Research on Well Testing Interpretation of Low Permeability Deformed Dual Medium Reservoir

Considering the influence of quadratic gradient term and medium deformation on the seepage equation, a well testing interpretation model for low permeability and deformation dual medium reservoirs was derived and established. The difference method was used to solve the problem, and pressure and pressure derivative double logarithmic curves were drawn to analyze the seepage law. The research results indicate that the influence of starting pressure gradient and medium deformation on the pressure characteristic curve is mainly manifested in the middle and late stages. The larger the value, the more obvious the upward warping of the pressure and pressure derivative curve;the parameter characterizing the dual medium is the crossflow coefficient. The channeling coefficient determines the time and location of the appearance of the “concave”. The smaller the value, the later the appearance of the “concave”, and the more to the right of the “concave”.

Revisiting the methods for gas permeability measurement in tight porous medium

Permeability is a key parameter to describe fluid transport properties of porous medium; however, the permeability measurement is extremely difficult for tight porous medium, e.g. fine-grained rock or dense soil. In this paper, three methods for gas permeability measurement, i.e. steady state method, pulse decay method(PDM) and pressure oscillation method(POM), are first reviewed and then their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. Both analytical and numerical solutions of gas permeability are presented for the tight porous medium. The results show that the analytical method is relatively simple but only valid under certain conditions, whilst the numerical method is more robust and generic, which can take into account several factors such as porosity, saturation, gas leakage, and unconventional boundary conditions. The influence of the effective porosity on the permeability determination is further analyzed using the proposed numerical method. In this study, new pressure data interpretation procedures for PDM and POM are proposed, and the obtained results can serve as a guidance to define a proper method for permeability measurement of the tight porous medium.

Permeability and setting time of bio-mediated soil under various medium concentrations

The bio-clogging using bacteria can be an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional grouting methods for seepage control.However,it remains unclear to date how the dilute concentration of bacterium and medium during field installation can affect the setting time of bacterium and its correlation with permeability reduction.In this study,the setting time of bacterium and its effectiveness in permeability reduction were addressed through experimental and theoretical investigations.A series of sand column was cultivated using different concentrations of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and culture medium.The distribution and composition of the bacterial product(i.e.dextran)were observed by refractometer,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).Soil permeability was recorded using a constant head test.The results revealed that bacterium was effective to produce dextran at the setting time of about 5 d after installation.This dextran can reduce the permeability of bio-mediated soil by two orders of magnitude,even without culture medium supply.In general,the dextran production decreased proportionally with increase of bacterium and medium concentration.However,at 50%bacterium and medium concentration by weight,it still has a significant influence on permeability reduction with similar setting time,compared to 100%concentration.

Vacuum Infusion Molding Process Part 1:VIMP Based on a High-Permeable Medium

The visualization experiments were carried out to investigate the permeability of the high permeable medium (HPM) and the roles of the peel ply and the HPM in the mold filling.The influence of process parameters on mold filling is discussed.Furthermore,the whole vacuum infusion molding process (VIMP) procedure is introduced in detail taking the manufacture of a model boat for example.

Model for Frequency Dependence of Thermal Permeability in Order to Quantify the Effects of Thermal Exchange on Wave Propagation in Multi Layered Porous Medium

The ability to quantify and predict the energy absorption/transmission characteristics of multi-layered porous medium is imperative if one is involved in the automotive, launch vehicle, commercial aircraft, architectural acoustics, petroleum exploration, or even in modeling human tissue. A case in point, the first four aforementioned fields rely on effective Noise and Vibration (NV) development for their commercial success. NV development requires the setting of NV targets at different system levels. The targets are then translated to Transmission Loss (TL), Insertion Loss (IL), and absorption (Alpha) performance for the multi-layered porous materials being utilized. Thus, it behooves to have a thorough understanding of the physics behind the energy dissipating mechanism of the material that entails the effects of the fluid meandering through the pores of the material and its interaction with the structural skeleton. In this section of the project the focus is on the thermal interchange that occurs within the porous medium. Via the acoustic modeling at the micro/macro level it is shown how this thermal exchange affects the acoustic compressibility within the porous material. In order to obtain a comprehensive approach the ensuing acoustic modeling includes the effects due to relaxation process, thus bulk viscosity and instantaneous entropy functions (effects due to vibration of diatomic molecules of air) are incorporated into the equation. The instantaneous entropy functions are explained by means of the Boltzmann’s distribution, partition function, and quantum states. The concept of thermal length and its connection to thermal permeability is clarified. Lastly, the results for TL calculations employing the aforementioned thermal exchange into the Transfer Matrix Method with finite size correction, (FTMM), pertaining to a simple multi-layered material is compared with experimentally obtained data.

