Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Melia azedarach

A new compound named melianoninol(I),along with five known corn- pounds melianol(Ⅱ),melianone(Ⅲ).meliandiol(Ⅳ),vanillin(Ⅴ)and vanillic acid(Ⅵ)was isolated from the fruits of Melia azedarach L..Their structures were elucidated by IR. MS,~1HNMR,^(13)CNMR,and other spectral evidence.Compounds Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ possess different insecticidal effects.and Ⅰ exhibits a certain antifeeding property against the cabbage worm. (Pieris rapae L.).

不同林龄杂交楝(Azadirachta indica×Melia azedarach)人工林土壤水土保持功能研究

为了明确林龄对杂交楝(印楝×苦楝)人工林土壤水土保持功能的影响,通过测定土壤持水能力、渗透能力和抗蚀能力来综合评价不同林龄杂交楝人工林保持水土功能。结果表明,随着杂交楝林龄增加,林地土壤孔隙结构得到改善、持水性能增加、渗透能力增大,提高了土壤水稳性指数,增加了土壤抗蚀性,土壤水土保持功能得到增强。3年生杂交楝林分的土壤持水性能、渗透能力和抗蚀性与1年生林分之间无显著差异,5年生杂交楝林地各指标均比1年生和3年生林分有显著提高。5年生杂交楝林地的土壤最大持水量、总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、平均渗透速率和水稳性指数分别比1年生林地增加18.6%、11.4%、19.8%、45%、30.1%。因此,种植杂交楝可以在短期内提高林分的土壤水土保持功能,在山地丘陵地区值得大力发展杂交楝。

Extracts of Melia azedarach Increases Mulberry Whitefly Mortality without Affecting Silkworm Survivorship

Melia azedarach L. extracts were studied in comparison with selected synthetic in-secticides against the mulberry whiteflies Pealiusma chili and P. mori under labora-tory conditions. Morus alba (cv. “Early Spring”) leaves infested by mulberry white-flies were exposed to Melia extracts of green fruits, l-cyhalothrin (10% a.i.) and con-trol. Also, white mulberry leaves after treatment with the same insecticides were provided to silkworms for consumption. Results have shown that there were signif-icant differences in the nymphal mortality of the whiteflies among treatments. Melia extracts and l-cyhalothrin were effective in increasing whitefly mortality 24 h after application. Furthermore, Melia extracts didn’t affect silkworm survivorship, which was severely affected by l-cyhalothrin treatment, since all the silkworms fed on treated leaves were found dead. Thus, these extracts might be considered a potential alternative in management of the mulberry whiteflies.

Effects of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of Melia azedarach

A germination experiment of pre-treated seeds of Melia azedarach was conducted in the nursery of Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline,Khulna University,Bangladesh.Matured seeds of Melia azedarach were collected from healthy trees of National Botanical Garden,Bangladesh and were treated with five pre-sowing treatments（control,immersion in cold water,immersion in hot water,scarification with sand paper,and immersion in concentrated H2SO4） on seed germination.Results revealed that the germination rates of pre-sowing treated seeds were significantly increased compared to those in control,except for cold water treatment.The highest germination success（80%） was found in scarification with sand paper,followed by 74% and 69% in immersion in H2SO4 and hot water treatment,respectively.Germination started on 8-11 days and completed on 20-21 days of the germination period in all cases.Analysis of variance showed the significance difference in germination success among the treatments but no significance difference in germination period among the treatment.Hot water treatment may be recommended on seed germination of the species in rural Bangladesh.

Triterpenoids and Sterols from the Leaves and Twigs of Melia azedarach

Two new triterpenoids(1 and 2)and a new sterol(3),together with six known constituents(4–9),were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Melia azedarach.Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.

镉胁迫下苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)幼苗的生长及生理响应

采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度Cd(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg^(-1))处理对苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)幼苗生长、Cd积累、光合、质膜透性以及渗透调节的影响。结果表明,当Cd2+浓度≤60 mg·kg^(-1)时显著促进苦楝幼苗生物量的积累(P<0.05),Cd2+浓度>60mg·kg^(-1)时抑制作用逐渐增强,但≤120 mg·kg^(-1)Cd处理对株高影响不显著(P>0.05),植株能正常生长且保持较大的生物量;苦楝对Cd具有一定的积累能力,其根、茎、叶中Cd含量随Cd处理浓度的增加而增加,且根系是主要积累部位;随着Cd处理浓度的增加,叶绿素(Chla+b)含量和光合速率(Pn)下降,相对电导率(REC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增大,但≤60 mg·kg^(-1)Cd处理时均无明显变化;随Cd浓度的升高,可溶性糖含量下降,可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸呈先升后降趋势,游离脯氨酸含量始终高于CK,苦楝通过增加可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸的含量来维持Cd胁迫下的渗透平衡,从而降低Cd毒害。上述结果表明,苦楝对Cd具有一定耐性,其耐Cd胁迫的阈值浓度大约是120 mg·kg^(-1),可以将其应用于土壤Cd污染区域,在美化环境的同时修复土壤Cd污染。

