Users’ Perception on Operation and Performance of Public Transport Systems in African Developing Countries: The Case of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

Public transport system has been a means of addressing transportation challenges in urban areas, such as traffic congestion, traffic jam and long travel time in cities worldwide. Transportation in Africa is unique in that it has the least developed public transport systems in the world, while also being one of the fastest urbanizing continents. Bus Rapid Transit being one of the public transport systems was introduced in Africa in 2008 as a means to provide solution on urban transportation challenges. Despite of public transport being the main means of transport in African developing countries, there have been a number of challenges that affects efficiency of performance of the system and makes its users uncomfortable. Therefore, the study aimed at exploring the setbacks or challenges associated with operation and performance of the BRT system in the African developing countries and address them. The study employed mixed methods research design that integrates both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and analysis. The study findings reveal that, there is an improvement on the perspectives of the commuters on public transport after introduction of BRT system. However, some challenges such as long waiting time, passengers overcrowding during peak hours, as well as safety and security can slowly change the perspective of the commuters. Therefore, to address these challenges it is recommended to reduce the long waiting time and improve accessibility by introduction of passenger information displays (bus information system) and automated fare collection system;reduce travel time by introduction of bus priority signal;and improve safety and security by introduction of signage and CCTV Camera within the bus and bus stops.

Modeling customer satisfaction for bus rapid transit in Changzhou, China

This paper aims to develop a customer satisfaction model for bus rapid transit （BRT）. Both the socio-economic and travel characteristics of passengers were considered to be independent variables. Changzhou BRT was taken as an example and on which on-board surveys were conducted to collect data. Ordinal logistic regression （OLR） was used as the modeling approach. The general OLR-based procedure for modeling customer satisfaction is proposed and based on which the customer satisfaction model of Changzhou BRT is developed. Some important findings are concluded： Waiting sub-journey affects customer satisfaction the most, riding sub- journey comes second and arriving station sub-journey has relatively fewer effects. The availability of shelter and benches at stations imposes heavy influence on customer satisfaction. Passengers＇ socio-economic characteristics have heavy impact on customer satisfaction.

Impact of viscosity modifier on asphalt properties used for bus rapid transit lanes in Chengdu

In order to find the effect of different viscosity modifier dosages on asphalt binder＇s performance in bus rapid transit lanes in the city of Chengdu, three different viscosity modifiers were analyzed： TAFPACK-super （TPS）, high-viscosity additive （HVA） and road-science- technology （RST）, and four different asphalt binders were investigated through laboratory experiments. The percent- ages of the viscosity modifiers used were： TPS （0%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16%） and RST and HVA （8% and 12%） depending on the type of asphalt binder. Technical indicators of modifier asphalt were tested through con- ventional and unconventional binder tests. It has been found out that only a percentage greater than or equal to 14% TPS is reasonable to achieve the requirement set by 20,000 Pa. s for the 60℃ dynamic viscosity on local #70 grade asphalt. The results indicate that conventional bin- ders did not meet the requirements of the 60℃ dynamic viscosity when 12% of TPS or HVA modifiers were used. In addition, the B-type styrene-butadienne-styrene （SBS） modified asphalt binder has better viscosity balance than the A-type SBS modified when 8% of each of the three different kinds of viscosity modifiers is used. Therefore, the B-type modified SBS thus appears to be a suitable choice in asphalt mixtures for bus rapid transit lane with the 60℃ dynamic viscosity.

Fabrication of VO_2 thin film by rapid thermal annealing in oxygen atmosphere and its metal–insulator phase transition properties

Vanadium dioxide thin films have been fabricated through sputtering vanadium thin films and rapid thermal annealing in oxygen. The microstructure and the metal-insulator transition properties of the vanadium dioxide thin films were inves- tigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a spectrometer. It is found that the preferred orientation of the vanadium dioxide changes from （111） to （011 ） with increasing thickness of the vanadium thin film after rapid thermal annealing. The vanadium dioxide thin films exhibit an obvious metal-insulator transition with increasing temperature, and the phase transition temperature decreases as the film thickness increases. The transition shows hysteretic behaviors, and the hysteresis width decreases as the film thickness increases due to the higher concentration carriers resulted from the uncompleted lattice. The fabrication of vanadium dioxide thin films with higher concentration carriers will facilitate the nature study of the metal-insulator transition.

