Analysis of mesoscopic mechanical dynamic characteristics of ballast bed with under sleeper pads

The meso-dynamical behaviour of a high-speed rail ballast bed with under sleeper pads(USPs)was studied.The geometrically irregular refined discrete element model of the ballast particles was constructed using 3D scanning techniques,and the 3D dynamic model of the rail-sleeper-ballast bed was constructed using the coupled discrete element method-multiflexible-body dynamics(DEM-MFBD)approach.We analyse the meso-mechanical dynamics of the ballast bed with USPs under dynamic load on a train and verify the correctness of the model in laboratory tests.It is shown that the deformation of the USPs increases the contact area between the sleeper and the ballast particles,and subsequently the number of contacts between them.As the depth of the granular ballast bed increases,the contact area becomes larger,and the contact force between the ballast particles gradually decreases.Under the action of the elastic USPs,the contact forces between ballast particles are reduced and the overall vibration level of the ballast bed can be reduced.The settlement of the granular ballast bed occurs mainly at the shallow position of the sleeper bottom,and the installation of the elastic USPs can be effective in reducing the stress on the ballast particles and the settlement of the ballast bed.

Anchoring mechanical characteristics of Ductile-Expansion bolt

The application of ductile rock bolts has been a crucial method for solving the problems of large deformations,energy absorption and stability control issues in deep rock masses.To study the anchoring mechanism of the key expansive structure,this paper proposes a novel type of bolt—the Ductile-Expansion bolt,and conducts research on anchoring mechanics,energy absorption characteristics,and failure modes of the bolt.In addition,this paper defines the concept of load-volume ratio of metal rock bolts and proves the Ductile-Expansion bolt is capable of better improving the unit volume bearing capacity of the bolt material.Furthermore,laboratory and field tests verify the Ductile-Expansion bolt had better anchoring effect than the traditional rebar bolt,with the expansion structure favorably enhancing the ductility and energy absorption performance of the bolt.Finally,this paper microscopically analyzes the crack propagation and distribution morphology of the bolts by establishing a 3D coupled numerical model based on FDM-DEM.Numerical results illustrate the interface at the variable diameter of the Ductile-Expansion bolt serves as the transition zone between high and low stress levels.The expansion structure can impose radial compression on the medium around the bolt,which can improve the bolt anchorage performance.

Dynamic mechanical characteristics of NdFeB in electromagnetic brake

With the continuous development of artillery,the disadvantages of hydraulic recoil brakes gradually appear.At the same time,the appearance of high-performance Nd Fe B permanent magnet makes it possible to apply electromagnetic braking technology to recoil mechanism.In this paper,prototype tests of a certain artillery were carried out to verify the feasibility of the electromagnetic brake(EMB)and obtain the electromagnetic braking force.Due to the brittleness of Nd Fe B,in order to eliminate the worry about the safety of EMB,SHPB experiments of Nd Fe B were carried out.Then,based on the assumption of uniform crack distribution,the law of crack propagation and damage accumulation was described theoretically,and the damage constitutive model suitable for brittle materials was proposed by combining the Zhu-Wang-Tang(ZWT)equation.Finally,the numerical simulation model of the artillery prototype was established and through calculation,the dynamic mechanical characteristics of Nd Fe B in the prototype were analyzed.The calculation results show that the strength of Nd Fe B can meet the requirements of the use in the working process.From the perspective of damage factor,the damage value of the permanent magnet on the far right is larger,and the damage value of the inner ring gradually decreases to the outer ring.

Numerical analysis of the effects of vesicle distribution characteristics on the engineering properties of volcanic rocks

Vesicles can be of different sizes and shapes and can be randomly distributed within vesicular volcanic rocks. This study investigates the variation of engineering properties of vesicular rocks due to the changes in vesicle distribution characteristics for different cases of bulk porosity and vesicle diameter using a systematic numerical simulation program using the finite element method-based rock failure process analysis (RFPA) software. Models with uniform-size vesicles and combinations of different proportions of different-sized vesicles were considered to resemble natural vesicular rocks more closely, and ten different random vesicle distributions were tested for each case. Increasing bulk porosity decreased the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and elastic modulus of the specimens, and the specimens with the lowest bulk porosity showed the greatest range of UCS values in the case of uniform-size vesicles. The effect of vesicle diameter on UCS showed an unsystematic response which was understood to be a result of different vesicle distribution patterns, some of which facilitated a shear failure. Specimens with multiple-size vesicles in different proportions revealed that the variation of UCS due to vesicle distribution characteristics is minimum when the bulk porosity is equally shared by different size vesicles. In addition, when the proportion of smaller-sized vesicles is higher, UCS showed an increase compared to that of the equal proportion of different size vesicles case at low porosities, but a decrease at higher porosities. Variation of elastic modulus showed minor, unsystematic fluctuations as a function of vesicle diameter and different proportions of different-sized vesicles, and the range for different vesicle distribution patterns was narrow in general. Overall, the findings of this study recommend cautious use of the engineering properties determined through a limited number of laboratory tests on vesicular rocks.

