Influence of Elevated Curing Temperature on the Properties of Cement Paste and Concrete at the Same Hydration Degree

Three different curing temperatures（20 ℃, 40 ℃, and 60 ℃） were set, so that the nonevaporable water（w_n） contents of plain cement pastes cured at these three temperatures were measured to determine the hydration degree of cement. Tests were carried out to compare the pore structure and strength of cement paste, as well as the strength and permeability of concrete under different temperature curing conditions when their cements were cured to the same hydration degree. The experimental results show that either at a relatively low hydration degree（w_n=15%） or high hydration degree（w_n=16.5%）, elevated curing temperature has little influence on the hydration products of cement paste, while it has a negative influence on the pore structure and compressive strength of cement paste. However, this negative effect is weaker at high hydration degree. The large capillary pore（〉100 nm） volumes of cement pastes remain almost the same at high hydration degree, regardless of curing temperatures. As for the concrete, elevated curing temperature also has negative influence on its compressive strength development, at both low hydration degree and high hydration degree. And this negative effect is stronger than that on cement paste＇s compressive strength at the same hydration degree. On the whole, elevated curing temperature has little influence on the resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration.

Early Hydration and Setting Process of Fly Ash-blended Cement Paste under Different Curing Temperatures

A specially developed ultrasonic measurement apparatus (UMA) was used to in situ monitor the setting process of fly ash blended cement paste. Combined with the results of Vicat Needle tests, isothermal calorimetric measurement, XRD analysis, SEM morphology and compressive test, the influence of curing temperature (20, 40, 60, and 90 ℃) and fly ash content (0,10%, 20% and 30%) on the setting and hydration process of fly ash blended cement paste was analyzed. The results show that setting and hardening process of fly ash blended cement paste at elevated temperature can be clearly identified into three stages including dormant stage, acceleration stage and deceleration stage. The increasing of curing temperature greatly accelerates the setting and hardening process. However, the content of fly ash does not have significant effect on the setting in condition of 90 ℃. Besides, the initial and final setting time of cement paste is correspondent with the time of duration of dormant stage and the time of UPV value is 1500 m/s (T1500), respectively. Thus, the UMA can be used to determine the initial and final setting time of cementitious material under different curing temperatures. The compressive test results indicate that the paste with 20% fly ash presents higher compressive strength than the plain paste at curing temperatures of 90 ℃. Therefore, appropriate amount of fly ash is beneficial for concrete in the high temperature curing conditions.

Performances of Concrete under Elevated Curing Temperature

The behaviors of concrete at elevated curing temperature were studied. The test results show that when concrete is cured at elevated temperature, a harmful consequence occurs.The later strength decreases significantly compared to that under normal curing condition. Incorporating silica fume, fly ash and slag or lowering w/c ratio can effectively alleviate this harmful consequence. Comparatively, incorporation of silica fume is the most efficient means to decrease the later strength reduction. The harmful consequence is not caused by the difference in degree of hydration since the degree of hydration is similar between elevated curing temperature and normal curing condition. The SEM analysis shows that it is the uneven distribution of hydration products caused by elevated curing temperature that leads to the later strength reduction of concrete.

Effect of Curing Temperature on Intermediate Temperature Properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement Bonded Corundum Castables

In order to study the effect of the curing temperature on the intermediate temperature properties of calcium aluminate cement bonded corundum castables,the prepared castables were cured at 5,10,25,40 and 50℃,respectively,dried at 110℃ for 24 h and heat treated at 800 and 1100 ℃,respectively.Then the apparent porosity,the cold modulus of rupture and the cold crushing strength were measured.The phase composition of castable matrix specimens treated under the same conditions and the influence of the curing temperature on the intermediate temperature strength of the castables were also analyzed.The results show that with the increase of the curing temperature,the hydration degree of calcium aluminate cement increases,which promotes the uniform distribution of hydration products with AI203 after decomposition,thus enhancing the intermediate temperature strength of castables.

