An Update on the Clinical Pipelines of New Antibacterial Drugs Developed in China

Antibacterial resistance is a global health threat that requires further concrete action on the part of all countries.In this context,one of the biggest concerns is whether enough new antibacterial drugs are being discovered and developed.Although several high-quality reviews on clinical antibacterial drug pipelines from a global perspective were published recently,none provides comprehensive information on original antibacterial drugs at clinical stages in China.In this review,we summarize the latest progress of novel antibacterial drugs approved for marketing and under clinical evaluation in China since 2019.Information was obtained by consulting official websites,searching commercial databases,retrieving literature,asking personnel from institutions or companies,and other means,and a considerable part of the data covered here has not been included in other reviews.As of June 30,2023,a total of 20 antibacterial projects from 17 Chinese pharmaceutical companies or developers were identified and updated.Among them,two new antibacterial drugs that belong to traditional antibiotic classes were approved by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)in China in 2019 and 2021,respectively,and 18 antibacterial agents are in clinical development,with one under regulatory evaluation,five in phase-3,six in phase-2,and six in phase-1.Most of the clinical candidates are new analogs or monocomponents of traditional antibacterial pharmacophore types,including two dual-acting hybrid antibiotics and a recombinant antibacterial protein.Overall,despite there being 17 antibacterial clinical candidates,our analysis indicates that there are still relatively few clinically differentiated antibacterial agents in stages of clinical development in China.Hopefully,Chinese pharmaceutical companies and institutions will develop more innovative and clinically differentiated candidates with good market potential in the future research and development(R&D)of original antibacterial drugs.

稳健驾驭:巨型工程的国家治理逻辑及其实现--以“西气东输”项目为例

巨型工程因其超大规模引发复杂性治理难题,需要国家的全面介入与稳健驾驭。西气东输工程的案例研究显示,超大的工程规模会导致决策的信息缺失与方案模糊问题,以及工程建设中的项目集成交互和多主体协同困境等治理难题。为解决这些难题,国家通过战略框定与工程目标建构,以国家意志塑造巨型工程战略纵深与社会合法性;通过方案最优化决策与群体智慧支持,以集体理性弥合理想最优方案与群体决策结果的差距;以领导小组统筹部署、高层权威推动和政治性协调,整合碎片化治理权威,形成有效的府际治理合力;通过国家主导的组织结构网络,国家权力深刻嵌入工程建设场域,以国家能力的积极运作实现管理协同。巨型工程的国家治理逻辑可概括为全面介入、战略统筹、稳健驾驭和有效治理,其研究有助于拓展巨型工程治理的国家理论,加深对中国巨型工程治理和决策过程的理解。

Research on the impact of mega-projects on carrying capacity of cities taking the first-line project of the West-East gas pipeline as an example

With the acceleration of China's urbanization,the functions and benefits of mega-projects are required higher.With the deepening of"the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road",the quantitative evaluation of multinational investment projects will help strengthen cross-border communication among gov-ernment,society and enterprises,which provide a basis for mutual trust.This study empirically analyzes and evaluates the impact of mega-projects on carrying capacity of cities,by using the DID method based on the panel data of 15 cities in China from 2000 to 2013.The results show that the construction and operation of the first-line project of the West-East gas pipeline has a significant positive impact on the improvement of carrying capacity of cities along the line.However,the degree of impact on three di-mensions is slightly different.The impact on the social carrying capacity is the greatest,then the ecological and economic carrying capacity.Therefore,the decisions of do-mestic mega-projects should be unified with urban planning to promote the sustain-able development of China's economy and social.The investment of mega-projects abroad should also be coordinated with the carrying capacity of host cities,in order to enhance the competitiveness and creativity of Chinese multinational mega-projects investment.

国家话语体系视角下中国工程科技类纪录片海外传播效果及启示

基于海外视频网站You Tube的观众评论构建语料库,借助语料库软件Ant Conc对纪录片《超级工程》(第三季)海外接受情况与传播效果进行词条分析。研究发现,虽然部分观众对中国纪录片外宣持有偏见,但得益于作品本身的制作精良,该片总体上受到海外观众的肯定性评价。在国家话语体系建设视角下,中国纪录片叙事方式和制片策划只有以满足观众的诉求为目标,克服主要针对国内宣传的局限性,才能更好地“走出去”。

国家重大科技基础设施运行管理的改进方法与实践——以EAST全超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置为例