Characteristics of Rice Husk-Admixed Conplast SP 430 Concrete

Experimental work was mounted using 5.7 mL of the Conplast SP430 admixture and rice husk ash(RHA)at replacement levels of 0 to 50%at 10%intervals by wt.%of cement.It is on the performance of Conplast SP 430 admixture and its effects on concrete and concrete with rice husk ash.Concrete specimens were cast and cured for 3 to 90 days and subjected to slump and mechanical characteristics tests.Data generated from the experiments were analyzed and sensitivity analysis of the concrete mix was determined using the Minitab 18 Statistical Package.The results showed that CP with concrete improves the workability of the concrete and reduces water absorption.The reverse was the case when RHA was used with the admixture which may be an issue of compatibility.The statistical characteristics restrict good and within the specified limits.

Effects of Temperature and Liquid Nitrogen(LN2)on Coal’s Mechanical and Acoustic Emission(AE)Properties

Liquid nitrogen has shown excellent performances as a good fracturing medium in the extraction of unconventional natural gas,and its application in coalbed methane extraction is currently a research hotspot.This study focuses on the acoustic emission properties of coal specimens treated utilizing liquid nitrogen with varying initial temperatures in a three-point bending environment.Through examination of the load-displacement curves of the considered coal samples,their mechanical properties are also revealed for different initial temperatures and cycling frequencies.The findings demonstrate a gradual decline in the maximum load capacity of coal rock as the temperature rises.Similarly,when subjected to the same temperature,an escalation in the cycling frequency leads to a reduction in the peak load of coal rock.This suggests that both temperature and cycling frequency exert a notable impact on the fracturing efficacy of liquid nitrogen.Freeze-thaw cycling treatments and exposure to high-temperature conditions can activate preexisting damage in the coal rock,and,accordingly,influence its mechanical properties.In particular,throughout the progressive loading of coal rock samples,the failure mechanisms are predominantly characterized by the occurrence of tensile cracks,succeeded by the development,spread,and fracture of shear fissures.

Dynamic mechanical characteristics and application of constant resistance energy-absorbing supporting material

In deep underground engineering,rock burst and other dynamic disasters are prone to occur due to stress concentration and energy accumulation in surrounding rock.The control of dynamic disasters requires bolts and cables with high strength,high elongation,and high energy-absorbing capacity.Therefore,a constant resistance energy-absorbing(CREA)material is developed.In this study,the dynamic characteristics of the new material are obtained via the drop hammer tests and the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)tests of the new material and two common bolt(CB)materials widely used in the field.The test results of drop hammer test and SHPB test show that the percentage elongation of CREA material is more than 2.64 and 3.22 times those of the CB material,and the total impact energy acting on CREA material is more than 18.50 and 21.84 times,respectively,indicating that the new material has high elongation and high energy-absorbing capacity.Subsequently,the CREA bolts and cables using the new material are developed,which are applied in roadways with high stress and strong dynamic disturbance.The field monitoring results show that CREA bolts and cables can effectively control the surrounding rock deformation and ensure engineering safety.

Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced by friction stir welding,friction stir vibration welding and tungsten inert gas welding:A comparative study

This study compared the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 joints produced using friction stir welding(FSW),friction stir vibration welding(FSVW),and tungsten inert gas welding(TIG).FSVW is a modified version of FSW wherein the joining specimens are vibrated normal to the welding line during FSW.The results indicated that the weld region grains for FSVW and FSW were equiaxed and were smaller than the grains for TIG.In addition,the weld region grains for FSVW were finer compared with those for FSW.Results also showed that the strength,hardness,and toughness values of the joints produced by FSVW were higher than those of the other joints produced by FSW and TIG.The vibration during FSW enhanced dynamic recrystallization,which led to the development of finer grains.The weld efficiency of FSVW was approximately 81%,whereas those of FSW and TIG were approximately 74%and 67%,respectively.