Mold Filling Analysis in Vacuum Infusion Molding Process Based on a High-Permeable Medium

The objective of this paper is to understand the flow mechanism through visualization experiments and discuss theinfluence of process parameters on mold filling process. A 2D leakage flow model is developed to simulate the moldingprocess, and the simulation results show good agreement with experiments.

Research on Permeability of Multiphase Medium of Middle to High-Rank Coals

The permeability of coal of middle to high ranks were tested using He,CH 4 and H 2O in single phase medium and using CH 4 and H 2O in double phase medium. The relation between adsorption and permeability of those media was discussed, and the seepage flow characteristics of methane-water medium in coals were analyzed. The result shows that the coalbed methane resource of high-rank coal reservoirs in China is still recoverable.

Three dimensional Couette flow and heat transfer through a porous medium with variable permeability

This paper reports research on the effects of variations in injection velocity and permeability on the heat transfer and flow through a highly porous medium between two horizontal parallel plates situated at constant distance with constant suction by the upper plate.Due to this type of variation in injection velocity and in permeability the flow becomes three dimensional.The governing equstions are solved by adopting complex variable notations to obtain the expressions for the velocity and temperature field.The skin-friction along the main flow direction and rate of heat transfer are discussed with the help of graphs.

大庆油田水驱开发技术及其发展方向

通过回顾大庆油田水驱开发技术发展历程,系统总结了近10年创新发展的水驱层系井网优化调整、近阻组合注水优化调整、区块及单井套损预警防控等油田主体开发技术。在客观分析大庆油田水驱主要矛盾问题的基础上,明确了水驱开发核心技术发展方向。在井网调整方面,攻关以“两驱协同、优选井型”为核心的井网优化调整技术,通过“二三结合”井网优化、分类储层加密调驱、井缝协同井网调整、多井型高效挖潜等井网调整新技术攻关,实现由水驱直井均匀加密向两驱协同、多井网多井型立体调整转变;在结构调整方面,攻关以“智能优化、水驱+”为核心的新一代综合调整技术,通过智能注采优化、低渗透储层功能性水驱、特低渗断块油藏压驱提产等技术攻关,实现由常规注采调整向智能调控、多方式补能转变;在套损防控方面,攻关以“层位预警、套损复产”为核心的套损精准防治技术,在深化地质力学机理研究基础上,发展套损层位精准预警技术、套损区复产挖潜技术,实现由区块、单井预警向大数据与地应力分析相结合的套损层位精准预警及防控转变。

深层低渗凝析气藏气驱适应性研究

针对深层低渗凝析气藏由衰竭开采转变为气驱开发过程中适应性不明确的问题,综合采用PVT(地层流体高压物性)分析仪、长岩心驱替物理模拟技术和数值模拟计算方法,开展了一系列评价研究。通过对比分析注CO_(2)、天然气(伴生气、CH_(4))、N_(2)对凝析气体系高压物性影响与提高凝析油采出程度情况,明确了深层低渗凝析气藏气驱的适应性。实验结果表明:CO_(2)在凝析油中的溶解度和溶解气油比最大,具有较强降低凝析气藏饱和压力和露点压力的特点,提高凝析油采出程度的效果最佳。同时,采用长岩心物理模拟技术针对CO_(2)驱进行了注入时机、注入方式、注气速度优化研究,明确了在露点压力以上脉冲式注气效果更好,为注气开发技术政策及现场方案的实施提供数据支撑。

“一点法”产能评价方法的内涵、矿场应用及改进

近年来,在四川盆地气井产能评价实践中发现,针对低渗强非均质性和中高渗储层,常规“一点法”适用性差。为探索并解决该问题,文中系统梳理并总结了“一点法”产能评价方法的不同形式,揭示了其内涵。“一点法”的内涵主要包括均质储层、可靠的稳定经验数、气井现场测试达到拟稳定渗流状态3个方面,围绕这3个方面的内涵,指明了“一点法”的矿场应用偏差。在此基础上,首先深入剖析了“一点法”计算参数的敏感性;其次对矿场应用提出了改进和数据处理方法,建立了稳定经验数与试井地层系数的经验关系式及不同层系试井地层系数与测井储能系数拟合关系式;再次,提出了不同类型气井测试数据评价方法及试油建议;最后应用文中建立的“一点法”改进方法对四川盆地不同气田的31口气井进行了计算对比,验证了方法的可靠性和可行性。该改进方法不仅适用于常规“一点法”的应用领域,也适用于具有低渗强非均质性、中高渗地质特征的气田,弥补了特定地质条件下常规“一点法”确定气井稳定产能误差大的不足,对于气田的开发设计、规模调整和现场生产组织均具有积极意义。

