Leveraging Robust Artificial Intelligence for Mechatronic Product Development—A Literature Review

Mechatronic product development is a complex and multidisciplinary field that encompasses various domains, including, among others, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, control theory and software engineering. The integration of artificial intelligence technologies is revolutionizing this domain, offering opportunities to enhance design processes, optimize performance, and leverage vast amounts of knowledge. However, human expertise remains essential in contextualizing information, considering trade-offs, and ensuring ethical and societal implications are taken into account. This paper therefore explores the existing literature regarding the application of artificial intelligence as a comprehensive database, decision support system, and modeling tool in mechatronic product development. It analyzes the benefits of artificial intelligence in enabling domain linking, replacing human expert knowledge, improving prediction quality, and enhancing intelligent control systems. For this purpose, a consideration of the V-cycle takes place, a standard in mechatronic product development. Along this, an initial assessment of the AI potential is shown and important categories of AI support are formed. This is followed by an examination of the literature with regard to these aspects. As a result, the integration of artificial intelligence in mechatronic product development opens new possibilities and transforms the way innovative mechatronic systems are conceived, designed, and deployed. However, the approaches are only taking place selectively, and a holistic view of the development processes and the potential for robust and context-sensitive artificial intelligence along them is still needed.

Combinative Algorithms for the Multidisciplinary Collaborative Simulation of Complex Mechatronic Products Based on Major Step and Convergent Integration Step

Multidisciplinary collaborative simulation （MCS） is an important area of research in the domain of multidisciplinary design optimization （MDO）.Although previous research for MCS has to some extent addressed some issues like using of multiple tools,integration stability,control of step size,data synchronization,etc,further work is still necessary to study how to achieve improved precision.A theoretical model is formulated to describe and analyze the integration process of MCS.A basic algorithm with equal major steps is proposed based on the model,along with two methods of implementation for the model,namely the serial method and the parallel method.A further algorithm based on convergent integration step is proposed,which has a more flexible strategy for run-time integration.The influence of interpolation techniques on simulation performance is studied as well.Simulations of the performance of various algorithms with different interpolation techniques are performed for both a simple numerical example and a complex mechatronic product.The novel algorithm based on convergent integration step,when used with a high-order interpolation technique,has better performance in terms of precision and efficiency.The innovation of this paper is mainly on the validation of high precision of the proposed convergent integration step algorithm.

Research on information technology of state monitoring and fault prediction for mechatronics system

The safety and reliability of mechatronics systems,particularly the high-end,large and key mechatronics equipment in service,can strongly influence on production efficiency,personnel safety,resources and environment.Based on the demands of development of modern industries and technologies such as international industry 4.0,Made-in-China 2025 and Internet + and so on,this paper started from revealing the regularity of evolution of running state of equipment and the methods of signal processing of low signal noise ratio,proposed the key information technology of state monitoring and earlyfault-warning for equipment,put forward the typical technical line and major technical content,introduced the application of the technology to realize modern predictive maintenance of equipment and introduced the development of relevant safety monitoring instruments.The technology will play an important role in ensuring the safety of equipment in service,preventing accidents and realizing scientific maintenance.

Design of Human Adaptive Mechatronics Controller for Upper Limb Motion Intention Prediction

Human Adaptive Mechatronics(HAM)includes human and computer system in a closed loop.Elderly person with disabilities,normally carry out their daily routines with some assistance to move their limbs.With the short fall of human care takers,mechatronics devices are used with the likes of exoskeleton and exosuits to assist them.The rehabilitation and occupational therapy equipments utilize the electromyography(EMG)signals to measure the muscle activity potential.This paper focuses on optimizing the HAM model in prediction of intended motion of upper limb with high accuracy and to increase the response time of the system.Limb characteristics extraction from EMG signal and prediction of optimal controller parameters are modeled.Time and frequency based approach of EMG signal are considered for feature extraction.The models used for estimating motion and muscle parameters from EMG signal for carrying out limb movement predictions are validated.Based on the extracted features,optimal parameters are selected by Modified Lion Optimization(MLO)for controlling the HAM system.Finally,supervised machine learning makes predictions at different points in time for individual sensing using Support Vector Neural Network(SVNN).This model is also evaluated based on optimal parameters of motion estimation and the accuracy level along with different optimization models for various upper limb movements.The proposed model of human adaptive controller predicts the limb movement by 96%accuracy.