开发和利用我国中草药作为储粮保护剂的研究——2.苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)和使君子(Quisqualis indica L.)对绿豆象和赤拟谷盗的毒杀作用

本文报导了苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)及使君子(Quisqualis indica L.)对绿豆象幼虫、成虫和赤拟谷盗各虫态的毒杀作用。利用喷雾、点滴和拌粮等不同方法处理试虫,结果表明,使君子粉的不同溶剂提取物对绿豆象幼虫、成虫和赤拟谷盗各虫态均无明显毒杀作用。苦楝粉95％乙醇提取物对两种试虫亦无明显毒杀作用。而苦楝油的毒杀效果则比较明显,并对其进行了室内毒力测定。

Antibacterial efficacy of the seed extracts of Melia azedarach against some hospital isolated human pathogenic bacterial strains

Objective:To investigate the antibacterial potential of the polar and non-polar extracts of the seeds of Melia azedarach(M.azedarach) L.(Meliaceae) against eighteen hospital isolated human pathogenic bacterial strains.Methods:Petrol,benzene,ethyl acetate,methanol,and aqueous extracts at five different concentrations(1,2,5,10 and 15 mg/mL) were evaluated.Disk diffusion method was followed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy.Results:All extracts of the seeds demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against tested pathogens.Among all extracts,ethyl acetate extract revealed the highest inhibition comparatively.The present study also favored the traditional uses reported earlier.Conclusions:Results of this study strongly confirm that the seed extracts of M.azedarach could be effective antibiotics,both in controlling gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogenic infections.

开发和利用我国中草药作为储粮保护剂的研究——3、苦楝(Melia azedarach Linn )对绿豆象和赤拟谷盗毒杀作用机理的初步探讨

本文初步探讨了苦楝对绿豆象成虫和赤拟谷盗各虫态的毒杀机理。利用点滴和拌粮等方法处理试虫,从个体和组织器官两个不同结构水平上,进行形态观察和组织学、组织化学检测。结果表明,苦楝粉95％乙醇提取物对试虫无明显毒杀作用:苦楝油对试虫有毒杀作用,可能是通过试虫的接触,经体壁进入体内,作用于神经系统,从而导致试虫的脱皮变态受阻而呈现畸形,直至试虫死亡。但其被检测的某些内部器官的组织学结构,无明显病变或异常。

The anti-tubercular activity of Melia azedarach L. and Lobelia chinensis Lour. and their potential as effective anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis candidate agents

Objective: To evaluate the anti-mycobacterial activity of Melia azedarach L.(M. azedarach) and Lobelia chinensis Lour.(L. chinensis) extracts against the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M. tuberculosis).Methods: The anti-M. tuberculosis activity of M. azedarach and L. chinensis extracts were evaluated using different indicator methods such as resazurin microtiter assay(REMA) and mycobacteria growth indicator tube(MGIT) 960 system assay. The M. tuberculosis was incubated with various concentrations(50–800 mg/m L) of the extracts for 5 days in the REMA, and for 4 weeks in MGIT 960 system assay.Results: M. azedarach and L. chinensis extracts showed their anti-M. tuberculosis activity by strongly inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis in a concentration-dependent manner in the REMA and the MGIT 960 system assay. Particularly, the methanol extract of M. azedarach and n-hexane extract of L. chinensis consistently exhibited their effects by effectively inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis in MGIT 960 system for 4 weeks with a single-treatment, indicating higher anti-M. tuberculosis activity than other extracts,and their minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured as 400 mg/m L and 800 mg/m L, respectively.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that M. azedarach and L. chinensis extracts not only have unique anti-M. tuberculosis activity, but also induce the selective antiM. tuberculosis effects by consistently inhibiting or blocking the growth of M. tuberculosis through a new pharmacological action. Therefore, this study suggests the potential of them as effective candidate agents of next-generation for developing a new anti-tuberculosis drug, as well as the advantage for utilizing traditional medicinal plants as one of effective strategies against tuberculosis.

