首蓿(Medicago sative L.)体胚发生及成苗的研究——Ⅰ.增加健康体胚数量及提高其成苗率

盆栽苜蓿第三叶柄和无菌苗下胚轴在附加2,4-D及KT的B_5h固体培养基上均能诱导出较多胚性愈伤组织,再经附加2,4-D的B_5g液体培养基诱导,在加入L-脯氨酸、(NH_4)_2SO_4及KNO_3的液体培养基中摇床培养,则形成大量比较健康的体胚。用这类体胚接种于不含任何激素,但附加维生素C和干酶母粉,并用2%麦芽糖代替3%蔗糖的1/2SH固体培养基上,20天后,96%体胚长成完整的小苗。这些小苗移至盆栽,移植后14天,成活率达80%。

Effect of Different Kinds of Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Medicago sative Linn. Seedlings under the Stress of Na_2CO_3

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the influences of Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria（PGPR）on salt tolerance and physiological effect of seedlings of Medicago sative L.[Method] Three different kinds of growth-promoting rhizobacteria solutions were used to spray on M.sative seedlings and the influences of different kinds of growth-promoting rhizobacteria on physiological and biochemical characteristics of M.sative seedlings under 75 mmol/L of Na2CO3 were studied.[Results] Compared with the control group,the chlorophyll,free proline,soluble sugar and soluble protein content of M.sative seedlings treated with different kinds of growth-promoting rhizobacteria were increased,while the effect of CS3 treatment was the best.[Conclusion] The growth-promoting rhizobacteria could promote growth and development of M.sative as well as increased its resistance.

几种除草剂和助剂对苜蓿Medicago sative出苗和生长的影响

在温室条件下研究了几种苗前除草剂单用或混用对苜蓿出苗和生长的影响 ,以及不同叶龄苜蓿对苗后除草剂的反应及添加助剂对药效的影响。结果表明 :咪唑乙烟酸在6 0～ 12 0 g/hm2 剂量下 ,于苗前施用 ,对苜蓿出苗和幼苗生长都有明显的抑制作用。咪唑乙烟酸(30 g/hm2 )与二甲戊灵 (495 g/hm2 )混用 ,对苜蓿的药害显著降低。苗后施用除草剂对苜蓿的安全性与叶龄密切相关。咪唑乙烟酸以 30～ 6 0 g/hm2 剂量在苜蓿 3叶期施用 ,对苜蓿安全 ;在12 0 g/hm2 用量下 ,对 5叶期的苜蓿无明显药害。乳氟禾草灵 (130～ 2 6 0 g/hm2 )和丙炔氟草胺(75～ 15 0 g/hm2 )无论是 3叶期还是 5叶期施用 ,对苜蓿幼苗都有严重的药害。与咪唑乙烟酸单用时比较 ,药液中添加 1.0 m L /L的平平加 - 15和 AM- 10 0及 5 .0 m L /L的 SDP。

Analysis of Genetic Relationship among Medicago sativa,Medicago falcate and Trigonella foenum-graecum Using ISSR

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the genetic relationships among Medicago sativa,Medicago falcata and Trigonella foenum-graecum.[Method] ISSR technique was adopted to determine their genetic relationships.[Result] M.sativa,M.falcate and T.foenum-graecum had a broad genetic base.T.foenum-graecum shared closer relationship with M.falcata rather than M.sativa.The study on relationship between M.sativa and T.foenum-graecum was advantageous to identify disputable transition types.But a boundary should be found to identify species to be M.sativa or T.foenum-graecum.[Conclusion] This study will provide reference for identifying some disputable transition types.

Bioinformatics Analysis and Homology Modeling Study of Protein Disulfide Isomerase(mPDI) from Medicago sativa L.

pdi gene from Medicago sativa L. ,encoding Protein Disulfide Isomerase（ mPDI ）, has been cloned and sequenced. According to the mRNA and amino acid sequence, the character of mPDI such as the physical and chemical properties, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, signal peptide, secondary structure, coiled coil, transmembrane domains, O-glycogylation site, active site, subcellular localization, functional structural domains and three-dimensional structure were analyzed by a series of bioinformatics software. The results showed that mPDI was a hydrophobic and stable protein with 3 coiled coils, 30-glycogylation sites, 2 structural domains of thioredoxin, 2 active sites of thioredoxin, and located in rough endoplasmic reticulum. It has 512 amino acids, the theoretical pl is 4.98, and signal peptide located in 1-24AA. In the secondary structure, a-helix, random coil, extended chain is 26.37%, 53.32%, 20.31% respectively. The validation of modeling accords with the stereochemistry.

