Identity and Identification: William Langland Wrote The Romance of William of Palerne

This essay shows that William Langland/Longe Wille wrote The Romance of William of Palerne.It brings forward evidence from its text in two main ways:(1).synchronically,i.e.across the text;and(2).diachronically,‘across time’.There is a comparison between this c.1360-61 work and the previous 1191-4 NE Old French/Picard poem Le Roman de Guillaume de Palerne specifically of three passages from each.

西方学术话语与东方史学脉络——以“Medieval”为例

中国史学语言已经非常西方化了。一些我们习以为常的概念,其实有复杂的西方学术背景,并不是中国学术固有的术语。将这些概念还原到其西方学术脉络中,还原到其传入中国学术的历史背景中去,有助于我们更好地理解这些概念的真实涵义,对于历史研究也有重要的意义。"medieval"或者"middleages"是欧洲史学家在17世纪开始构建出来的一个历史阶段,在此之前,欧洲主流的历史观是antiqui-moderni(古-今)模式。欧洲史学家之所以在"古"和"今"之间构建出一个"中世纪"阶段,有其深厚而复杂的文化历史背景。从17世纪末开始,ancient-medieval-modern这种三段式的历史观成为主流。而后,随着西方文化霸权在全球的扩张,自19世纪末开始,这一历史架构逐渐被欧洲文明之外的文化体,主动或者被动的接受为描述本国历史的主流模式。本文的目的在于探索其西方学术背景及其融入东方学术脉络的历史。

High resolution oxygen isotope and grayscale records of a medieval fossil giant clam(Tridacna gigas) in the South China Sea: physiological and paleoclimatic implications

Mollusks are well known for their detailed recording of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes in their carbonate shells. In this study, we constructed 18-year blue color intensity and oxygen isotope profiles of a14C dated （AD 990±40） fossil giant clam,Tridacna gigas, from Shidao Island, South China Sea. Theδ18O profile of theT. gigas specimen displayed regular annual cycles and was probably controlled by seasonal variations of the climatic parameters. The blue color intensity profile showed good agreement with theδ18O series, and both had 18 clear annual cycles in accordance with the 18 visually identified annual growth bands. The annual shell growth rate determined from the blue color intensity and oxygen isotope profiles indicated that the annual shell increment of theTridacna specimen was stable after the onset of sexual ma-turity. Spectral analysis of theδ18O and blue color intensity time series suggested that the El Ni？o-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） period observed in the instrumental temperature and precipitation records of the South China Sea during the past 50 years also existed in medieval times. Our results showed that fossil giant clams could provide a good archive of historical intra-seasonal to decadal climate variations.

Interannual Climate Variability Change during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age in PMIP3 Last Millennium Simulations

In this study, we analyzed numerical experiments undertaken by 10 climate models participating in PMIP3（Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3） to examine the changes in interannual temperature variability and coefficient of variation（CV） of interannual precipitation in the warm period of the Medieval Climate Anomaly（MCA） and the cold period of the Little Ice Age（LIA）. With respect to the past millennium period, the MCA temperature variability decreases by 2.0% on average over the globe, and most of the decreases occur in low latitudes. In the LIA, temperature variability increases by a global average of 0.6%, which occurs primarily in the high latitudes of Eurasia and the western Pacific. For the CV of interannual precipitation, regional-scale changes are more significant than changes at the global scale, with a pattern of increased（decreased） CV in the midlatitudes of Eurasia and the northwestern Pacific in the MCA（LIA）. The CV change ranges from-7.0% to 4.3%（from -6.3% to 5.4%）, with a global average of -0.5%（-0.07%） in the MCA（LIA）.Also, the variability changes are considerably larger in December–January–February with respect to both temperature and precipitation.