高强度堵剂优化及其在高含水油藏靶向调堵中的应用

针对河南油田高渗高凝特高含水砂岩油藏,对双激发无机堵剂的配方优化、耐温耐盐性能、封堵性能、耐冲刷性能、粒径匹配等多方面进行系统研究。结果表明,缓凝剂和离子平衡剂是控制体系凝固时间的主导因素,随着主剂与激发剂浓度以及温度的增加,双激发无机堵剂固结速度增大。配液水中矿化度较高时,硫酸根和氯盐会加快体系固结时间。双激发无机堵剂封堵能力强,耐冲刷能力和深部液流转向效果较好,可对高渗透层大孔道有效封堵,提高低渗岩芯分流率,其封堵率高于98.5%。现场应用效果证实,双激发无机堵剂能够实现深部靶向封堵,具有强度高、有效期长、成本低等优点,调堵后含水率大幅下降。

低透气性突出煤层群首采层水力割缝卸压抽采技术研究

针对中近距离松软低透气性突出煤层群抽采防突难题,以皖北矿区任楼煤矿突出煤层群瓦斯地质条件为工程背景,在对松软煤层水力割缝卸压增透机制、首采层割缝工艺参数等研究的基础上,提出了首采层煤巷条带水力割缝卸压增透、煤层群瓦斯联合抽采的综合治理技术,优化了钻孔布置方式,并进行了工程应用。结果表明:割缝实施后钻孔的瓦斯抽采浓度、单孔日均抽采纯量分别是常规钻孔的4.27倍、3.94倍,煤层透气性提高了22~31倍,首采层72号煤层割缝后的防突有效半径可提高至5 m以上,检验抽采半径5 m处的瓦斯含量指标为4.13 m 3/t,在有效解决首采层煤巷条带瓦斯灾害的同时,钻孔工程量降低了2/3以上。

中低渗油藏适用性工艺技术的研究与应用

河口采油厂管辖的油田是中低渗油藏。在复杂低渗油藏条件下,目前进入特高含水开发阶段。该油田中低渗油藏的特性开发中面临着注采不对应、开发效果下降、工艺技术适应性变差等问题。因此,为了改善油藏开发效果和最终采收率,要求采用特殊适用的工艺技术。为了提高措施效果和油藏采收率,开展了工艺的适用性研究,以确保工艺技术与不同类型的油藏特点相适应。2021年的现场实际应用表明,这些工艺技术体系具有较强的适应性,取得较好的增注、增油、降水效果。

三维小球随机堆积多孔介质内黏弹性流体流动数值模拟分析

复杂流体在多孔介质内的流动广泛存在于自然界和工业生产中,研究复杂流体的非牛顿特性对多孔介质内流动的影响具有重要的意义。基于黏弹性流体本构方程,对三维颗粒随机堆积的多孔介质模型进行研究,获得了流体流变性质对多孔介质内流动特性的影响规律。研究发现,流体的流变性质对多孔介质流场内流动的压力降和渗透率等有着显著的影响。对于黏弹性流体来说,随着弛豫时间的增大,即流体的弹性增强,导致流场内压力降减小,渗透率增大;当表征剪切稀化效应的迁移因子增大时流场内部压力降减小,渗透率增大。

低盐水驱对中低渗砂岩采收率及润湿性影响

低盐水驱是一项前沿的改善水驱技术,具有成本低、环境友好等优点。大庆油田中、低渗储层物性较差,化学驱效果不理想,而低盐水驱在中、低渗储层应用前景良好。分别选大庆油田中、低渗透率岩心各5块,采用矿化度为1 000~10 000 mg·L^(-1)盐水开展岩心驱替实验和接触角测试。结果表明:当注入水矿化度由10 000 mg·L^(-1)降为5 000 mg·L^(-1)时,采收率增加,等渗点右移,含油饱和度下降,储层变为水湿;当注入水矿化度从5 000 mg·L^(-1)降为1 000 mg·L^(-1)时,采收率下降,等渗点左移,驱替压力上升,引发黏土膨胀,含油饱和度上升,储层为中性润湿。因此,利用低盐水驱开发大庆油田中、低渗油藏可行,能够提高原油采收率,并改善注入能力,并且矿化度阈值为5 000 mg·L^(-1)。