The 3+1 SysML View-Model in Model Integrated Mechatronics

Software is becoming the driving force in today’s mechatronic systems. It does not only realize a significant part of their functionality but it is also used to realize their most competitive advantages. However, the traditional development process is wholly inappropriate for the development of these systems that impose a tighter coupling of software with electronics and mechanics. In this paper, a synergistic integration of the constituent parts of mechatronic systems, i.e. mechanical, electronic and software is proposed though the 3+1 SysML view-model. SysML is used to specify the cen-tral view-model of the mechatronic system while the other three views are for the different disciplines involved. The widely used in software engineering V-model is extended to address the requirements set by the 3+1 SysML view-model and the Model Integrated Mechatronics (MIM) paradigm. A SysML profile is described to facilitate the application of the proposed view-model in the development of mechatronic systems.

The Experimental Vehicles Program Helps Advance the Mechatronics Engineering Program

Middle Tennessee State University(MTSU)started a Mechatronics Engineering program four years ago.Over those four years,enrollment has grown exponentially and has increased to over 400 students.One major factor that draws interest to this new program is the university’s Experimental Vehicles Program(EVP),created by Dr.Saeed Foroudastan.The EVP includes different student teams that work to design and build the four projects the EVP has evolved to:human-powered lunar rover(formerly known as The Great Moonbuggy Race),powered off-road Baja,gasoline-powered formula car,and all-electric solar boat.These projects are designed to greatly enhance each student’s classroom experience.The EVP provides students hands-on experience that allows them to apply what they have learned in the classroom to something in real life.The students are responsible for designing and building each project with their team,which also provides them with skills like effective communication,teamwork,project management and more.Each project also has a competition that members of the team normally travel to and are able to compete on an international level.The Mechatronics Engineering program and the EVP at MTSU are both providing truly great opportunities and preparing students well that wish to enter the engineering field after college.

当代“仓颉”造字——“Mechatronics”

近几年，为了适应当代科技发展需要，及时设置了“机电一体化”专业。而“机电一体化”是机械技术与微电子技术、信息技术相结台的综合性很强的高科技学科，在英文为“Mechatronis”它取自英语Mechanism的前半部和Electronics的后半部缩合而成，也即是机械学和电子学两种学科的综合。

Stand-Alone Patient Reception and Referral System with Health Data Management

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed vulnerabilities within our healthcare structures. Healthcare facilities are often faced with staff shortages and work overloads, which can have an impact on the collection of health data and constants essential for early diagnosis. In order to minimize the risk of error and optimize data collection, we have developed a robot incorporating artificial intelligence. This robot has been designed to automate and collect health data and constants in a contactless way, while at the same time verifying the conditions for correct measurements, such as the absence of hats and shoes. Furthermore, this health information needs to be transmitted to services for processing. Thus, this article addresses the aspect of reception and collection of health data and constants through various modules: for taking height, temperature and weight, as well as the module for entering patient identification data. The article also deals with orientation, presenting a module for selecting the patient’s destination department. This data is then routed via a wireless network and an application integrated into the doctors’ tablets. This application will enable efficient queue management by classifying patients according to their order of arrival. The system’s infrastructure is easily deployable, taking advantage of the healthcare facility’s local wireless network, and includes encryption mechanisms to reinforce the security of data circulating over the network. In short, this innovative system will offer an autonomous, contactless method for collecting vital constants such as size, mass, and temperature. What’s more, it will facilitate the flow of data, including identification information, across a network, simplifying the implementation of this solution within healthcare facilities.

Autonomous Robot with Artificial Intelligence for Taking Health Constants

Health facilities are generally short-staffed and overworked. This has a significant impact on the reliability of the acquisition of health constants required at the start of diagnosis. Manual acquisition and transmission of these constants and other data leads to delays in the execution of successive care-related tasks. What’s more, the quality of service is sometimes compromised by a lack of communication between patients and staff. In pediatrics, this is compounded by the difficulty of diagnosis in the face of children’s silence, intimidated by the hospital environment. Technological assistance would relieve healthcare staff of the need to perform certain repetitive tasks. The solution proposed in this document studies a robot, based on electrical, electronic, computer and artificial intelligence resources, with human-machine interaction for taking vitals and health data in health facilities. This system enables height, mass and temperature to be taken autonomously and without contact. The algorithm we’ve developed uses artificial intelligence to check the conditions for correct measurements, both bareheaded and barefoot. This solution also alerts you to epidemic trends such as obesity. This health data is made available in the healthcare facility on terminals such as tablets, smartphones and computers used by nursing staff. This work will help healthcare staff to take automatic health vitals without contact, and to acquire and circulate data via a computer network.