Coastal environment of the past millennium recorded by a coastal dune in Fujian,China

Coastal dune is a common aeolian geomorphology in a sandy coast,which records the evolution process of the aeolian landscape system and reflects the complex interaction among land surface,atmosphere and ocean.Coast is a sensitive area to global climate change.Restricted by chronology,most previous researches in China focused only on the cause of formation of coastal dunes.In recent years,the development of optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） dating provides a good method and acts as a carrier for coastal dunes to paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental studies.In this study,we selected an aeolian dune at the Anshan archaeological site,Fujian,China as the research object based on field observations.For determining their sedimentary stages and the primary influencing factors,we used the OSL dating method to construct a chronological framework for the aeolian dune.In addition,the sizes of grains were analyzed for identifying factors influencing the winter monsoon during the Medieval Warm Period （MWP） and the Little Ice Age （LIA） in this area.The results showed that the deposition of the aeolian dune was closely related to variations in the winter monsoon intensity.The changes of the winter monsoon were similar to the tendency of the East Asian winter monsoon,although there were several sub-fluctuations.From an overall perspective,the winter monsoon was strengthened during the MWP （1050–1300） .The results of a power spectrum analysis showed that the intensity of the East Asian winter monsoon is correlated with sunspot activity.

Causes for the Rise of Medieval European Universities: from the Perspective of Social Context

Social context is mainly classified into four types as generative context,cultural context,productive context and transportation context according to their different functions.This essay will discuss the causes for the rise of universities in medieval Europe from the four types of the social context in the Middle Times specifically.The social contexts are all unique to the medieval Europe,functioning as the necessary conditions and historical background of medieval universities.

Heat budget analysis in three typical warm periods simulated by FGOALS-s2

This study compared basic warming patterns among three typical warm periods — the midHolocene（MH）, Medieval Warm Period（MWP）, and the twentieth century warming（20CW） — and carried out a comprehensive heat budget analysis using four experiments simulated by the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System model, Spectral Version 2（FGOALS-s2）. The model simulates similar spatial warming patterns in all three warm periods, e.g. stronger warming appears in the high latitudes. However, changes in surface air temperature（SAT） over the tropical regions are different： a significant warming occurs in the 20 CW and MWP but a significant cooling in the MH. The heat budget analysis suggested that SAT changes are mainly induced by the heat flux. In the MH, the insolation and positive snow and ice feedback are responsible for the warming in the Southern Ocean but the wind anomalies and decreased downward longwave radiation（DLR） induce the cooling in the tropics. In the 20 CW, the decreased shortwave radiation and increased sea surface temperature dependency of evaporation dampen the warming in the tropics. In the MWP, the shortwave radiation induces the Southern Ocean warming, but the DLR and wind anomalies warm the SAT in the tropics. The simulated ocean temperature and ocean heat content anomalies are different in the upper ocean（above 1500 m）, which are mainly induced by the wind stress changes, but similar in the deep ocean in all three warm periods.

LITERATURE RESEARCH ON SCREENING OF THE NUCLEUS ACUPOINTS FOR TREATMENT OF INTELLECTUAL DISTURBANCES

Intelligence-benefiting acupuncturerefers to the acupuncture-moxibustiontreatment of intellectual disturbances byremoving obstructions in channels andcollaterals,regulating yin and yang,andeliminating pathogenic factors to strengthenthe body resistance,with the effects ofstrengthening the brain,benefiting intelligence,

Stories of Coping with Sickness:Illness Narratives in Early Medieval Chinese Anecdotal Literature

As basic facts of life,illness and healing occur frequently and in a variety of patterns in Chinese non-medical literature,starting from the earliest sources inscribed on oracle bones and continuing throughout literary history up to the present day.This article looks at illness narratives in early medieval anecdotal literature(3rd to 6th century CE)to understand how the experience of being sick or of attending to the sick was reflected in these socio-literary environments and what rhetorical and ideological roles these narratives played in their larger narrative contexts.By focusing on the experiences of the sick and those around them,this article aims at“Honoring the Stories of Illness,”in Rita Charon’s words,that are hiding in plain sight in much of Chinese non-medical literature.