Effect of Curing Temperature on the Morphology and Hydration of MgO Expansive Material in Paste

The morphologies and hydration properties of MgO expansive material at different curing temperatures were investigated.When the curing temperature varies from 25℃to 50℃,the conductivity of MgO rises from 40 to 80μs/cm,the hydration product of MgO expansive material curing in water for 28 days is from 1.5—2 mm to 2—2.5μm in length through SEM observation,and the expansion of pastes with 5%of the magnesium oxide is from 0.36%up to 1.01%,it is increased by 2.78 times.When the content of cement paste increases to 95%and cured in water for 90 days,the brucite forms as hexaflaggy?shaped crystal,which is less than 0.1μm and tends to aggregates.The effect of curing temperature on the hydration of MgO expansive material is obvious.

Optimum Calcination Condition of Waste Stabilized Adobe for Alkali Activated High Volume Adobe-Slag Binder Cured at Room Temperature

This study aims to determine the most convenient calcination temperature and calcination duration of wastestabilized Adobe(AB)to produce a new alkali-activated binder.Waste-stabilized Adobe mainly consists of soil,CaCO3 as a stabilizer,and straw(for strengthening).The availability of raw materials for making Adobe presents the waste-stabilized Adobe as a potential product for a new alkali-activated binder.Waste-stabilized Adobe collected from an abandoned damaged building in the village of Inonu in Northern Cyprus,ground and calcined at the following temperatures:450,550,650,750,850,and 950℃.The calcination at each temperature was held for different durations 1,3,5,and 7 h.Raw and calcined waste stabilized Adobe structures were investigated using XRF,TGA-DTA,XRD,FTIR,and SEM.Considering technical and environmental views related to energy consumption,waste stabilized Adobe calcined at 750℃ for 1 h presented the most promising results regarding the production of a new precursor for alkali-activated binder.This study also presents the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS)usage on the fresh and hardened properties of optimum calcined AB-based alkali-activated pastes cured at room temperature.GGBFS was used to partially replace AB to form a binary composite raw material system and seven experimental groups were designed according to replacement levels of 0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%and 30%(by mass).Alkali-activated high volume waste-stabilized Adobe-slag pastes prepared using Na2SiO3-to-NaOH ratio of 2 and 12 M concentration of Sodium Hydroxide.The fresh property as flowability and the hardened property as the compressive strength of the alkali-activated pastes with different GGBFS contents were investigated.The results indicated that the incorporation of GGBFS increased the flowability of fresh alkali-activated pastes.A 28-day compressive strength of 43.75 MPa can be obtained by a 30%replacement level of GGBFS.

Effect of Curing Temperature on Tunnel Fire Insulation of Aerogel Cement Paste Coatings

To further strengthen the protective effect of aerogel cement paste (ACP) coating on self-compacting concrete (SCC) in tunnel fire under the optimal mix proportion,the effect of curing temperature (from 5 to 80 ℃,based on site construction curing temperature and surrounding rock temperature) on fire insulation of ACP was investigated.The mechanical properties,thermal conductivity and porosity of ACP were tested.The microstructure of ACP was characterized by means of SEM,XRD and TG/DTG.The results reveal that 50 ℃ is the optimal curing temperature for ACP with good mechanical properties and fire insulation.Relatively high curing temperature can facilitate hydration and pozzolanic reactions,contributing to the generation of more stable substances (such as C-S-H gels,tobermorite and thenardite,etc).ACP under excessive low curing temperature brings inhomogeneous microstructure with coarse pores,leading to producing wider and longer microcracks when it is exposed to tunnel fire.The microcracks make the heat convection and thermal radiation more significant and thus accelerate the damage of ACP under fire.In case of the less than 7% difference of thermal conductivity,dense microstructure and stable substances are more conducive to strengthening fire insulation of ACP.In practical engineering applications,the thickness of protective layer of ACP can be further optimized when ACP is cured under about 50 ℃.

Hydrophilicity Modification of Addition-cured Room Temperature Vulcanization Silicone Rubber

Allyl terminated polyether was used to improve the hydrophilicity of addition-cured room temperature vulcanization silicone rubber. With the increasing of the polyether, both the hydrophilicity and water absorbed of the vulcanizates were increased. The mechanical properties were also improved by adding the polyether. The result showed that 1.5wt% of the polyether provided the silicone rubber with proper hydrophilicity.