机电一体化技术展望

回顾了机电一体化的发展历史,展望机电一体化技术在21世纪的发展。

Joint Motion Control of a Powered Lower Limb Orthosis for Rehabilitation

Many patients with spinal injures are confined to wheelchairs, leading to a sedentary lifestyle with secondary pathologies and increased dependence on a carer. Increasing evidence has shown that locomotor training reduces the incidence of these secondary pathologies, but the physical effort involved in this training is such that there is poor compliance. This paper reports on the design and control of a new ＂human friendly＂ orthosis （exoskeleton）, powered by high power pneumatic Muscle Actuators （pMAs）. The combination of a highly compliant actuation system, with an intelligent embedded control mechanism which senses hip, knee, and ankle positions, velocity, acceleration and force, produces powerful yet inherently safe operation for paraplegic patients. This paper analyzes the motion of ankle, knee, and hip joints under zero loading, and loads which simulate human limb mass, showing that the use of ＂soft＂ actuators can provide a smooth user friendly motion. The application of this technology will greatly improve the rehabilitative protocols for paraplegic patients.

Transforming Multidisciplinary Customer Requirements to Product Design Specifications

With the increasing of complexity of complex mechatronic products, it is necessary to involve multidis- ciplinary design teams, thus, the traditional customer requirements modeling for a single discipline team becomes difficult to be applied in a multidisciplinary team and project since team members with various disciplinary backgrounds may have different interpretations of the customers＇ requirements. A new synthesized multidisci- plinary customer requirements modeling method is pro- vided for obtaining and describing the common understanding of customer requirements （CRs） and more importantly transferring them into a detailed and accurate product design specifications （PDS） to interact with dif- ferent team members effectively. A case study of designing a high speed train verifies the rationality and feasibility of the proposed multidisciplinary requirement modeling method for complex mechatronic product development. This proposed research offersthe instruction to realize the customer-driven personalized customization of complex mechatronic product.

Modelling and Remote Control of an Excavator

This paper presents the results of an on-going project and investigates modelling and remote control issues of an industry excavator. The details of modelling, communication, and control of a remotely controllable excavator are studied. The paper mainly focuses on trajectory tracking control of the excavator base and robust control of the excavator arm. These will provide the fundamental base for our next research step. In addition, extensive simulation results for trajectory tracking of the excavator base and robust control of the excavator arm are given. Finally, conclusions and further work have been identified.

Active suspension in railway vehicles:a literature survey

Since the concept of active suspensions appeared,its large possible benefits has attracted continuous exploration in the field of railway engineering.With new demands of higher speed,better ride comfort and lower maintenance cost for railway vehicles,active suspensions are very promising technologies.Being the starting point of commercial application of active suspensions in rail vehicles,tilting trains have become a great success in some countries.With increased technical maturity of sensors and actuators,active suspension has unprecedented development opportunities.In this work,the basic concepts are summarized with new theories and solutions that have appeared over the last decade.Experimental studies and the implementation status of different active suspension technologies are described as well.Firstly,tilting trains are briefly described.Thereafter,an indepth study for active secondary and primary suspensions is performed.For both topics,after an introductory section an explanation of possible solutions existing in the literature is given.The implementation status is reported.Active secondary suspensions are categorized into active and semi-active suspensions.Primary suspensions are instead divided between acting on solid-axle wheelsets and independently rotating wheels.Lastly,a brief summary and outlook is presented in terms of benefits,research status and challenges.The potential for active suspensions in railway applications is outlined.

新型仿生鲨鱼结构设计及操纵性分析

In this paper,the mechatronic design and maneuverability analysis of a novel robotic shark are presented.To obtain good maneuverability,a barycenter regulating device is designed to assist the posture adjustment at low speeds.Based on the Newton-Euler approach,an analytical dynamic model is established with particular consideration of pectoral fins for threedimensional motions.The hydrodynamic coefficients are computed using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)methods.Oscillation amplitudes and phases are determined by fitting an optimized fish body wave.The performance of the robotic shark is estimated by varying the oscillation frequency and offset angle.The results show that with oscillation frequency increasing,the swimming speed increases linearly.The robotic shark reaches the maximum swimming speed of 1.05 m/s with an oscillation frequency of 1.2 Hz.Furthermore,the turning radius decreases nonlinearly as the offset angle increased.The robotic shark reaches the minimum turning radius of 1.4 times the body length with 0.2 Hz frequency and 12°offset angle.In the vertical plane,as the pectoral fin angle increases,the diving velocity increases nonlinearly with increase rate slowing down.