适用于南岭保护地的乡土引鸟植物苦楝(Melia azedarach)生态景观营造构想

指出了在华南区的南岭保护地内,如利用优良的乡土引鸟植物苦楝(Melia azedarach)可在短期内构建有效吸引野生鸟类如红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)、黑脸噪鹛(Garrulax perspicillatus)等的生态景观,定点观察和长期观察积累的数据显示该树种在果期特别是秋冬季的挂果期有良好的引鸟效果,花也具有良好的引蝶、招蜂效果。为此,进一步对苦楝的栽培管护技术、整体景观构建等提出了建议。

Assessment of bioactivities of ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) leaves

Objective:To assess ethanolic extract of the leaves of Melia azedarach L.(Family-Meliaceae)for its possible antioxidant,analgesic and antibacterial activities in association with performing phytochemical evaluation.Methods:A number of phytochemical tests of this extract were utilized to distinguish the existence of different sorts of compounds.Qualitative and quantitative antioxidant activities were assessed by TLC and DPPH scavenging assay respectively.Acetic acid induced writhing test in mice and disk diffusion assay of the leaves extract were carried out to demonstrate the analgesic and antibacterial activities respectively.Results:The phytochemical assessment revealed the existence of alkaloids,flavonoids,glycosides,saponins and tannins like compounds.Ethanolic extract of the leaves demonstrated antioxidant,analgesic and antibacterial activities in vitro.Conclusion:Considering the study,this could justify the leaves extract’s bioactivities but,to substantiate the activity of individual compound further investigation is necessary.

Two new nimbolinin-and trichilin-class limonoids isolated from the fruits of Melia azedarach

Two new furan fragment isomerized limonoids, meliazedalides A and B(compounds 1 and 2), were isolated from the fruits of Melia azedarach Linn.. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESI-MS and 1D and 2D NMR data, which belonged to nimbolinin-and trichilin-class, respectively. Compound 2 exhibited weak inhibitory effect on NO production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC_(50) being 37.41 μmol·L^(–1).

利用诱饵树防治薄壳山核桃星天牛效果探究

星天牛是薄壳山核桃上危害较严重的蛀干类害虫,防治难度较大。为探索薄壳山核桃星天牛绿色高效防治手段,本研究以存活率、平均生长量、受害株率、受害株率减退率、日均单株诱虫量和雌雄比为调查指标开展了以苦楝和复叶槭为诱饵树的引诱效果试验。结果显示,苦楝和复叶槭的存活率均较高,且苦楝的生长速度明显快于复叶槭;种植诱饵树后,薄壳山核桃的受害率逐年降低,控制在10%以内;与薄壳山核桃相比,两类诱饵树均对星天牛有明显的引诱效果(P<0.05),而诱饵树种间的引诱效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同诱饵树和不同年份引诱到的星天牛雌虫的平均腹卵量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结合必要的营林和抚育措施,种植苦楝和复叶槭作为诱饵树并配合人工捕杀方式是一种高效绿色防治星天牛的方法。

盐胁迫对苦楝苗木生长及离子平衡的影响

以苦楝(Melia azedaeach L.)实生苗为试验材料,选用海盐进行模拟盐胁迫;在温室内盆栽条件用海盐溶液按照设计的土壤盐质量分数(简称盐质量分数)0(对照)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%进行施盐,3 d完成施盐过程;完成施盐50 d后,测定植株生长、干物质积累及不同部位矿质离子(Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+))质量分数,分析盐胁迫对苦楝苗木生长及离子平衡的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,盐胁迫不同程度地抑制了苗高、地径生长和生物量积累。盐胁迫打破了苦楝各部位内原有的离子平衡;根、茎、叶中,Na^(+)质量分数均显著升高,K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)质量分数也发生了不同程度地变化。经质量分数为0.2%的盐胁迫处理,根部Na^(+)质量分数显著高于地上部分,K^(+)在叶片中大量积累,叶片K^(+)质量分数(w(K^(+)))与Na^(+)质量分数(w(Na^(+)))比值(w(K^(+))∶w(Na^(+)))保持在相对较高水平,减轻地上部分离子毒害。经质量分数为0.4%、0.6%的盐胁迫处理,叶片中,Na^(+)质量分数、K^(+)质量分数均显著高于其他部位,Na^(+)质量分数增加幅度高于K^(+)质量分数增加幅度,w(K^(+))∶w(Na^(+))显著下降。根部和茎中,Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)质量分数在不同质量分数盐胁迫处理时相对稳定;不同质量分数盐胁迫处理时,叶中Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)质量分数则显著高于对照,且一直保持在较高水平,有效保障了地上部分矿质元素的供给和离子的稳态。各质量分数盐胁迫处理时,苗木存活率均达到100%,表现出良好的抗盐性,可作为盐渍化地区环境改良树种引种栽培。