Risk Regionalization of Low-temperature Disasters for Flue-cured Tobacco Planting in Qujing Area Based on GIS

There is a prominent,complex and diverse three-dimensional climate and a variety of meteorological disasters in Qujing area. The risk zoning of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in Qujing area was studied to provide reference for drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages in flue-cured tobacco planting,disaster reduction,and disaster relief services. According to the production practice of fluecured tobacco and local climate analysis,it was determined that flue-cured tobacco in Qujing area was very vulnerable to low temperature during the seedling stage（ from early February to middle April） and in the mature period（ from early July to early September）. Based on the quantitative analysis and evaluation of risk of disaster-causing factors,sensitivity of disaster-breeding environment,vulnerability of carriers,and disaster prevention and reduction capability,a risk assessment model of meteorological disasters was established to precisely evaluate and zone the risk of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in allusion to the seedling and mature stage in Qujing area by using GIS technology. The risk of lowtemperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting during the two periods was divided into four grades,namely low,medium,high and very high risk.

Non-contact and full-field online monitoring of curing temperature during the in-situ heating process based on deep learning

Online monitoring of the curing temperature field is essential to improving the quality and efficiency of the manufacturing process of composite parts.Traditional embedded sensor-based technologies have difficulty monitoring the full temperature field or have to introduce heterogeneous items that could have an undesired impact on the part.In this paper,a non-contact,full-field monitoring method based on deep learning that predicts the internal temperature field of composite parts in real time using surface temperature measurements of auxiliary materials is proposed.Using the proposed method,an average temperature monitoring accuracy of 97%is achieved in various heating patterns.In addition,this method also demonstrates satisfying feasibility when a stronger thermal barrier covers the part.This method was experimentally validated during the self-resistance electric heating process,in which the monitoring accuracy reached 93.1%.This method can potentially be applied to automated manufacturing and process control in the composites industry.

镁硅比和养护温度对硅酸镁水泥电磁性能的影响

采用波导法测定硅酸镁水泥的电磁性能,分析镁硅比和养护温度的影响,并基于微观测试结果进行机理分析.结果表明:提高养护温度可以显著增强硅酸镁水泥的早期强度;硅酸镁水泥的复介电常数实部随着镁硅比和养护温度的提高逐渐增大;提高养护温度使硅酸镁水泥的复介电常数虚部和损耗角正切值增大;与镁硅比相比,养护温度对硅酸镁水泥的透射率、反射率和吸收率的影响更为明显.微观测试结果显示含水量和孔结构对硅酸镁水泥的电磁性能有重要影响.

三聚氰胺改性对木质素酚醛树脂胶合性能的影响

【目的】通过三聚氰胺对木质素酚醛树脂(LPF)改性,提高LPF的胶合性能,降低固化温度,为人造板的绿色生产和节能降耗提供新思路。【方法】对比三聚氰胺与(苯酚+木质素)、三聚氰胺/(苯酚+木质素)与甲醛不同摩尔比对三聚氰胺改性木质素酚醛树脂(MLPF)的性能影响,得到MLPF的最佳合成条件。并与相同酚醛比和木质素取代率的酚醛树脂(PF)和LPF进行性能对比,利用FTIR和DSC对PF、LPF和MLPF的结构和固化温度进行比较分析。【结果】当三聚氰胺与(苯酚+木质素)的摩尔比为4∶6、三聚氰胺/(苯酚+木质素)与甲醛的摩尔比为1∶2时,MLPF的凝胶时间最短,为318.62 s,所压制的MLPF胶合板干、湿胶合强度为2.04和1.43 MPa,甲醛释放量为0.088 mg/m^(3),且与PF和LPF胶合板相比MLPF的胶合强度更高,满足GB/T14732—2017和GB/T 9846—2015国家标准性能要求。FTIR结果显示,相较于PF和LPF,MLPF在3 327 cm^(-1)和3 214 cm^(-1)处拥有属于-OH和-N-H的双峰,在1 079 cm^(-1)和1 036 cm^(-1)处出现的N-C-N特征峰以及在809 cm^(-1)处属于三嗪环面外震动的吸收峰,都证明了三聚氰胺经过羟甲基化并参与到MLPF的合成中。DSC结果显示,经过三聚氰胺改性后的MLPF放热峰值温度出现在140℃,其固化温度相较于LPF和PF分别降低了17.16%和22.22%。【结论】三聚氰胺的加入使得MLPF的凝胶时间更短,固化温度更低,MLPF胶合板的性能相较于LPF无论是胶合强度还是耐水性均有明显提升。

