阶多尺度计算模型中高阶校正项在保持计算模型局部能量和动量守恒的重要意义。进一步,建立了可以高效模拟随机复合材料结构非线性热-力耦合行为的具有离线和在线两阶段的时空多尺度算法。最后,通过数值实验验证了统计高阶多尺度方法的计算高效率和高精度。

On Continent-Continent Point-Collision and Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism

Up to now it is known that almost all ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism of non-impact origin occurred in continent-continent collisional orogenic belt, as has been evidenced by many outcrops in the eastern hemisphere. UHP metamorphic rocks are represented by coesite- and diamond-bearing eclogites and eclogite facies metamorphic rocks formed at 650-800℃ and 2.6-3.5 GPa, and most of the protoliths of UHP rocks are volcanic-sedimentary sequences of continental crust. From these it may be deduced that deep subduction of continental crust may have occurred. However, UHP rocks are exposed on the surface or occur near the surface now, which implies that they have been exhumed from great depths. The mechanism of deep subduction of continental crust and subsequent exhumation has been a hot topic of the research on continental dynamics, but there are divergent views. The focus of the dispute is how deep continental crust is subducted so that UHP rocks can be formed and what mechanism causes it to be subducted to great depths and again exhumed to the shallow surface. Through an analysis of the continental process and mechanical boundary conditions of the Dabie collisional belt-an UHP metamorphic belt where the largest area of UHP rocks in the world is exposed, this paper discusses the variations of viscous stresses and average pressure in the viscous fluid caused by tectonism with rock physical properties and the contribution of the tectonic stresses to production of UHP. Calculation indicates that the anomalous stress state on the irregular boundary of a continental block may give rise to stress concentration and accumulation at local places (where the compressional stress may be 5-9 times higher than those in their surroundings). The tectonic stresses may account for 20-35% of the total UHP. So we may infer that the HP (nigh-pressure)-UHP rocks in the Dabie Mountains were formed at depths of 60-80 km. Thus the authors propose a new genetic model of UHP rocks-the point-collision model. This model conforms to the basic principles of the mechanics and also to the geologic records and process in the Dabie orogenic belt. It can explain why UHP rocks do nol exist along the entire length of the collisional orogen but occur in some particular positions. The authors also propose that the eastern and western corners of the Himalaya collision zone are typical point-collision areas and that almost all UHP metamorphism of continental crustal rocks occurred in the two particular positions.

机械顶管下穿河流时土体变形特征研究

以成都锦江再生水干管穿越河流顶管施工为研究背景,利用FLAC 3D软件模拟掘进,开展顶管施工数值分析。通过施工模型及其建模过程,研究顶管顶进时周边土体变形影响。结果表明,顶进过程中土体沉降沿掘进方向呈周期性变化,土体沉降量最大值发生在管道间接口处;不同泥水仓压力和注浆压力工况下,河道及两侧河岸地表沉降量以管道中线呈对称分布,管道上方地表沉降量最大,随着监测点向管道中线移动,地表沉降变化速率明显增大,且在中线附近变化速率显著减小。随着泥水仓压力的增大,土层变形量显著减小,而注浆压力的增大,土层变形量变化幅度较小。

纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器的多尺度分析与性能预测

纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器由纤维、基体和界面组成,其宏观性能会随着组成材料微观性能的变化而变化,为了更加科学准确地对复合材料压力容器性能进行预测,有必要建立多尺度性能预测与分析方法,将ANSYS微观分析与ABAQUS宏观分析相结合,以此指导设计,提高其性能。此外,通过微观脱黏试验、树脂和碳纤维的拉伸试验获得复合材料微观力学参数,通过材料体系XSYT55G成形的缠绕层压板样品进行拉伸和剪切强度试验获得复合材料的宏观力学参数。采用提取的代表体积元素(RVE)进行微观失效分析,并引入渐进均匀化理论,实现微观到宏观的分析过度,同时将该分析方法应用到纤维缠绕复合材料的压力容器算例分析中。分析结果表明:RVE模型进行拉伸失效分析,Weibull模量(m)值越小,失效单元数越多,模型承载力越低;对不同纤维强度Weibull分布进行分析,m值越大,宏观模型模量峰值越晚出现,变化越剧烈;纤维强度离散性m值对爆破压力和失效过程有重要影响,随着m值增大,压力容器失效越晚,载荷变化越剧烈,爆破压力也随之增大。