Experimental Study on Cyclic Mechanics Characteristic of Saturated Soft Clay Strata

Failure criterion of saturated soft clay is studied under cyclic loads through different experiments. A large number of cyclic torsional shear and cyclic triaxial tests on saturated soft clay under unconsolidated undrained condition are conducted. From the test result analysis, it is seen that the failure of saturated soft clay under static and cyclic loads satisfies Mises criterion. The result from different test stress states is not related to the test stress states or confining pressures. It can be applied in general stress states. Then according to the Mises criterion, the equivalent relationship on failure moment between the test stress state and the general stress state can be established. So the cyclic mechanics characteristics of saturated soft clay at failure moment are clarified in this paper. Furthermore, a theory basis is provided for using pseudo-static elasto-plastic cyclic strength model to evaluate cyclic bearing capacity.

Mechanical characteristics and microcosmic mechanisms of granite under temperature loads

The relationships between mechanical characteristics of rock and microcosmic mechanism at high temperatures were investigated by MTS815, as well as the stress-strain behavior of granite under the action of temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1200 ℃. Based on a micropore structure analyzer and SEM, the changes in rock porosity and micro structural morphology of sample fractures and brittle-plastic characteristics under high temperatures were analyzed. The results are as follows： 1） Mechanical characteristics do not show obvious variations before 800 ℃; strength decreases suddenly after 800 ℃ and bearing capacity is almost lost at 1200 ℃. 2） Rock porosity increases with rising temperatures; the threshold temperature is about 800 ℃; at this temperature its effect is basically uniform with strength decreasing rapidly. 3） The failure type of granite is a brittle tensile fracture at temperatures below 800 ℃ which transforms into plasticity at temperatures higher than 800 ℃ and crystal formation takes place at this time. Chemical reactions take place at 1200 ℃. Failure of granite under high temperature is a common result of thermal stress as indicated by an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient, transformation to crystal formation of minerals and structural chemical reactions.

Mechanical characteristics of soil-rock mixtures containing macropore structure based on 3D modeling technology

Soil-rock mixtures containing macropore(SRMCM)is a kind of geological material with special mechanical properties.Located in the project area of Lenggu hydropower station on the Yalong River,Sichuan Province,China,there is an extremely unstable Mahe talus slide with a total volume of nearly160 million cubic meters,which is mainly composed of SRMCM.The study on the mechanical properties of SRMCM is of great significance for the engineering construction and safe operation.In this paper,laboratory tests and discrete element numerical tests based on three-dimensional scanning technology were conducted to study the influence of stone content,stone size,and the angle of the macropore structure on shear characteristics of SRMCM.The failure mechanism of SRMCM was discussed from a microscopic perspective.This work explains the internal mechanism of the influence of stone content,stone size,and the angle of the macropore structure on the strength of SRMCM through the microscopic level of stone rotation,force chain distribution,and crack propagation.As the macropore structure that intersects with the preset shear plane at a large angle could act as a skeleton-like support to resist the shear force,the fracture of the weak cemented surface of soil and stone in the macropore structure is an important cause of SRMCM destruction.

Field tests on mechanical characteristics and strength parameters of red-sandstone

Large-scale field shear tests on ten specimens of the red-sandstone embankment at a highway in Hunan,China,were performed to examine mechanical characteristics and parameters of red-sandstone.The curves of thrust-displacement,failure mode,and shear strength parameters for red-sandstone with different water contents,different compactions,and different grain size distributions were obtained from the tests.A practical procedure of in-situ test for red-sandstone embankment was proposed to normalize the test equipment and test steps.Based on three-dimensional thrust-sliding limit equilibrium method,the formulas for calculating strength parameters of red-sandstone considering three-dimensional sliding surface were inferred.The results show that red-sandstone has typical complete curves of stress-strain,strain softening,which are caused by the special structure of red-sandstone;water content and compaction are important factors for strength and failure mode of red-sandstone;The average value of cohesion and internal friction angle of the specimens calculated by three-dimensional technique are 21.56 kPa and 29.29°,respectively,and those by traditional two-dimensional method are 25.52 kPa and 33.76°,respectively.

Analysis of the Stability and Mechanical Characteristics of the Jointed Surrounding Rock and Lining Structure of a Deeply Buried Hydraulic Tunnel

On-site monitoring and numerical simulation have been combined to analyze the stability of the jointed surrounding rock and the stress inside the lining structure of a sample deeply buried hydraulic tunnel.We show that the deformation around the tunnel was mainly concentrated in the range 51.37 mm∼66.73 mm,the tunnel circumference was dominated by shear failure,and the maximum plastic zone was about 3.90 m.When the shotcrete treatment was performed immediately after the excavation,the deformation of the surrounding rock was reduced by 58.94%∼76.31%,and the extension of the plastic zone was relatively limited,thereby leading to improvements in terms of the stability of surrounding rock.When the support was provided at different time points,the stress of the surrounding rock in the shallow part of the tunnel was improved everywhere.In the tunnel section with high ground stress and joint development,when 10 cm steel fiber concrete spray layer and 40 cm C25 concrete secondary lining were used,the maximum tensile stress on the lining structure was 0.89 MPa,i.e.,it was less than the tensile strength of concrete,which indicates that the internal force of the lining can meet the overall requirements.