中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所先后建成中国第一个圆截面超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置,以及世界上第一个非圆截面全超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置(EAST)。为持续改进EAST的运行管理,从顶层设计、组织实施和评估评价等方面分析EAST管理实践的有关探索与创新,具体包括:建立所领导、物理与实验运行部至一级系统的三级管理体系,能够更好围绕成果产出进行统一规划和分级管理;基于“计划—实施—检查—行动(PDCA)”管理理论,形成覆盖EAST运行周期的全过程管理机制;通过国内外评估制定设施中长期、近期计划,设置物理与实验运行部,负责主导EAST装置运行计划与目标的制定。另外,根据设施构成、结合运行需求设置一级系统,起用青年骨干担任负责人,分解任务、明确责任;同时,加强设施运行评估,部署实施系列改进举措,如优化基础研究组织模式和管理方式、创新国际合作模式等。根据EAST运行管理经验,对中国重大科技基础设施的运行和管理提出优化科研组织模式、完善管理方法、建设大科学工程团队、加强开放与合作等对策建议。

A fuzzy model for assessing the risk exposure of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through public-private partnership： The case of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Considering the rapid urbanization growth rate particularly in developing countries, the number of infrastructure mega-projects over the past years has risen tremendously. Essentially, because infrastructure megaprojects require huge investment funds, better management skills, well qualified and experienced international expertise and technology innovation, they are mostly preferred to be procured using the PPP method compare to the use of the traditional bid-build system. In this regard, this paper aims to develop a fuzzy evaluation model for assessing the suitability of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through PPP by considering their risk exposure. The main body of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB)is used as a case project to demonstrate the practicality of the risk evaluation model. The risk evaluation model consists of four critical risk groupings, these include,construction and land risks, commercial risks, operational risks and political risks. Using the risk evaluation equation,a risk index of 4.53 out of 5.00 is computed for the selected project if it is procured through the PPP scheme. This outcome shows that the case project is not suitable for the PPP approach because its risk exposure is very high. The model developed will enable PPP practitioners to predict the likely risk exposure of procuring infrastructure megaprojects through the PPP scheme.

重大建设工程技术创新合作关系与风险防控能力研究

技术创新合作是破解重大建设工程难题的关键手段,但合作关系的建立和管理也带来了新风险。为有效降低技术创新合作风险,技术创新合作关系对风险防控能力的作用值得深入思考。基于“结构—行为—绩效”范式和风险管理理论,结合已有研究,构建“合作关系—合作行为—合作绩效—风险防控能力”的链式中介模型,采用问卷调查法得到235份有效样本,采用回归分析和中介效应分析进行假设检验。回归分析结果显示,合作关系、合作行为、合作绩效均对风险防控能力有显著正向影响,且影响程度依次减弱。良好的合作关系显著提高合作行为的执行效果,提升合作绩效,进而对风险防控能力产生积极影响。中介效应检验结果表明,合作行为、合作绩效在合作关系与风险防控能力之间起链式中介作用,合作关系不仅直接影响风险防控能力,还通过合作行为和合作绩效对风险防控能力产生间接影响。在此基础上,为提高重大建设工程技术创新合作能力,提出重视合作关系的建立与维护、强化合作行为的执行与管理、关注合作绩效的评估与提升及构建良好的风险防控机制等对策建议。研究揭示了重大建设工程技术创新合作主体通过合作路径影响风险防控能力的内在机理,为重大建设工程技术创新合作提供参考。

Supplier development and its incentives in infrastructure mega-projects： A case study on Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project

In this paper the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project is taken as a case to analyze supplier development in infrastructure mega-projects. Compared with manufacturing industry, the characteristics of supplier development in infrastructure mega-projects is analyzed in term of development motives, supplier selection, quality management, production mode, owner participation and risks. The critical factors influencing the construction supplier development are identified, which include incentives, collaboration, future market, trust and bilateral communication. Furthermore, focusing on the incentives for the supplier's product quality and production capacity improvement, decision-making framework models are proposed to design the incentive mechanisms.

Social responsibility in infrastructure mega-projects： A case study of ecological compensation for Sousa chinensis during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Ecological compensation plays an important role in implementing the social responsibility of infrastructure mega-projects. Based on the results of a field study, an in-depth interview, and archive data, this paper introduces the ecological compensation for Sousa chinensis(the Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin) during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. It studies the concrete measures, decision-making processes,and organizational collaboration of the ecological compensation, using the method of a case study. The present study not only enriches our understanding of the ecological compensation practice during the construction of infrastructure mega-projects, but also extends the literature on the social responsibility of infrastructure mega-projects.This sheds light on the protection of the environment as well as biodiversity in the construction of future infrastructure mega-projects.