Continuity and Change in Dao Yin:Comparing and Contrasting the Therapeutic Exercises in Yin Shu(The Book of Pulling,c.2nd Century BCE)and Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun(Treatise on the Origins and Manifestations of Various Diseases,610 CE)

The manuscript Yin Shu(The Book of Pulling),excavated from Zhangjiashan Han Tomb No.247,is the earliest surviving text on therapeutic exercise known as Dao Yin(lit.guiding and pulling).Discovered in 1983,this Dao Yin text,together with the drawings of 44 figures performing“guiding and pulling”exercises found in the Mawangdui Han Tomb in 1974,are of great significance to the study of the early history of Dao Yin.Prior to these discoveries,researchers into Dao Yin relied mainly on material found in the Dao Zang(the Daoist Canon),compiled in 1145.This led to their conclusion that Dao Yin was essentially Daoist.The development of Dao Yin reached its zenith during the Sui Dynasty(581–618 CE),when it became one of the three medical departments at the imperial medical education institution.As part of the medical reform of the second Sui Emperor,Yang Di,Dao Yin became the treatment of choice,and the employment of a large number of Dao Yin specialists to the Sui court transformed the state medical service.The compilation of Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun(Treatise on the Origins and Manifestations of Various Diseases)under Yang Di’s decree,incorporated an abundance of resources on Dao Yin,enabling physicians to potentially“prescribe”Dao Yin to their patients.Situating both Yin Shu and Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun in their social and historical contexts,this article analyses their editorial treatments,examines their different objectives,styles,and readerships,and compares the various exercises described in the two texts.It emphasizes the fact that over a period of nearly a thousand years,from the late Warring States(475–221 BCE)to the Sui and Tang periods,Dao Yin was an important medical practice,culminating in its institutionalization by the Sui government.

Figures of Speech in Medieval English Mystics

The aim of this paper is to examine metaphors and similes as figures of speech in the language of medieval English mystics.We will focus on three contemplative 14th-century mystics in East Midland;Walter Hilton;the Cloud author;and Julian of Norwich.Metaphors are figures of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily denotes one thing is used to designate another;thus making an implicit comparison;as in“a sea of troubles”.For theoretical background;we adapt Lakoff and Johnson’s subcategorization of metaphors into ontological;orientational;and structural metaphors.Lakoff and Johnson significantly remarked that in everyday life;metaphors are pervasive in not only language but also thought and action.As another device of a figure of speech;we will consider similes whereby two concepts are imaginatively and descriptively compared.The use of figurative speech among the medieval mystics is not random but an effective measure in terms of which we can conceptualize their experience.Metaphors and similes used in mystical discourse cannot help but try and construct what cannot be comprehended by acting on embodying the abstract.Numerous figures of speech found in devotional prose;though some noted earlier in biblical works;are novel in their use.In trying to make the ancient teachings of the Christ accessible for the lay public;the prose observed in this study uses figurative language in association with their writings.

How to Ensure Food Supply to the Population of the Medieval Village of Loule (1384-1488)

Located in the centre of the Algarve,in the South of Portugal,the ancient village of Louléhas its origins in a Muslim medieval medina(8th Century).After the Christian Conquest of the South and namely of the Louléterritory in 1249,the Christian Administration,based on the city councils meetings,composed of good men,will have to reconcile the social and religious dynamics of the populations who stayed in the territory,formed by Jews,Muslims and Christians.Besides this social,cultural and religious scenario,local administration will also assure the management of production,distribution and sale of food needed to ensure the survival and the settlement of the populations in the territory.Part of that distribution included cereals,olive oil,wine,meat and fish,all of them representing the Mediterranean food basis of the populations from the South of the Iberian Peninsula.It is about this daily concern with food distribution and consumption,in a religious and culturally tripartite society that we intend to present this article,focusing the analysis on three types of food:cereals(“bread”),meat and fish.We intend to demonstrate how the medieval council of Loulémanaged the production of the food and how the population was fed,using the Councillor Minutes of the LouléCity Council in the medieval Christian period.Since the documentation allows us to propose an interpretation for the consecrated trilogy of bread,olive oil and wine,we choose to underline three fundamental areas of the economy of the Algarve region:cattle raising and the supply of meat to the populations,the shortage of cereals with which the“bread”supply was ensured and the commercialization of fish.The provision of meat,cereals and fish ensured that the population was well fed,but the most interesting is that,the way the food distribution was made,allows us to understand the capacity to accept a tripartite society between“Christians”,“Moors”and“Jews”.