Research on the Structural Rigidity Characteristics of a Reconfigurable TBM Thrust Mechanism

To improve the adaptability of TBMs in diverse geological environments,this paper proposes a reconfigurable Type-V thrust mechanism(V-TM)with rearrangeable working states,in which structural stiffness can be automatically altered during operation.Therefore,millions of configurations can be obtained,and thousands of instances of working status per configuration can be set respectively.Nonetheless,the complexity of configurations and diversity of working states contributes to further complications for the structural stiffness algorithm.This results in challenges such as difficulty calculating the payload compliance index and the environment adaptability index.To solve this problem,we use the configuration matrix to describe the relationship between propelling jacks under reconfiguration and adopt pattern vectors to describe the working state of each hydraulic cylinder.Then,both the dynamic compatible equation between propeller forces of the hydraulic cylinders and driving forces,and the kinematic harmonizing equation between the hydraulic cylinder displacements and their deformations are established.Next,we derive the stiffness analytical equation using Hooke’s law and the Jacobian Matrix.The proposed approach provides an effective algorithm to support structural rigidity analysis,and lays a solid theoretical foundation for calculating the performance indexes of the V-TM.We then analyze the rigidity characteristics of typical configurations under different working states,and obtain the main factors affecting structural stiffness of the V-TM.The results show the deviation degree of structural parameters in hydraulic cylinders within the same group,and the working status of propelling jacks.Finally,our constructive conclusions contribute valuable information for matching and optimization by drawing on the factors that affect the structural rigidity of the V-TM.

Microstructure characteristics of Ni/WC composite cladding coatings

A multilayer tungsten carbide particle（WCp）-reinforced Ni-based alloy coating was fabricated on a steel substrate using vacuum cladding technology.The morphology,microstructure,and formation mechanism of the coating were studied and discussed in different zones.The microstructure morphology and phase composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy,optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.In the results,the coating presents a dense and homogeneous microstructure with few pores and is free from cracks.The whole coating shows a multilayer structure,including composite,transition,fusion,and diffusion-affected layers.Metallurgical bonding was achieved between the coating and substrate because of the formation of the fusion and diffusion-affected layers.The Ni-based alloy is mainly composed of y-Ni solid solution with finely dispersed Cr7C3/Cr（23）C6,CrB,and Ni＋Ni3Si.WC particles in the composite layer distribute evenly in areas among initial Ni-based alloying particles,forming a special three-dimensional reticular microstructure.The macrohardness of the coating is HRC 55,which is remarkably improved compared to that of the substrate.The microhardness increases gradually from the substrate to the composite zone,whereas the microhardness remains almost unchanged in the transition and composite zones.

Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of Fly Ash Cenospheres Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Fly ash cenospheres（FACs） as a recycling material of industrial waste has become a competitor for other inorganic particle fillers. Epoxy resin（EP） composites reinforced with different content of FACs as well as different size grading ratio were prepared. The surface modification of FACs particles was conducted before incorporating into EP matrix. The impact and flexural strengths and the flexural modulus were investigated, and the fracture surfaces of the testing samples were analyzed using SEM. Results showed that FACs had an obvious effect on the mechanical characteristics of the FACs/EP composites. With increasing weight fraction of FACs, the impact and flexural strengths and the flexural modulus of EP composite samples increased, and reached the highest values when the weight fraction of FACs reached 15 wt%. The mechanical characteristics of the FACs/EP composites however deteriorated with further increasing of FACs content. For the EP composites reinforced with different size grading ratio of FACs, the larger proportion of small FACs particles, the better mechanical properties of the EP composites. The results were analyzed from the aspect of the plastic deformation, new surface formation and fracture absorption energy. The synergistic effect of the size grading ratio of FACs was not obvious, which would be further investigated.