Special issue： Infrastructure mega-project management on the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project

Infrastructure mega-projects(IMPs)are large-scale engineering deliverables,such as hydropower projects,highspeed railways,expressway networks,gas pipeline projects,and long-span bridges.IMPs provide fundamental public services for social production,economic development,and daily life,and form the backbone of modern societies.The importance of IMPs has necessitated an improved understanding of how these facilities are managed.

From systematicness to complexity: Fundamental thinking of mega-project management

Mega-projects are characterized by their large-scale investments, long life-cycle, and extraordinary levels of organizational, technological, and environmental complexity （Flyvbjerg, 2017）. They are naturally regarded as large, coupled human, and physical systems consisting of coupled sub-systems linked through flows of human, information, and matter; these systems evolve through time （Bakhshi et al., 2016; Kiridena and Sense, 2016）. Not about let systems be, engineering refers to ＂making things happen＂ with convergence, optimum design, and operation consistency （Mihm et al., 2003; Ottino, 2004）. Specially, mega-projects, which are regarded as typically artificial complex systems, are composed of elements with different properties; connections among those elements change invariably. Mega-project management is proposed to analyze and deal with complexity （Sheng, 2018）.

Coupling and evolution mechanism of infrastructure mega-projects complex ecosystem： Case study on Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Infrastructure mega-projects(IMP), which involve complex interactions and feedback, have more significant impact on economic, social, and other systems.This paper proposes a concept—the IMP complex ecosystem—to analyze IMP from a broad perspective of organic links across engineering, social, economic, and resource environments. Moreover, this paper proposes the theoretical concept, framework, and functions for the IMP complex ecosystem based on complex ecosystem theory.First, the coupling process between IMP complex ecosystem subsystems is analyzed through material flows, energy flows, information flows, and value streams.Second, a logistic model of the IMP complex ecosystem is proposed by analyzing the evolution conditions and motivations. Third, the evolution pattern of the IMP complex ecosystem is determined. Fourth, the positive evolution strategy of the IMP complex ecosystem based on dissipative structure theory and the influencing factors of the evolutionary process is introduced. Finally, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and Sousa chinensis are used as the case study. This paper also analyzes the coupling structure on the complex ecosystem of the Hong KongZhuhai-Macao Bridge and investigates the coupling and evolution mechanism application of the IMP complex ecosystem on Sousa chinensis protection for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project.

基于RFID技术的快速无感知考勤系统在国际特大型项目建设中的应用研究

针对国际特大型建设项目中传统考勤系统存在的效率低、出错率高及管理不便等问题,文章提出了一种基于RFID技术的快速无感知考勤系统设计方案。其中详细介绍了系统设计的核心思路,包括硬件组件(如RFID标签与阅读器)的选择与部署、软件平台的构建。同时,通过对某一国际特大型建设项目实施案例的深入分析,展示了RFID考勤系统在实际应用中的显著成效。研究结果表明,该系统不仅大幅提高了考勤管理的效率与精确度,还有效降低了项目建设成本,为国际特大型建设项目中的智能化管理提供了新的视角与参考。

Avoiding the innovation island in infrastructure mega-project

Infrastructure mega-project(IMP) innovation is a complex process characterized by highly diverse innovators, a dynamic life-cycle, and stickiness of innovation knowledge. The IMP's innovation network can be easily broken due to the fact that the network involves many different innovators across different industries and different projects. Further reasons for the fragility of the IMP's innovation network are the dynamics of the IMP life-cycle, the diversity of the IMP's innovative entities, the uniqueness of each IMP, and the temporary nature of each IMP's organizations. The innovation island formed by the breaking of an IMP's innovation network can stifle and harm innovation performance. Drawing from the knowledge-based view as well as innovation network theory, our research identifies the heterogeneous characteristics of IMP innovation. We propose a framework to analyze the formation mechanism of the IMP innovation island from three dimensions—the horizontal innovation island, the vertical innovation island, and the longitudinal innovation island. We look at the Hong Kong-ZhuhaiMacao Bridge project to elaborate the innovation island concept that negatively impacts IMP innovation. We also offer theoretical implications regarding the broader question of how IMPs can manage their innovation in practice.