Toledoth Yeshu: A Jewish Critique of the Gentile Christian Transformation of Jesus Christ

The essay deals with the so-called“Toledoth Yeshu,”one of the most cryptic stories about Jesus Christ from Middle Ages.They referred to some stories of the Gospels of the New Testament and rearranged them again in order to set up a counter story.The thesis of the paper is that these counter stories did not aim at the New Testament as such,but at the Christological dogmatic that stripped Jesus of his Jewishness and turned him into a figure similar to pagan deities opposing and damaging Jewish tradition mainly by exercising magic.At the end,“Toledoth Yeshu”told a story claiming that Yeshu was sentenced to death only by Jewish authorities,because he practiced the blasphemous act of magic of God’s name,seduced his followers by doing so and,therefore,damaged the faith in the One God.That is why I consider“Toledoth Yeshu”a strong and self-conscious Jewish polemic not against the Jewish roots of Christianity,not even against the Jewish Christians that long have perished,but against Gentile or pagan Christianity and its successful attempt to turn Christ into a paganized divine being acting out magic instead of observing the Torah.

Ayla-Axum Amphorae Through the Red Sea Regions and the Arabian Peninsula During the Medieval Age

The aim of the paper is to present a repertory of all archaeological data about the Ayla-Axum amphorae and its content. The study of these class of material will also highlight some aspects of the Early Medieval trade, a period in which sensible political changes occurred after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Ayla-Axum amphorae, found in several Red Sea＇s sites, are significant indicators of trading activities in the region, whose production, transport and diffusion are far from having been thoroughly investigated up to now. Although most scholars think it was used to transport date wine, at least judging on some tituli picti found in these containers, in recent years Parker and Dolinka have suggested that they might have carried garum or a similar fish-sauce produced at Ayla-AqabaI.

Philosophy and Theology in the Islamic Culture： Al-Farabis De scientiis

In this paper, the author refers to the Latin translation of the Kitab Ihsa ＇al＇ Ulum of Al-Frabi made by Dominicus Gundissalinus in the Xllth Century in Toledo, Spain. This text under the Latin title De scientiis was one of the most influential texts of the Arab and Persian world in the western Latin Europe. It is an introductory text into all until known sciences written for students and laymen （illiterate） who want to study one of these sciences. The text of Al-Farabi discusses the seven liberal arts, all of the works on physics of Aristotle and includes some reflexions on metaphysics, political philosophy and theology. There are two important points： （1） All sciences have a theoretical and practical aspect. All sciences are sciences of principles and causes and their application to the practical world. （2） The so called prima philosophia is the political philosophy and not metaphysics. In this respect, Al-Farabi subordinates theology as a science of the religious laws to politics as a science of civil laws. In the same respect, he combines, under the famous sentence of Plato that philosophers are the governors and the very well companions of mankind, politics with theology

From Tomar to Angra： Interpretative Hypothesis of Geometric Pattern Morphology

This paper is focused on the study of the urban form of Tomar, which was founded in Portugal by the Order of the Temple during the 12th century. It is centered on the site where the Order of the Temple was created, Jerusalem, and also on the Templar European headquarters, Paris, in Marais neighborhood; as well as on its headquarters in Portugal, Tomar; and finally, on Angra which was set up in Azores at the beginning of the Portuguese discoveries in 1427. While exploring possible Templar principles on setting up medieval geometric cities, the aim of this paper is to expose that Tomar is a truly relevant case on that process and, therefore, that Portugal have had a significant role on medieval geometric urbanism. The achievements of this paper show that the selected territories share common settlement principles which are based on both similar geometric rules and analogous hierarchy schemes. Regarding that, it will be possible to state that cultural and population exchanges with France should not be considered as the sole factor to shape European medieval urbanity. Portugal should have had a role on that process, too. At least, it should be possible to explore other hypothesis on further pieces of research, according to the exposed arguments.