持续负温(-5℃)养护条件下含气混凝土性能劣化及孔结构发展规律试验研究

通过对比负温养护、标准养护条件下5种不同含气混凝土试块在不同龄期下的抗压强度值及内部孔结构,分析持续负温(-5℃)养护条件下含气混凝土抗压强度的发展规律,针对持续负温(-5℃)养护条件,对少害孔的范围进一步明确;并从混凝土内部孔隙分布状况对引气类混凝土普遍存在的强度缺失进行研究。试验结果表明:持续负温(-5℃)条件养护对含气混凝土抗压强度的增长有明显的抑制作用,相同引气剂掺量下混凝土试块强度均小于标准养护试块的强度;同种养护条件下,受引气剂影响,混凝土的强度与引气剂掺量间均呈现负相关;在负温养护环境条件下,实验中设置的最高掺量(0.2%引气剂掺量组别)含气混凝土结构整体密实性因浆体内部孔隙数量的增加而减弱,对混凝土自身的强度有一定影响,但引气剂的加入对负温环境混凝土的抗冻作用不可忽视。为了分析负温环境与引气剂掺量之间的平衡性,通过对含气混凝土在不同养护条件下孔结构发展规律的研究,在保证含气混凝土抗压强度劣化程度低、孔径结构相对优化的前提下,明确了负温(-5℃)条件下含气混凝土引气剂的最优掺量。

箱式烘烤烟叶化学成分变化与温湿度耦合分析

为研究箱式烘烤过程中烤烟质量形成和温湿度场的时空耦合关系,采用传感器实时监测烤房不同位点的温湿度,构建温、湿度场云图,分析主要化学成分变化,并基于层次分析法对烤后烟叶质量进行综合评价,揭示箱式烘烤过程中温、湿度场与箱体内烤烟质量形成的关系。结果表明,箱体内不同层面的温度分布呈现下层温度最高,中层次之,上层最低。随着烘烤进程的推进,箱体内部各层面高温区的分布模式呈现从四周向中心聚集的趋势;箱体内不同层面湿空气由箱体中层向箱体上层移动,从定色前期至干筋期,在箱体内上层面逐渐形成相对高湿环境,箱体内同一层面湿空气的分布遵循中心高四周低的规律。箱式烘烤过程中,箱体下层较中、上层温度高且湿度偏低,淀粉降解量大,烘烤结束时烟叶淀粉含量降为3.88%;总糖和还原糖含量显著低于其他层面;蛋白质降解速率快;总氮含量总体变化平缓;香气物质积累量大,为1 308μg/g。箱式烘烤箱体内不同层面烟叶烤后质量评价结果显示,下层烤烟综合评分为0.817,中层烤烟为0.765,上层烤烟为0.721,箱体下层的烤后烟叶质量最优。以上结果表明,位于箱体下层烟叶环境温度高、相对湿度低,其淀粉降解量大,香气物质及总糖和还原糖转化积累量高,烤后烟品质优。

高温蒸汽养护复掺混凝土力学性能时变特性与模型研究

为研究高温蒸汽养护下粉煤灰-矿粉机制砂混凝土(简称复掺混凝土)力学性能时变特性与模型,本文结合某高速公路高温蒸汽养护复掺混凝土预制梁项目,设计了蒸汽-标准养护、蒸汽-自然养护和标准养护三种养护方式,测试了不同阶段复掺混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和弹性模量,探究了抗压强度与劈裂抗拉强度、弹性模量的关系。结果表明:合适的蒸汽养护方式能促进复掺混凝土抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和弹性模量更快增长,其中对抗压强度形成作用最显著,后期的力学性能不倒缩;蒸汽养护恒温阶段复掺混凝土的力学性能具有最大的增长率,其次是升温阶段,降温阶段力学性能增长率最小;蒸汽-标准养护方式下复掺混凝土的抗压强度时变模型可取对数或对数与幂函数复合函数,劈裂抗拉强度、弹性模量时变模型可取幂函数。