Integrated Performance Measures for Bus Rapid Transit System and Traffic Signal Systems Using Trajectory Data

Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have been implemented in many cities over the past two decades. Widespread adoption of General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), the deployment of high-fidelity bus GPS data tracking, and anonymized high-fidelity connected vehicle data from private vehicles have provided new opportunities for performance measures that can be used by both transit agencies and traffic signal system operators. This paper describes the use of trajectory-based data to develop performance measures for a BRT system in Indianapolis, Indiana. Over 3 million data records during the 3-month period between March and May 2022 are analyzed to develop visualizations and performance metrics. A methodology to estimate the average delay and schedule adherence is presented along a route comprised of 74 signals and 28 bus stations. Additionally, this research demonstrates how these performance measures can be used to evaluate dedicated and non-dedicated bus lanes with general traffic. Travel times and reliability of buses are compared with nearly 30 million private vehicle trips. Results show that median travel time for buses on dedicated bi-directional lanes is within one minute of general traffic and during peak periods the buses are often faster. Schedule adherence was observed to be more challenging, with approximately 3% of buses arriving within 1 minute on average during the 5AM hour and 5% of buses arriving 6 - 9 minutes late during the 5PM hour. The framework and performance measures presented in this research provide agencies and transportation professionals with tools to identify opportunities for adjustments and to justify investment decisions.

Dwell time estimation models for bus rapid transit stations

Bus rapid transit （BRT） systems have been shown to have many advantages including affordability, high capacity vehicles, and reliable service. Due to these attractive advantages, many cities throughout the world are in the process of planning the construction of BRT systems. To improve the performance of BRT systems, many researchers study BRT operation and control, which include the study of dwell times at bus/BRT stations. To ensure the effectiveness of real-time control which aims to avoid bus/BRT vehicles congestion, accurate dwell time models are needed. We develop our models using data from a BRT vehicle survey conducted in Changzhou, China, where BRT lines are built along passenger corridors, and BRT stations are enclosed like light rails. This means that interactions between passengers traveling on the BRT system are more frequent than those in traditional transit system who use platform stations. We statistically analyze the BRT vehicle survey data, and based on this analysis, we are able to make the following conclusions： （ I ） The delay time per passenger at a BRT station is less than that at a non-BRT station, which implies that BRT stations are efficient in the sense that they are able to move passengers quickly. （II） The dwell time follows a logarithmic normal distribution with a mean of 2.56 and a variance of 0.53. （III） The greater the number of BRT lines serviced by a station, the longer the dwell time is. （IV） Daily travel demands are highest during the morning peak interval where the dwell time, the number of passengers boarding and alighting and the number of passengers on vehicles reach their maximum values. （V） The dwell time is highly positively correlated with the total number of passengers boarding and alighting. （VI） The delay per passenger is negatively correlated with the total number of passengers boarding and alighting. We propose two dwell time models for the BRT station. The first proposed model is a linear model while the second is nonlinear. We introduce the conflict between passengers boarding and alighting into our models. Finally, by comparing our models with the models of Rajbhandari and Chien et al., and TCQSM （Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual）, we conclude that the proposed nonlinear model can better predict the dwell time at BRT stations.

An Apparatus Design for the Vehicle Control Scheme in Personal Rapid Transit System

A new transportation technology known as personal rapid transit （PRT） is being developed by multiple different companies around the world, and one system is under commercial operations in the United Kingdom. Each design is different, but they all share a need to operate many automated transit vehicles at very close headways. Safe operation will require a level of control an order of magnitude above any current transit system. As a result, new techniques will be needed for the development and testing of the mechanical and control systems. In this paper an apparatus for developing and testing a PRT vehicle control scheme is demonstrated. This system is composed of independent modules that represent virtual vehicles, a central control system, a man-machine interface and a monitoring device. It can be used to implement and to evaluate the designed vehicle control algorithm. The vehicle control algorithm is designed and simulated in a combined simulation platform that consists of Matlab/Simulink and Labview Simulation Interface Toolkit. Simple operational scenarios are proposed for the testing of the proposed vehicle control apparatus.