Research on Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Pollution in River Sediment by Medicago sativa L.

[Objective] The aim was to study the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution in river sediment by Medicago sativa L.,so as to provide reliable references for the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution in river sediment.[Method] The air-dried,screened and mixed sediment was put in rectangular PVC box（0.6 m×0.5 m×0.4 m） with seepage vent at the bottom,and the water holding capacity（WHC） of sediment was kept at 30%-60% by deionized water.The seeds of Medicago sativa L.were sown in April 2010,and seedlings were thinned after 7 d.Samples were collected from rhizosphere soil every 30 d,and were used to determine the content of heavy metals,bacteria quantity and enzyme activity in sediment.In addition,the accumulation of heavy metals in the roots,stems and leaves of plant was measured after harvest in October.[Result] Different parts of Medicago sativa L.varied in accumulation capacity to different heavy metals.The accumulation amount of Zn in Medicago sativa L.was the highest,especially in roots.Meanwhile,the accumulation amount of heavy metals like Ni,Cr,Cu and Pb in roots was higher than that of stems and leaves.In contrast,Mn was mainly accumulated in leaves and its amount accounted for 42.47% of the total amount in plant.Besides,the accumulation amount of all heavy metals was the lowest in stems.Ni,Cr,Cu and Pb could be degraded more effectively than Mn,and increasing the planting time and sowing times of crop was beneficial to the degradation of heavy metals.After planted Medicago sativa L.,the quantity of microorganisms in sediment went up obviously,and dehydrogenase activity also showed an increaseing trend.[Conclusion] Medicago sativa L.has certain restoring effect on Zn,Ni,Cr,Cu and Pb,and could be used to restore heavy metal pollution in river sediment.

Primary Study on ISSR Molecular Makers of Resistant Gene against Sclerotinia trifoliorum in Medicago sativa L.

[ Objective] The paper was to study ISSR molecular makers of resistant gene against Sclerotinia trifoliorum in Medicago sativa L. [ Method] Using mi- crosatellite markers （ISSR） molecular maker technology, combined with bulked-segregant analysis （BSA） method, the molecular makers for gene linkage with re- sistance against S. trifoliorum were screened from five resistant plants and seven susceptible plants. Leaf in vitro inoculation method was used to carry out resistant verification on 94 hybrid plants in Ft generation of high resistant No. 83 ~ high susceptible No. 4. [ Result] Among 93 ISSR primers, 35 primers could produce clear and stable amplification bands, and six of them could produce 9 specific bands between resistant and susceptible DNA pools. Resistance verification result showed that 825 - 1400, 831 - 1480, 850 - 1800, 858 - 1600, 866 - 1900, 888 - 1400 could be used as ISSR molecular makers of the resistant gene against S. trifoliorum in M. sativa. [Conclusion] The results provided basis for the further research on mapping,, cloning and genetically modified of resistant gene against S. trifoliorum in M. sativa.

Degradation of TCP in Soil Planted with Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

[Objective] The research aimed to study the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol （TCP） in soil planted with alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）,as well as to provide references for the Chlorophenols phytoremediation technology in the practical application.[Method] By the use of pot culture experiment in greenhouse,the phytoremediation effect of alfalfa on TCP-contaminated soil,the growth conditions of alfalfa,as well as the effect of TCP on the activity of soil polyphenol oxidase,dehydrogenase and catalase were studied.[Result] After the alfalfa was grown for 75 d,the TCP content in soil of three different concentrations treatments （low,middle and high） decreased dramatically within 15 d,and then the decreasing rate was gradually slow; on the 30^th d of cultivation,the fresh weight of treated alfalfa showed no significant difference with the control （P〈0.05）,indicating that TCP in soil had inhibition effect on the growth of alfalfa; alfalfa could significantly enhance the activities of polyphenol oxidase,dehydrogenase and catalase,thus raising the degradation capability of soil plants and microorganisms on pollutants in soil.[Conclusion] There results indicated that alfalfa could enhance the degradation rate of organics in the contaminated soil and enhance soil enzyme activity,so the alfalfa could be used for the bioremediation of TCP contaminated soil.