多孔介质中单相气体局部流动的均质化建模

该文研究了渐近均质法在单相气体渗流理论中的应用,开发了气体在孔隙尺度下流动的数学模型和数值方法.基于渐近均质法,建立了周期单元上描述周期性多孔结构孔隙尺度下单相气体流动的局部问题.讨论了局部问题的特殊数学性质和物理意义.利用一种基于对称性和反对称性扩展的简化方法,提出了求解局部问题的最小二乘有限元方法,克服了由于平均算子和周期性边界条件引起的数值困难.局部问题的求解能够获得单孔内速度和压力的精确分布,并且在仅知道孔隙几何形状的情况下评估多孔介质的渗透性.在局部问题的基础上,通过理论分析获得了微管中Poiseuille流动的解析解,验证了所提出的数学模型和数值算法.最后,考虑了一种三维周期性多孔结构,获得了单孔中气体局部流动的数值结果和多孔介质的渗透系数.

杏北开发区葡Ⅰ1~3聚驱注入界限实验研究

特高含水期油田注聚合物能够有效封堵大孔道,改变液流方向,提高波及体积,从而提高采收率。针对杏北开发区葡Ⅰ1~3主力非均性储层聚驱注入界限识别不清、注入参数选取缺乏依据的问题,基于不同储层渗透率、聚合物相对分子质量和聚合物质量浓度开展注入性实验,评价了注聚效果,确定了注聚界限。结果表明:聚合物相对分子质量越大、质量浓度越大,注入速度越低;注入速度高于0.35 m·d^(-1)为注入能力强,0.35~0.25 m·d^(-1)为注入能力中等,0.25~0.15 m·d^(-1)为注入能力较差,小于0.15 m·d^(-1)为注入能力差。

Linear stability of triple-diffusive convection in micropolar ferromagnetic fluid saturating porous medium

The triple-diffusive convection in a micropolar ferromagnetic fluid layer heated and soluted from below is considered in the presence of a transverse uniform magnetic field. An exact solution is obtained for a flat fluid layer contained between two free boundaries. A linear stability analysis and a normal mode analysis method are carried out to study the onset convection. For stationary convection, various parameters such as the medium permeability, the solute gradients, the non-buoyancy magnetization, and the micropolar parameters （i.e., the coupling parameter, the spin diffusion parameter, and the micropolar heat conduction parameter） are analyzed. The critical magnetic thermal Rayleigh number for the onset of instability is determined numerically for a sufficiently large value of the buoyancy magnetization parameter M1. The principle of exchange of stabilities is found to be true for the micropolar fluid heated from below in the absence of the micropolar viscous effect, the microinertia, and the solute gradients. The micropolar viscous effect, the microinertia, and the solute gradient introduce oscillatory modes, which are non-existent in their absence. Sufficient conditions for the non-existence of overstability are also obtained.

Timing of advanced water flooding in low permeability reservoirs

It is very important to design the optimum starting time of water injection for the development of low permeability reservoirs. In this type of reservoir the starting time of water injection will be affected by a reservoir pressure-sensitive effect. In order to optimize the starting time of water injection in low permeability reservoirs, this effect of pressure change on rock permeability of low permeability reservoirs was, at first, studied by physical simulation. It was shown that the rock permeability decreases exponentially with an increase in formation pressure. Secondly, we conducted a reservoir engineering study, from which we obtained analytic relationships between formation pressure, oil production rate, water production rate and water injection rate. After our physical, theoretical and economical analyses, we proposed an approach which takes the pressure-sensitive effect into consideration and designed the optimum starting time of water injection, based on the principle of material balance. Finally, the corresponding software was developed and applied to one block of the Jiangsu Oilfield. It is shown that water injection, in advance of production, can decrease the adverse impact of the pressure-sensitive effect on low permeability reservoir development. A water-flooding project should be preferably initiated in advance of production for no more than one year and the optimum ratio of formation pressure to initial formation pressure should be maintained at a level between 1.05 and 1.2.