市域快线行车组织在埃及斋月十日城铁路项目中的应用研究

为适应我国社会经济和新型城镇化发展,市域铁路正呈现蓬勃发展的态势。埃及斋月十日城铁路项目作为为中资公司“走出去”的第一条成功执行的市域快线,与其功能需求和技术特点相匹配的行车组织关键技术和方法在海外推广具有一定的难度。该论文简述了埃及轨道交通发展历程及现状,总结了项目的主要特点,阐述了车辆选型、速度目标值及站立标准的确定,分析了辅助配线设置方案,探讨了快慢车行车组织模式的可行性,提出了线路多次延伸后列车开行方案的设想。

基于快速评价方法的土地利用变化分析

为构建快速评价方法,及时掌握区域土地利用变化动态,促进土地资源的科学合理利用,推进自然资源可持续发展,利用影像自动分割技术,对2010年、2020年两期遥感数据进行地类信息采集,利用ArcGIS模型构建技术,采用土地利用动态变化度、地学信息图谱及土地利用转移矩阵等方法对研究区土地利用情况进行综合分析。结果显示,2010—2020年研究区林地面积增加244.81 hm~2,住宅用地面积增加69.68 hm~2,水域及水利设施用地面积增加33.60 hm~2;耕地和草地面积分别减少262.81 hm~2、30.71 hm~2,其他地类面积变化不大。从土地利用动态变化度来看,公共管理与公共服务用地增幅显著,达到24.62%。从地学信息图谱及土地利用转移矩阵来看,林地增加来源地类主要为耕地、园地及草地,整个研究区域均有分布,主要受到退耕还林政策及在影像分割和目视解译过程中的林下耕地影响。通过一系列研究较快地摸清了土地利用数量、布局及各地类之间相互转化的剧烈程度,可为土地利用可持续发展及相关部门开展研究提供决策依据。

透析液中结缔组织生长因子、纤溶酶水平与腹膜透析患者腹膜溶质转运速率的关系

目的 探讨透析液中结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)水平与腹膜透析(PD患者腹膜溶质转运速率(PSTR)的关系。方法 选取2020年1月至2022年12月江苏省连云港市第二人民医院收治的152例PD患者,根据标准腹膜平衡试验分为快速转运组和非快速转运组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测透析液中CTGF、PAI-1水平。采用多因素logistic回归分析PD患者PSTR快速转运的影响因素,采用受试者操作特征曲线分析透析液中CTGF、PAI-1水平对PD患者PSTR快速转运的评估价值。结果 152例PD患者PSTR快速转运发生率为57.24%(87/152)。快速转运组透析液中CTGF、PAI-1水平高于非快速转运组(P<0.05)。快速转运组透析龄、夜间超滤量高于非快速转运组,白蛋白水平低于非快速转运组(P<0.05)。透析龄延长(OR=1.051,95%CI:1.023~1.081)和CTGF(OR=1.298,95%CI:1.165~1.446)、PAI-1(OR=1.408,95%CI:1.205~1.646)升高为PD患者PSTR快速转运的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。透析液中CTGF联合PAI-1预测PD患者PSTR快速转运的曲线下面积大于二者单独预测(P<0.05)。结论 透析液中CTGF、PAI-1水平升高与PD患者PSTR快速转运独立相关,二者联合对PD患者PSTR快速转运评估价值较高,可能成为PD患者PSTR快速转运的辅助评估指标。