Expression of Cold Resistant Gene CAS19 of Gongnong No.2 Medicago sativa L. in Tobacco

[Objective] The aim was to study the expression of cold resistant gene CAS19 of Gongnong No.2 Medicago sativa L. in tobacco. [Method] A pair of primers was designed according to nucleotide sequences of cold resistant gene CAS19 of M. sativa,and then RT-PCR was used to amplify the protein gene of CAS19,which was then cloned into pMD18-T vector and subcloned into expression vector PBI121. The recombination expression plasmid PBCAS was constructed. And then it was transferred into tobacco genome via Agrobacterium,and Southern-blotting analysis was used for detecting transgenic plants. [Result] CAS19 gene was integrated into the tobacco genome and highly expressed. [Conclusion] This study had provided theoretical basis for further exploring the expression mechanism of cold resistant gene CAS19 in tobacco.

Effects of EDTA and Zn Stress on Physiological Characteristics of Medicago sativa L.

[Objectives]The paper was better understand the mechanisms of Zn plant uptake in the presence of EDTA and to evaluate the contributions of Zn-EDTA complexes to Zn uptake.[Methods]Three alfalfa cultivars were cultivated for 60 d before exposure to 0,250μg Zn and 250μg Zn+10μg EDTA per kg soil for 50 d.Zn concentrations in tissues were analyzed by flame atomic absorbance spectrometry.Subsequently,Zn amount per plant,translocation factor(TF)and bio-concentration factor(BCF)were calculated.Nonenzymatic compounds in tissues were analyzed spectrophotometrically.[Results]Application of Zn+EDTA expressively increased biomass of different tissues of three alfalfa cultivars.Among the three alfalfa cultivars,Medicago sativa ssp.displayed the highest Zn concentration in tissues,the largest Zn amount in aerial parts,and the highest BCF in aerial parts under Zn+EDTA exposure.Under Zn+EDTA stress,increases in free proline in roots,stem,and leaves of M.sativa ssp.were found.Inhibited O_(2)^(·-)production in stem and leaves,increases in soluble sugar,but decreases in soluble protein were observed in M.sativa ssp.[Conclusions]M.sativa ssp.is superior to other two cultivars for Zn phyto-remediation,and its well-coordinated physiological changes under Zn+EDTA exposure confer the great Zn tolerance of this cultivar.

Genetic Diversity of Tunisian and Chinese Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Revealed by RAPD and ISSR Markers

Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the world. The genetic variability analysis of 19 alfalfa populations collected from three sites in South Tunisia (Gabes, Kebili, Tozeur) and 1 from North West China were carried out using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Five RAPD primers amplified 44 bands of which 22 were polymorphic;and five ISSR primers amplified 51 bands of which 33 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands detected by RAPD and ISSR was 50% and 64.7%, respectively. The resolving power (Rp) varied between 0.6 and 4.1 with an average of 2.02 for RAPD marker and between 0.7 and 6.5 with an average of 2.28 for ISSR marker. However the Average Informativeness band (AvIb) was ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 with an average of 0.5 in RAPD marker and from 0.29 to 0.7 with an average of 0.624 in ISSR marker. The RAPD marker revealed less within population genetic diversity than ISSR marker. Although Cluster (UPGMA) and Correspondence Factorial Analyses (CFA) indicate that populations’ clustering made independently both from the geographical origin.

Research Advances of Root Rot in Medicago sativa L.

As the most famous perennial leguminous forage in the world, Medicago sativa L. ranks the first in both yield and nutritional value, and can be used for many years once planted in field production. However, root rot has become a very important reason for yield decrease and plant de-cline of alfalfa due to long service life. According to the research progress at home and abroad, the main pathogen distribution, harms and control methods of root rot in M. sativa at home and abroad were systematically expounded, in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research of the disease.

Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal that the MsNST1 gene affects lignin synthesis in alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

As the second most abundant natural polymer,accounting for approximately 30%of the organic carbon in the biosphere,lignin plays an essential role in plant development.However,a high lignin content affects the nutritional quality of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.),the most widely cultivated perennial legume forage crop.Histological analysis indicated that G-lignin and S-lignin were present in the stem,leaf,and petiole of alfalfa,and the deposition of lignin increased gradually in descending internodes.Neutral detergent fiber(NDF),acid detergent fiber(ADF),and acid detergent lignin(ADL)contents continually increased from the top to the bottom of the stem,and ADL content showed a similar trend in leaves.Alfalfa leaves and stems from five different nodes(1,2,4,6,and 8)were used as materials to investigate molecular regulatory mechanisms in lignin synthesis by RNA sequencing.Respectively 8074 and 7752 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified in leaves and stems,and 1694 DEGs were common to the two tissues.‘‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”was the most enriched pathway in both leaves and stems,and 134 key regulatory genes in lignin synthesis were identified by a weighted gene co-expression network analysis.The NAC family transcription factor MsNST1 gene was highly expressed in old leaf and stem tissues.The deposition pattern of G-and S-lignin differed among M.truncatula wild-type,nst1 mutants,and overexpression lines,and the transcription levels of lignin synthesis genes such as HCT,F5H,and COMT in these three materials also differed.These results suggest that MsNST1 affects lignin synthesis in alfalfa.These findings provide a genetic basis and abundant gene resources for further study of the molecular mechanisms of lignin synthesis,laying a foundation for low-lignin alfalfa breeding research.