Experimental prototyping of the adhesion braking control system design concept for a mechatronic bogie

The dynamic parameters of a roller rig vary as the adhesion level changes.The change in dynamics parameters needs to be analysed to estimate the adhesion level.One of these parameters is noise emanating from wheel–rail interaction.Most previous wheel–rail noise analysis has been conducted to mitigate those noises.However,in this paper,the noise is analysed to estimate the adhesion condition at the wheel–rail contact interface in combination with the other methodologies applied for this purpose.The adhesion level changes with changes in operational and environmental factors.To accurately estimate the adhesion level,the influence of those factors is included in this study.The testing and verification of the methodology required an accurate test prototype of the roller rig.In general,such testing and verification involve complex experimental works required by the intricate nature of the adhesion process and the integration of the different subsystems(i.e.controller,traction,braking).To this end,a new reduced-scale roller rig is developed to study the adhesion between wheel and rail roller contact.The various stages involved in the development of such a complex mechatronics system are described in this paper.Furthermore,the proposed brake control system was validated using the test rig under various adhesion conditions.The results indicate that the proposed brake controller has achieved a shorter stopping distance as compared to the conventional brake controller,and the brake control algorithm was able to maintain the operational condition even at the abrupt changes in adhesion condition.

Concepts for Sensor Matching in Mechatronic Systems

A typical mechatronic system consists of a multitude of components,and the sensors belong to an important and crucial class of such components.Optimal matching of the system components is implicit in the current definition of a mechatronic system.The focus of the present paper is the optimal matching of sensors with other hardware in the system.Sensor matching may be based on several concepts such as the operating frequency range(operating bandwidth),speed of response(and the corresponding rate of data sampling in digital conversion),the device sensitivity(or gain or data amplification),and the effect of component acc uracy on the overall accuracy of the system.The present paper explores all these concepts and presents suit able approaches for sensor matching through those criteria.The relevant procedures are illustrated using case studies.

A Systematic Approach for Instrumentation of a Mechatronic System

This paper deals with instrumenting a mechatronic system,through the incorporation of suitable sensors,actuators,and other required hardware.Sensors(e.g.,semiconductor strain gauges,tachometers,RTD temperature sensors,cameras,piezoelectric accelerometers)are needed to measure(sense)unknown signals and parameters of a system and its environment.The information acquired in this manner is useful in operating or controlling the system,and also in process monitoring;experimental modeling(i.e.,model identification);product testing and qualification;product quality assessment;fault prediction,detection and diagnosis;warning generation;surveillance,and so on.Actuators(e.g.,stepper motors,solenoids,dc motors,hydraulic rams,pumps,heaters/coolers)are needed to"drive"a plant.Control actuators(e.g.,control valves)perform control actions,and in particular they drive control devices.Micro-electromechanical systems(MEMS)use microminiature sensors and actuators.MEMS sensors commonly use piezoelectric,capacitive,electromagnetic and piezoresistive principles.MEMS devices provide the benefits of small size and light weight(negligible loading errors),high speed(high bandwidth),and convenient mass-production(low cost).The process of instrumentation involves the identification of proper sensors,actuators,controllers,signal modification/interface hardware,and software with respect to their functions,operation,parameters,ratings,interaction with each other,so as to achieve the performance requirements of the overall system,and interfacing/integration/tuning of the selected devices into the system,for a given application.This paper presents the key steps of instrumenting a mechatronic system,in a somewhat general and systematic manner.Examples are described to illustrate several key procedures of instrumentation.

ITDP-Robot: Design of An Intelligent Transport Dispatch Parking Robot

In this paper, a novel electric autonomous parking robot prototype was proposed, which aims to address the parking hassle caused by the imbalance between the vehicle ownership and the amount of the parking spaces. The mechanical structure was elaborately designed to allow the parking robot to adapt to vehicles with different wheelbases and tracks. The electrical structure was constructed with the aim of X-by-wire and distributed component-based control concept. To be capable of autonomous driving, the parking robot software system based on ROS was designed with the capability of environment perception, self-localization and path planning. Furthermore, a simulation environment based on Gazebo was built in order to simplify the development of the parking robot’s autonomous driving algorithms and validate those algorithms’ robustness. Though this parking robot is under the prototype stage, the dispatch strategy and the convenience for parking were also considered. Compared with the state-of-art parking robot, this parking robot is not only capable of working indoor parking lots but also the complex outdoor environments.

Modeling and Control for Magnetostrictive Hysteresis

To deal with the rate-dependent hysteresis presented in a magnetostrictive actuator, a new method of modeling and control is proposed. The relationship between inputs and outputs of the actuator is approximately described by a dynamic differential equation with two rate-dependent coefficients, each expressed as a polynomial of frequency. For a given frequency, the coefficients will be able to be estimated by approximating the experimental data of the outputs of the magnetostrictive actuator. Based on this model, a quasi-PID controller is designed. In the space of the coefficients and frequency, the stable domain of closed loop system with hysteresis is analyzed. The numerical simulation and experiments have born witness to the feasibility of the proposed new method.