Analysis of Frequency Characteristics and Sensitivity of Compliant Mechanisms

Based on a modified pseudo-rigid-body model,the frequency characteristics and sensitivity of the large-deformation compliant mechanism are studied.Firstly,the pseudo-rigid-body model under the static and kinetic conditions is modified to enable the modified pseudo-rigid-body model to be more suitable for the dynamic analysis of the compliant mechanism.Subsequently,based on the modified pseudo-rigid-body model,the dynamic equations of the ordinary compliant four-bar mechanism are established using the analytical mechanics.Finally,in combination with the finite element analysis software ANSYS,the frequency characteristics and sensitivity of the compliant mechanism are analyzed by taking the compliant parallel-guiding mechanism and the compliant bistable mechanism as examples.From the simulation results,the dynamic characteristics of compliant mechanism are relatively sensitive to the structure size,section parameter,and characteristic parameter of material on mechanisms.The results could provide great theoretical significance and application values for the structural optimization of compliant mechanisms,the improvement of their dynamic properties and the expansion of their application range.

Mechanical Characteristics of Radial Magnetic Bearing

This paper is based on the example of a radial magnetic bearing possessed of eight-pole, and derives the calculation formulas of static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of the bearing, in which the shape and curvature of surface, eccentricity and tilt of the journal are taken into account. Variations of the static and dynamic characteristics of the radial magnetic bearing versus static tilt parameters of journal are discussed. The outcomes show that the static tilt of the journal has influence on the mechanical characteristics of radial magnetic bearing, and change the static load capacity between two radial magnetic bearings and exert coupling effect between them. To study the dynamics of a practical rotor-magnetic bearing system, at least six stiffness coefficients in each radial magnetic bearing must be considered in ideal case, and twelve stiffness coefficients must be considered in general case of tilting journal. Such a find can be used for the coupled electromechanical dynamics analysis of rotor system equipped with magnetic bearings.

A catastrophic debris flow in the Wenchuan Earthquake area,July 2013：characteristics,formation,and risk reduction

In the Wenchuan Earthquake area,many co-seismic landslides formed blocking-dams in debris flow channels. This blocking and bursting of landslide dams amplifies the debris flow scale and results in severe catastrophes. The catastrophic debris flow that occurred in Qipan gully(Wenchuan,Southwest China) on July 11,2013 was caused by intense rainfall and upstream cascading bursting of landslide dams. To gain an understanding of the processes of dam bursting and subsequent debris flow scale amplification effect,we attempted to estimate the bursting debris flow peak discharges along the main gully and analyzed the scale amplification process. The results showed that the antecedent and triggering rainfalls for 11 July debris flow event were 88.0 mm and 21.6 mm,respectively. The event highlights the fact that lower rainfall intensity can trigger debris flows after the earthquake. Calculations of the debris flow peak discharge showed that the peak discharges after the dams-bursting were 1.17–1.69 times greater than the upstream peak discharge. The peak discharge at the gully outlet reached 2553 m^3/s which was amplified by 4.76 times in comparison with the initial peak discharge in the upstream. To mitigate debris flow disasters,a new drainage channel with a trapezoidal V-shaped cross section was proposed. The characteristic lengths(h1 and h2) under optimal hydraulic conditions were calculated as 4.50 m and 0.90 m,respectively.

Observation of nonconservation characteristics of radio frequency noise mechanism of 40-nm n-MOSFET

Bias non-conservation characteristics of radio-frequency noise mechanism of 40-nm n-MOSFET are observed by modeling and measuring its drain current noise. A compact model for the drain current noise of 40-nm MOSFET is proposed through the noise analysis. This model fully describes three kinds of main physical sources that determine the noise mechanism of 40-nm MOSFET, i.e., intrinsic drain current noise, thermal noise induced by the gate parasitic resistance, and coupling thermal noise induced by substrate parasitic effect. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by noise measurements, and the intrinsic drain current noise is proved to be the suppressed shot noise, and with the decrease of the gate voltage, the suppressed degree gradually decreases until it vanishes. The most important findings of the bias non-conservative nature of noise mechanism of 40-nm n-MOSFET are as follows.（i） In the strong inversion region, the suppressed shot noise is weakly affected by the thermal noise of gate parasitic resistance. Therefore, one can empirically model the channel excess noise as being like the suppressed shot noise.（ii） In the middle inversion region, it is almost full of shot noise.（iii） In the weak inversion region, the thermal noise is strongly frequency-dependent, which is almost controlled by the capacitive coupling of substrate parasitic resistance. Measurement results over a wide temperature range demonstrate that the thermal noise of 40-nm n-MOSFET exists in a region from the weak to strong inversion, contrary to the predictions of suppressed shot noise model only suitable for the strong inversion and middle inversion region. These new findings of the noise mechanism of 40-nm n-MOSFET are very beneficial for its applications in ultra low-voltage and low-power RF, such as novel device electronic structure optimization, integrated circuit design and process technology evaluation.