DROUGHT-INDUCED UNKNOWN PROTEIN 1 positively modulates drought tolerance in cultivated alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

Alfalfa is the most widely cultivated perennial legume forage crop worldwide.Drought is one of the major environmental factors influencing alfalfa productivity.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying alfalfa responses to drought stress are still largely unknown.This study identified a drought-inducible gene of unknown function,designated as Medicago sativa DROUGHT-INDUCED UNKNOWN PROTEIN 1(MsDIUP1).MsDIUP1 was localized to the nucleus,chloroplast,and plasma membranes.Overexpression of MsDIUP1 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased tolerance to drought,with higher seed germination,root length,fresh weight,and survival rate than in wild-type(WT)plants.Consistently,analysis of MsDIUP1 over-expression(OE)alfalfa plants revealed that MsDIUP1 also increased tolerance to drought stress,accompanied by physiological changes including reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased osmoprotectants accumulation(free proline and soluble sugar),relative to the WT.In contrast,disruption of MsDIUP1 expression by RNA interference(RNAi)in alfalfa resulted in a droughthypersensitive phenotype,with a lower chlorophyll content,higher MDA content,and less osmoprotectants accumulation than that of the WT.Transcript profiling of alfalfa WT,OE,and RNAi plants during drought stress showed differential responses for genes involved in stress signaling,antioxidant defense,and osmotic adjustment.Taken together,these results reveal a positive role for MsDIUP1 in regulating drought tolerance.

Preliminary Study on the Mutagenic Effects of Space Flight on Alfalfa Seeds

[Objective] The study aimed to understand the mutagenic effects of space flight on alfalfa seeds.[Method] Seeds of three lines of alfalfa were carried into orbit by the satellite 'Shijian-8' for space fight,the indices including seed germination rate,plant height and growth rate,were measured after the seeds been retrieved.[Result] Remarkable mutagenic effects occurred on the flight seeds,which were mainly presented by abnormal cotyledon,extended variation range of plant height and growth rate.Nineteen plants with increased plant height were preliminarily screened from the T0 progenies,but whether the mutated trait could inherit should be confirmed in further study.Three flight lines of alfalfa are different in the percentages of abnormal cotyledon(10%-18%),variation range of plant height(increased 30%-150% compared to control),selected plant number with increased plant height(5-7 plants),suggesting that differences exits between the three lines in mutation efficiency.[Conclusion] Valuable mutated materials could be obtained by space flight and applied in modern agriculture.

水分胁迫下水稻叶片相关生理性状的QTL定位

利用籼稻品种IR64和粳稻品种Azucena杂交产生的包含96个加倍单倍体株系的群体,在分蘖期用10%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫处理7 d,测定了叶片叶绿素含量、气孔阻力、叶温和含水量,利用285个分子标记构建的遗传连锁图谱,共检测到与抗旱性相关的4个生理指标的6个加性QTL和6对上位性QTL。

外源lea3基因转化紫花苜蓿的研究

将来源于大麦的lea3基因通过基因枪法导入紫花苜蓿栽培品种“中苜一号”的胚性愈伤组织中,经过膦丝菌素类除草剂(PPT)的4次筛选获得抗性愈伤组织,诱导分化后共获得21株抗性再生植株。经叶片涂抹除草剂试验和lea3基因的PCR分子检测证明,lea3基因已整合到紫花苜蓿的基因组中。与对照植株相比,获得的转基因植株具有显著增强的耐盐能力,表明遗传转化lea3基因可用于苜蓿抗旱耐盐新品种的选育。