自适应循环发动机快速推力变化过渡过程性能初步研究

自适应循环发动机是基于变循环发动机设计理念基础并充分考虑飞发一体化设计、热管理等综合性能的面向未来飞行平台的先进动力装置,可通过诸多可调机构实现发动机涵道比、增压比、流量以及工作模式的灵活改变,从而适应不同飞行任务的复杂任务剖面需求,获得更大飞行包线内的性能优化。本文基于自适应循环发动机的性能计算仿真模型,在相关研究基础上结合模式转换和加减速过程实现快速推力变化过程,根据模式转换与加减速控制规律设计,开展典型算例下的快速推力变化过渡过程性能分析并验证其控制规律设计方法可行性,在亚声速巡航工况下,发动机在以M3模式叶尖风扇最小角度状态下,低压转子相对物理转速从0.6加速至1.0,最大可使终止推力增大32.4%,相较于单一模式加减速过渡过程,推力变化范围更宽,加速时间更短,转速变化范围更小。

北京市中心城区外地铁线路开行快慢车对策研究

随着城市化进程的进一步加快,城市居民对通勤出行的时效性要求越来越高,连接中心城与外围新城之间的地铁是主要的通勤交通线路,如何提高其旅行速度、缩短乘客旅行时间,成为急需研究的一个重要问题。为满足不同乘客对出行条件和服务效率的需求,提出通过开行快慢车实现旅速时间的节省。从既有客流特征入手,分析客流来源及目的地,指出既有线开行快慢车的必要性;在借鉴日本相关案例经验的基础上,对开行快慢车需要考虑的问题进行分析;以北京燕房线、房山线、15号线为例,分析不同线路的客流特征及线路条件,分别提出利用大行车间隔及设置越行线开行快慢车的方案;并提出两种方案的特点及实施要点。利用大行车间隔开行快慢车,即在客流较小的线路上利用富裕的能力开行快慢车,仅需对运营图进行优化设计,投资小;设置越行线开行快慢车,需根据工程实施条件、客流特征,选择合理的越行站点。经分析研究,采用两种方式均可实现节省旅行时间的目的,对提升中心城区外客流快速进城需求有积极的意义。

国家地震烈度速报与预警工程项目建设与业务运行的过渡实践

国家地震烈度速报与预警工程项目已完成建设任务,面对政府、社会、公众对地震预警的期待,结合新一代地震监测速报预警业务体系特点,在由项目建设转向业务运行过程中,采取尽早树立业务化观念、建立健全制度体系、制定完善组织体系、形成风险隐患排查整改长效机制、重点地区先行及渐进式投入试运行等措施手段,在项目竣工验收前初步完成过渡,全面进入业务运行状态,部分重点地区提前开通对外服务。本文分析了各方对地震预警的期待和新一代速报预警业务体系特点,总结了建设转运行的过渡措施,并探讨了目前运行管理工作中的问题及改进方向,为未来地震预警工作完善提供参考。

旱涝急转对大豆产量和生长发育影响

为研究旱涝急转对大豆产量和生长发育的影响,通过开展旱涝急转组、单旱组、单涝组和对照组平行对比形式的旱涝急转测筒试验,分析了大豆不同试验处理条件下叶绿素含量变化规律、大豆前期受旱再继续受涝的产量变化规律以及不同旱涝组合形式下先旱与后涝相互作用的产量变化规律,进一步探究了旱涝互作对产量构成因素的影响。研究成果为旱涝急转防灾、减灾提供理论依据和技术支撑。

都市快轨车站设计研究——以京雄快线典型车站设计为例

都市快轨是在我国都市圈发展背景下应运而生的轨道交通干线,以京雄快线为例,以探索可推广的都市快轨车站设计标准为目的,使其兼有铁路的快速通达和城轨的公交化运营两方面优势,并与城市空间格局和城市综合交通体系相融合。梳理传统铁路客运站与城轨车站的特点和差异,以因地制宜、各取所长作为设计导向,剖析京雄快线各站点在线网中的功能定位,分为城市重大交通节点、城市级、区域级,提出面对差异化的城市空间形态、开发强度做好建筑空间一体化。面对都市快轨快速通达的乘客诉求,采取公交化运营缩短旅行时间,提供高效便捷的换乘、接驳服务水平。面对列车高速越行产生的风压,设全高站台门隔绝轨行区与乘客候车区,提供舒适的候车环境,采用“桥建分离”的结构形式,并采取安全可靠的技术措施满足风压计算强度要求。面对都市圈轨道先行,圈内各区域发展的不确定性,在站型选择和总体布局中为都市轨道线路未来逐步成网预留好主支结合、不断生长、网络化运营的拓展条件。