Taxes, Loans, Credit and Debts in the 15th Century Towns of Moravia： A Case Study of Olomouc and Brno

The paper explores urban public finance in the late medieval towns on the example of two largest cities in Moravia-Olomouc and Brno. Its purpose is to define similarities and differences between them, to express changes which have taken place in the course of the 15th century, and to distinguish financial administration and types of investments in the towns situated in the Eastern part of the Holy Roman Empire from those in the West. The primary sources （municipal books, charters, and Jewish registers） are analyzed using quantitative and comparative methods and the concept of the 15th century financial crisis is reconsidered. The analysis proved that each town within the Empire paid a fixed percentage of the total tax sum of central direct taxation through a system of repartition so that each tax increase caused an ever growing pressure on its finances. New taxes collected in Bmo and Olomouc after 1454 were not proportional to the economic power and population of both cities and gave preferential benefit to Olomouc. At the same time the importance of urban middle classes as tax-farmers started to grow. They increasingly gained influence on the financial and fiscal regime, both through political emancipation as well as by serving as financial officials. The Jewish registers document a general lack of money in the 1430s and 1440s which played into hands of the Jewish usurers. Accounting records from the 1480s and 1490s, to the contrary, give evidence of the growth of loans, debts and credit enterprise. The restructuring of urban elites, caused by financial crises and social conflicts, was centered round the wish for a more efficient management of urban financial resources and more intensive control rights. It was a common feature of towns in the West just as in the East of the Empire. On the other side, the tax basis in the West was rather created by indirect taxes, while direct taxes prevailed in the East. Trade activities played more important role in the West, whereas rich burghers in the East rather invested into land estates. From the research also emerged that the establishment of separate cashes is documented in the West only, the management of urban finance in the East remained limited to a single-entry accounting.

A Critical Analysis of Akbar＇s Religious Policy： Din-i Ilahi

The period of Akbar＇s rule （1556-1605） has been regarded as one of the most significant and incomparable periods in Indian history in particular regarding with Hindu Muslim interaction. Indeed, Akbar＇s success stemmed from his religious policy that based on Sulh-i Kul （universal peace and harmony） between all his subjects regardless with their social, ethical or religious identities. His religious policy was not a sudden event, rather emerged from in the course of time depending on different internal and external factors. The final stage of Akbar＇s religious policy, the Din-i Ilahi （Religion of God）, was a syncretic religious movement propounded by him in 1582 A.D., was one of the most substantial dimensions of mutual interaction and relationship between Hinduism and Islam. The primary aim of this paper, therefore, is to examine the factors influencing Akbar＇s religious policy and to analyze critically Akbar＇s Din-i Ilahi by dealing with its basic features and virtues which more or less shaped his attitudes towards other religious and social groups.

Multi-scale analysis on last millennium climate variations in Greenland by its ice core oxygen isotope

The empirical mode decomposition method is used for analyzing the paleoclimate proxy δ18O from Greenland GISP2 ice core.The results show that millennium climate change trends in Greenland record the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) from 860AD-1350AD lasting for about 490 years,and the Little Ice Age (LIA) from 1350AD-1920AD lasting about 570 years.During these events,sub cooling-warming variations occurred.Its multi-scale oscillations changed with quasi-period of 3-year,6.5-year,12-year,24-year,49-year,96-year,213-year and 468-year,and are not only affected by ENSO but also by solar activity.The oscillation of intrinsic mode function IMF7,IMF8 and their tendency obviously appear in 1350AD which is considered as the key stage of transformation between MWP and LIA.The results give more detailed changes and their stages of millennium climate change in high latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere.

Perspectives on Poverty in Some Medieval French Literary Works

In the sense of destitution, human wretchedness, and powerlessness, poverty is a permanent feature of medieval society, inescapable for many men and women. Some virtuous, self-denying people voluntarily chose a life of poverty, usually with a sense of advancing in Christian spirituality. Often associated in moral writing with covetousness, poverty figures among the vices to avoid. In literary works, some instances of poverty and its victims have acquired exemplary value, as is the case of Yvain＇s encounter with three hundred women silk workers in Chr6tien de Troyes＇s 12th-century romance Le Chevalier au lion and its socio-economic implications. Two particular literary contexts are studied here： firstly, where poverty is a temporary condition, susceptible to change, that is improvement, by virtue of courtly-chivalrous action; and secondly, where poverty provides an effective means of disguise, despite possible dangers. While serving the narrative purpose, an ever-present aspect of reality was thus impressed on the audience