1株间座壳属真菌抗松材线虫的活性

筛选对松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)有致死作用的内生真菌。从苦楝(Melia azedarach)健康组织(茎、叶、果实)中分离纯化内生真菌,菌株采用摇瓶培养,发酵液和菌丝体分别用乙酸乙酯萃取制备胞外和胞内代谢产物,采用浸渍法进行杀线虫活性筛选。共计分离纯化31株内生真菌,其中菌株J352-03的发酵液对松材线虫有显著的毒杀活性,在2 mg·mL^(-1)质量浓度下处理48 h,菌株J352-03胞内、胞外的次生代谢产物对松材线虫校正死亡率均达到100%,LC50值分别为0.46 mg·mL^(-1)、0.42 mg·mL^(-1);对松材线虫卵的孵化抑制率分别为66.54%、76.04%,松材线虫体内三磷酸腺苷酶(ATP酶)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性显著低于对照组。菌株J352-03经形态学与rDNA-ITS序列分析鉴定为间座壳属一未知种Diaporthe sp.。综上所述,菌株J352-03对松材线虫有良好的生防潜力,具有进一步深入研究和开发利用的前景。

苦楝和香椿木材解剖性质研究

为给苦楝(Melia azedarach)和香椿(Toona sinensis)木材的利用提供理论参考,以10年生苦楝木材和17年生香椿木材为研究对象,采用光学显微镜对其主要解剖性质进行分析。结果表明,苦楝木材为环孔材或半环孔材,香椿木材为环孔材;两种木材的生长轮均明显,弦切面上均呈倒“V”字或山水状花纹。两种木材早材管孔弦径相差不大,均稍大。苦楝木材早材管孔多数4列,香椿木材早材管孔多数2列。苦楝木材早材至晚材略急变,晚材管孔向生长轮外部逐渐减小;香椿木材早材至晚材急变。苦楝木材晚材管孔弦径大于香椿木材。香椿木材结构较细。苦楝和香椿木材木射线宽度均属于中等,高度均属于极低,径切面花纹较普通。在实际加工利用中,采用弦切板制作家具板面较美观。香椿木材的导管、薄壁组织、射线组织等细胞中均含有大量红色树胶,使木材呈现红褐色;香椿木材刨面光亮,自然色泽好,具有芳香气味,是制作家具的上等材料。作为家具用材,香椿木材在纹理、色泽和气味等方面优于苦楝木材。

西双版纳楝径向生长和木质部发生季节动态及其对环境因子的响应

热带森林在全球碳循环过程中起着重要的作用,研究热带树木的生长动态及其对环境因子的响应,有助于预测全球变化下热带森林固碳能力的变化。目前对热带树木径向生长以及木质部发生季节动态的研究相对较少。利用微树芯和生长环法对西双版纳热带植物园内的落叶树种楝(Melia azedarach)2021年的年内径向生长和木质部发生季节动态进行监测,结合环境因子的监测,分析了楝的径向生长过程的驱动因子。结果表明:2021年楝的扩大细胞在3月1日(年积日(DOY):60.2±1.6)开始出现,细胞壁加厚在12月11日(DOY:345.4±3.1)结束,年生长量为7.76 mm,最大生长速率为0.039 mm/d。生长环监测显示,楝在3月18日(DOY:76.6±8.6)左右开始生长,10月13日(DOY:286.4±6.8)生长结束,年径向生长量为(6.25±2.35)mm,最大生长速率为(0.056±0.02)mm/d。楝的径向生长速率与降水(r=0.77,P<0.001)、平均温度(r=0.61,P<0.05)和最低温度(r=0.67,P<0.001)均呈显著正相关,与风速(r=-0.45,P<0.05)呈显著的负相关。本研究有助于认识热带树木的径向生长季节动态以及热带树木生长-气候关系。

基于CNKI数据库的苦楝研究文献计量分析

为了充分了解近十年国内对苦楝相关研究的现状及发展趋势,通过CiteSpace软件绘制作者、机构、关键词等知识图谱,对CNKI数据库搜索到以苦楝为主题的相关文献进行可视化分析。结果表明:整体发文量大致呈波浪状下降趋势,涉及学科主要集中在林业、植物保护、中药学、畜牧与动物医学、水产和渔业等领域;来自华南农业大学的作者陈晓阳、廖柏勇、刘明骞、陈丽君、何霞、王芳等发文量较多且合作紧密;江苏省林业科学研究院发文量最多,但各机构间发文量悬殊较大且中心性低,合作紧密度不高;研究热点关键词有中草药、苦楝皮、种源等,苦楝对产卵的影响是我国苦楝目前研究的主要发展趋势与研究前沿。

川楝树皮乙酸乙酯提取物中甘遂烷型三萜类化学成分

从川楝(Melia azedarach Linn.)树皮乙酸乙酯提取物共鉴定到10种甘遂烷型三萜类化合物,即苦内酯(1)、3α-hydroxytirucalla-7,24(25)-dien-6-oxo-21,16-olide(2)、meliasenin B(3)、sendanolactone(4)、12β-hydroxykulactone(5)、mesendanin O(6)、6β-hydroxykulactone(7)、meliasenin L(8)、meliastatin 5(9)和toosendine G(10),其中化合物2和5首次从川楝中分离得到。