基于直流远供技术的市域快线LTE远端设备供电方案研究

[目的]针对市域快线长大区间设备供电需求,传统城市轨道交通区间的WLAN(无线局域网络)、TD-LTE(分时长期演进)远端设备的点对点、交叉冗余供电方式,存在线缆浪费、电力资源损耗、冗余度低等问题。[方法]尝试提出运用直流远供技术解决电力资源远距离输送,进而优化长大区间远端设备供电方案。[结果及结论]直流远供技术可以满足市域快线长大区间供电需求,单点故障不会造成无线通信中断,可进一步提升供电系统冗余度、可靠性。设备配备的监控子系统,可同步纳入信号微机监测系统,以实现供电系统闭环管理。

某160 km/h市域快速轨道交通地下线环境振动特性试验研究

随着城镇化的快速发展,城市范围拓展地越来越大。目前地铁设计速度多为80~120 km/h,对于长距离通勤略显不足。为了更好地实现城市融合,更高速度的城市轨道交通应运而生,并已经在某些城市投产运营。为掌握160 km/h市域快速轨道交通地下线产生的环境振动影响,对某城市160 km/h市域快速轨道交通地下线开展系统的环境振动测试,包括钢轨、道床、隧道壁振动测试;地面振动和室内二次结构噪声测试。结果表明:列车速度在124~152 km/h时,钢轨振动为109.7~111.2 dB,道床振动为75.6~77.4 dB,隧道壁振动为67.5~69.4 dB,平均速度138 km/h时,隧道壁振动为68.7 dB;列车振动传至地面后,隧道正上方距离轨道0~40 m地面振动最大Z振级为46.4~60.2 dB,地面振动基本符合随距离加大而减小的衰减规律,但是距离轨道10 m处测点的振动响应较0 m处测点存在放大现象;采取橡胶隔振垫整体道床情况下,近、远轨列车通过时隧道上方建筑物一层室内二次结构噪声最大值分别为32.7 dB(A)、28.4 dB(A)。

Combinations of Transportation Policies to Promote BRT Usage Using Artificial Society Model

Various transportation systems have been developed in recent years.In this study,an artificial society model is developed to examine the combination of transportation policies in urban areas.In this model,each trip maker selects the primary and terminal transportation modes.An artificial society model is applied to the southeastern region of Osaka City,Japan.The effects of introducing BRT(bus rapid transit,primary transportation)and on-demand buses(terminal transportation)are investigated.The results confirm that BRT is used by a certain number of users.An increase in the use of BRT will increase the amount of walking,thus resulting in a healthy city.However,on-demand buses are rarely used as terminal transportation.Additionally,the development of bicycle parking stations near BRT stops is shown to be effective in the northern section of the BRT route.

达喀尔BRT中的智能交通系统

为切实解决非洲地区交通拥堵问题,提高市民的出行效率,非洲国家塞内加尔首都达喀尔采取快速公交(BRT)系统作为一种解决方案,并且结合智能交通系统的应用。通过分析一些重要的智能交通技术在达喀尔BRT中的应用,并从系统构成、系统功能、系统框图等方面进行深入研究。表明智能交通系统在改善达喀尔目前的交通状况、提升出行体验等方面都起到积极的作用。说明达喀尔BRT智能交通系统的应用可充分发挥智能技术在交通领域的优势,为解决交通拥堵和提高交通效率提供可行的解决方案。同时,其成功经验和成果对其他非洲地区改善交通状况和推动城市可持续发展具有重要的借鉴意义。

微秒到秒时间尺度的高压相变动力学和物性研究:回顾、进展及展望

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