重大工程承包商的技术创新路径决策及影响研究

针对技术创新活动和承包商施工业务之间的溢出效应,讨论承包商开展技术创新活动时可能存在的两种路径选择:与技术创新市场的在位企业进行合作或竞合。基于建模和博弈论的分析表明:(1)在施工收入和技术创新存在正外部性的情况下,承包商会选择竞合的技术创新路径;(2)在承包商选择竞合路径的情况下,承包商能提供比在位企业更高的创新质量;(3)然而,承包商选择竞合路径存在降低技术创新市场整体创新质量的可能。根据研究结论,从更好推动重大工程创新活动所具有的创新驱动创业使命角度,提出建议。

基于SNA的重大工程社会责任履行影响因素研究

由于工程腐败、安全事故、环境污染等现象频发,重大工程社会责任履行问题受到热议。由于重大工程生命周期漫长,参与主体众多,技术、组织和环境复杂性高,导致其社会责任存在多维复杂和动态交叉性,履行情况难尽人意。本文以四个维度下的15个影响因素为研究对象,运用社会网络分析方法构建重大工程社会责任履行影响因素网络模型,通过网络密度、度数中心度、接近中心度、中间中心度等指标测量各影响因素在网络中的权力和地位。研究结果发现,法律法规制定、社会责任信息披露体系、地方经济发展水平、技术创新水平、各参建方的环保意识对重大工程社会责任履行的影响力较强,是关键影响因素。进而有针对性地提出促进重大工程社会责任履行的对策和建议,助力重大工程可持续发展。

基于扎根理论的重大工程公众感知价值维度模型构建

作为价值创造和社会变革的基本手段,重大工程的成功并不仅仅在于成果交付,更重要的是公众对可交付成果的价值感知与认同。采用扎根理论研究方法,基于港珠澳大桥、成雅铁路、京沪高铁3个重大工程案例公众感知价值的165条数据进行维度识别及模型构建,并基于京津城际铁路、舟山跨海大桥两个案例进行理论饱和度检验。结果表明,重大工程公众感知价值包括感知精神价值、感知生活价值、感知社会价值,且各价值维度间存在一定相互关联。研究有助于增进工程管理界相关人士对重大工程公众感知价值的理解和认识,为提升重大工程供给质量,从而有效实现重大工程价值管理提供新思路。

使用者介入重大工程创新的双重委托-代理激励机制

以生产型法人使用者为研究对象,分别建立无使用者介入、使用者信息介入和使用者资本介入重大工程创新的双重委托-代理模型,探讨使用者介入对项目公司、参建单位的激励作用,及其对政府、项目公司和参建单位创新收益的影响。研究结果表明,当增益系数大于1时,使用者信息介入提高了项目公司的创新努力水平,但会抑制参建单位的创新努力;与信息介入相比,当增益系数大于1时,使用者资本介入对参建单位具有显著的激励效果,但对项目公司的影响是复杂的,须满足一定条件才能对其起到激励作用。结合研究结论,从建立和完善与使用者之间就创新需求建立沟通和信息共享机制,审慎处理使用者、项目公司和参建单位的权责利和利益诉求,建立多维度的综合绩效评价机制等方面给出了相关建议。

存在多委托人条件下考虑溢出效应的重大工程多任务激励模型

在存在工程业主和政府部门作为委托人的情形下,考虑多任务之间存在的溢出效应构建激励模型,在共同代理和独家代理模式下,分别讨论参与各方的策略与收益。结果表明,由于溢出效应的存在,政府部门参与激励机制设计,可以使得工程业主和政府部门的收益相较于独家代理模式均得以提高;工程业主也乐于提供更高的激励系数,以刺激项目管理机构付出更多努力;项目管理机构在承接政府部门的任务后,提高了经济效益和声誉,对来自工程业主的建设任务也产生了正向的溢出效应。建立了多委托人的激励模型,为项目管理机构协调完成工程建设任务和社会责任提供了理论依据。

基于双重声誉的重大工程工厂化预制动态激励机制

重大工程拥有超越一般工程的影响力,参与重大工程建设成为其关键部件供应商将显著提高企业品牌价值和影响力,因此,将声誉机制引入重大工程工厂化预制商的激励模型中可以更好地促使其考虑未来收益而提高当前的努力水平。为此构建双重声誉激励与显性激励相结合的两阶段动态激励模型,分析声誉对代理人市场的激励机理,并与不考虑声誉机制的显性激励模型进行对比,得到声誉激励机制实现帕累托改善的基本条件。最后,结合数据模拟进行验证。结果表明:在一定条件下引入声誉激励机制可以更好地协调业主与预制商的合作关系,防范代理人道德风险;显性声誉激励可以降低合作双方的信息不对称并提高工厂化预制商第1阶段的努力水平,隐性声誉激励对工厂化预制商在两阶段内有持续性的激励作用。