水稻矮化剑叶卷曲突变体dcfl1的鉴定与基因精细定位

【目的】对一个水稻矮化剑叶卷曲突变体进行鉴定与基因定位,为水稻等禾谷类作物剑叶形态发育及分子改良奠定基础。【方法】在籼型水稻恢复系缙恢10号的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)突变库中筛选到一个隐性矮化剑叶卷曲突变体,命名为dcfl1(dwarf and curled flag leaf 1)。田间小区种植,全生育期内观察dcfl1和野生型的株型变化。苗期利用扫描电镜观察叶鞘内表皮细胞大小;孕穗期和抽穗期利用石蜡切片观察剑叶基部形态;开花期测定剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶的叶绿素含量;成熟期考查株高、有效穗数、穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重等主要农艺性状。配制西农1A/dcfl1杂交组合,利用F1和F2群体进行遗传分析,并利用F2隐性群体进行基因定位。【结果】生育期内,突变体dcfl1都表现出矮化性状。dcfl1叶鞘内表皮细胞长度明显比野生型要短,达到了极显著水平。与野生型相比,穗长、倒1节间和倒2节间均显著变短,倒3节间和倒4节间无显著变化。抽穗期dcfl1剑叶的叶片和叶鞘连接处硬化,剑叶基部展开受阻,半边叶片向内卷曲,剑叶上部和中部正常,其他叶片也正常。农艺性状调查发现,dcfl1的有效穗数为14.24,极显著高于野生型的11.62,穗粒数、实粒数、结实率和千粒重等则无显著变化。此外,dcfl1的叶色略深,剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶的叶绿素a含量均极显著高于野生型,类胡萝卜素含量也略有升高,但仅剑叶达到极显著差异水平,叶绿素b的含量则无显著变化。西农1A/dcfl1的F1群体中,株高和剑叶表型与野生型一致。F2群体中分离出正常和突变两种表型,突变表型与dcfl1类似,植株株高变矮,剑叶基部特异卷曲,说明矮化和剑叶基部特异卷曲是一对共分离性状。且两种表型分离比符合3﹕1,表明dcfl1突变型受1对隐性核基因控制。利用620株F2隐性单株,最终将DCFL1精细定位在第3染色体短臂In Del标记Ind03-11和Ind03-6之间78 kb的物理范围内,包含15个注释基因,为DCFL1的克隆和水稻剑叶形态发育机理研究奠定了基础。【结论】dcfl1是一个水稻矮化剑叶基部特异卷曲突变体,基因精细定位在第3染色体78 kb的物理范围内。

NaCl胁迫对不同苜蓿种质苗期生长特性的影响

试验以来自俄罗斯的48份苜蓿种质为研究材料,采用室内盆栽法,在0.3%,0.4%,0.5%,0.6%NaCL胁迫下,通过测定不同种质的存活率、株高、地上、地下生物量等形态指标,分析了不同NaCl浓度胁迫对苜蓿种质苗期生长特性的影响,并运用聚类分析法对引进种质的耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增加,供试苜蓿种质的存活率、株高、地上生物量、地下生物量呈下降趋势,不同材料间表现出显著性差异,试验共筛选出ZXY05P-776、ZXY05P-1026、ZXY05P-1091、ZXY05P-1104、ZXY05P-1040、ZXY05P-785、ZXY05P-809、ZXY05P-857、ZXY05P-820、ZXY05P-1115、ZXY05P-1140、ZXY05P-1232、ZXY05P-1215、ZXY07P-3537等15份耐盐性较强的种质。

49份野生扁蓿豆种质资源的AFLP遗传多样性分析

应用AFLP标记对采自中国7个省市自治区的49份野生扁蓿豆种质材料进行遗传多样性及遗传结构的分析。研究结果显示：（1）利用4对条带清楚且稳定的AFLP引物组合共扩增出298个条带,其中多态性条带有219个,多态性条带比率为73.5%,每个引物扩增多态性条带数平均为54.8条。（2）49份野生扁蓿豆种质间多态性比率平均为32.70%,Nei’s基因多样性指数平均为0.115,Shannon多样性指数平均为0.172,表明供试种质材料间遗传多样性较丰富,遗传多样性水平较高。（3）河北省的扁蓿豆种质遗传变异最丰富,辽宁省的扁蓿豆种质变异幅度最小,不同地理类群间的扁蓿豆种质遗传多样性指数有显著差异。（4）种质材料间基因分化系数为0.6436,说明64.36%的遗传变异来源于不同种质材料间;地区间基因分化系数为0.2895,说明28.95%的遗传变异来源于不同地区间。表明地区间差异小于种质材料间的遗传变异。（5）UPGMA方法的聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,49份种质材料间的遗传相似系数（GS）为0.5849-0.9904,遗传距离（GD）为0.0096-0.5363,49份扁蓿豆种质分为6大类,表现出明显的地域性。