不同药剂引发对烤烟种子萌发和幼苗低温响应的影响

为更好地提高烟草催芽种子质量,提升幼苗素质培育壮苗,以中烟100和中川208为试验材料,研究了不同浓度的赤霉素(GA3)和生防菌剂“海益农”浸种引发处理对种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗最长根长、最大叶面积、幼苗根干(鲜)质量、地上部分干(鲜)质量、抗氧化酶及丙二醛等指标的影响。结果表明,赤霉素对中烟100和中川208浸种引发的最适浓度分别是100 mg/L和50 mg/L,而“海益农”浸种引发的最适浓度则分别是2 g/L和1 g/L。赤霉素和“海益农”的大多数处理对两个烟草品种幼苗的生长都具有显著促进作用。采用隶属函数法对种子萌发指标和幼苗生长指标进行综合评价,从促进种子萌发和培育壮苗的角度,对中烟100促进作用最好的处理为赤霉素200 mg/L,其次为“海益农”1 g/L;而对中川208促进作用最好的处理为“海益农”1 g/L,其次为“海益农”20 g/L。对低温胁迫下幼苗叶片MDA和抗氧化酶活性的综合评价结果表明,提高中烟100耐冷能力的最好处理为“海益农”2 g/L,其次为赤霉素100 mg/L;提高中川208耐冷能力的最好处理为赤霉素100 mg/L,其次为“海益农”8 g/L。综上,不同烟草品种种子萌发、幼苗提壮和抗冷害效果达到最佳时,所使用的引发药剂种类和浓度不同,在生产中需要根据实际情况灵活选择使用。

养护温度对低pH值水泥基材料水化产物及微结构的影响

低pH值水泥基材料因其低pH值特性被广泛应用于深地质处置库的建设过程中,但其在深地质处置库中的长期服役过程少有研究报道。通过X射线衍射分析、热重分析和扫描电镜等测试,研究了低pH值水泥基材料在深地质处置环境中不同温度下的长期水化产物和微结构演变规律,结果表明:在50℃长期养护下,低pH值水泥基材料的水化产物仍然有钙矾石,可能是由于低pH值水泥基材料的孔隙溶液氢氧根浓度较低,提高了钙矾石的分解温度,导致其在50℃以上仍能长期稳定存在;养护温度越高,低pH值水泥基材料的结合水含量也越高;养护温度的升高,促使箔片状的C-S-H凝胶向细针状的C-S-H凝胶转变。

固化工艺对树脂基高速打磨磨石性能影响

为优化高速钢轨打磨磨石的质量设计,通过调控磨石固化温度制度与固化时间等固化工艺参数,制备树脂交联程度不同的高速钢轨打磨磨石,探究固化工艺参数对高速钢轨打磨磨石综合性能的影响,通过抗压测试说明了磨石力学性能随着固化工艺的变化。利用打磨试验台量化不同固化工艺下磨石打磨性能的差异。然后对打磨后的磨石与钢轨样品进行表面质量分析,评价加工后表面质量的优劣。最后从磨石的力学性能、打磨性能以及打磨后钢轨表面质量等进行综合评价,总结固化温度与固化时间对于磨石性能的影响。结果表明:在试验范围内,增加固化温度和固化时间均有助于提高磨石的力学性能。随着固化温度与固化时间的增长,打磨后钢轨表面质量得到有效提升,然而磨石的打磨性能存在变差的趋势。

负性光敏聚酰亚胺的种类及研究进展

由于优异的综合性能,负性光敏聚酰亚胺已成为微电子领域不可或缺的材料,根据负性光敏聚酰亚胺结构和合成工艺的不同,总结了其主要种类和研究进展。随着微电子技术的高度集成化和扇出型晶圆级封装技术的发展,对负性光敏聚酰亚胺材料提出了更高的要求,如更低的介电常数、更低的热膨胀系数和更低的固化温度等。本文进一步介绍了负性光敏聚酰亚胺材料的不同改性方法及其微观作用机制,并对比分析了各类改性方法的优缺点,为高性能负性光敏聚酰亚胺材料的设计开发提供理论基础。