水下储气装置的水动力学特性分析

在复杂的海洋环境中,由于受到海流的影响,水下储气装置会发生疲劳破坏。针对这一问题,采用模型实验与数值模拟相结合的方法对水下储气装置的水动力学特性进行了研究。首先,选取气球状储气装置作为研究对象,依据相似原理设计了储气装置的缩尺模型,并对其进行了水动力学实验;然后,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对储气装置进行了数值模拟,分析了其流场结构及受力特性;最后,通过对比数值模拟结果与实验结果,对数值模拟结果的可靠性进行了验证。研究结果表明:气球状储气装置的涡结构复杂、旋涡尺度丰富,并且装置后方存在明显的卡门涡街,0.4 m/s流速下平均阻力系数和升力系数分别稳定在0.09和0.04。该结果描述了气球状水下储气装置在复杂海洋环境中的水动力学特性,可以为储气装置的优化设计提供一定的理论依据。

空间站高温材料科学实验系统真空室设计与分析

中国空间站高温材料科学实验系统能够在轨进行多种材料的微重力高温加热实验,其关键组件真空室是可实现密封的压力容器,为实验插件提供机械、真空、氮气、废气排放、供电、控制、冷却等接口,支持实验插件完成相关功能。本文依据承压范围、漏率等设计技术指标进行真空室的结构设计和力学分析。真空室采用分段式结构,由方形真空室、密封门、圆形真空室、安装支架等组件依次连接组成,连接结构处使用密封圈。通过真空室的承压分析、模态分析、随机响应分析和力学试验,校核了真空室的强度、刚度及随机振动响应特性,验证了真空室设计的安全性和可靠性,其能够满足发射及在轨工作要求。

C/SiC编织型复合材料热/力学性能的多尺度预测

C/SiC复合材料以其优异的力学和热学性能,在航空航天、国防和化学工业等领域都得到了广泛的应用.精准获得C/SiC复合材料的热/力学性能,对该类材料在相关领域的高效应用至关重要.基于代表性体积单元(RVE)和周期性边界条件,考虑纤维束的体积分数、交织方式、编织维度等非均匀、多尺度特征,建立了C/SiC复合材料的微/细观单胞模型.使用有限元软件ABAQUS在微观尺度预测了纤维束的热/力学性能,将纤维束性能引入细观模型中,分析获得了该复合材料的宏观热/力学性能.基于此多尺度关联分析方法,在27~1227℃的工作温度范围内,进一步研究了纤维束和C/SiC复合材料的热导率和热膨胀系数随温度的变化规律.该研究对C/SiC复合材料在工程上的应用具有一定的指导意义.

火成岩影响的砂岩油藏井底压力动态分析

由于火成岩的侵入,常规砂岩地层不仅在宏观上被火成岩改造和分割,而且砂岩的微观孔隙结构也因复杂的物理化学作用而发生改变.储层强烈的平面和纵向非均质性给试井解释带来了困难.基于渗流力学理论和数学物理方法,针对砂岩储层的非均质性特征,建立了任意多层与多区复合的试井模型,并对影响井底压力动态的主要因素进行了分析.结果表明:高渗透层的复合特征与边界条件主要反映在系统流动阶段初期,低渗透层的复合特征与边界条件主要反映在系统流动阶段晚期,当储层边界为封闭或定压时,压力导数曲线将发生相应的上翘或下掉.实例分析证明了模型的可靠性与实用性,研究成果为同类油藏的试井解释提供了理论支持.

核电厂反应堆压力容器材料辐照脆化研究进展综述

反应堆压力容器是核电机组运行中操作条件最为苛刻的部件,长期承受高温、高压、快中子的高强度辐照,会出现辐照脆化现象。该文针对核电机组RPV辐照脆化问题,阐述了RPV钢材料的发展路径与工艺特点,总结了国产RPV用钢的研究历程与应用情况。基于对辐照脆化微观机理的分析,探讨了材料化学成分、微观组织特性、晶粒尺寸、辐照温度、中子注量、中子注量率以及中子能谱等因素对韧脆转变温度的影响,进一步明确了辐照脆化评价的方法及局限性,讨论了参数化预测与结构化预测模型的优缺点。结构化预测模型能够很好地解释材料脆化特征与脆化机理之间的关系,对本质上理解辐照脆化效应并改进RPV材料的设计制造具有重要意义。