The interaction between membrane structures and their environment can be either static or dynamic. Static interaction refers to interaction with static air, while dynamic interaction refers to wind and its effects. Th...The interaction between membrane structures and their environment can be either static or dynamic. Static interaction refers to interaction with static air, while dynamic interaction refers to wind and its effects. They can be evaluated by two parameters, added mass and radiation/aerodynamic damping, which are experimentally investigated in this study. The study includes the effects of both the static and dynamic interaction on structural dynamic characteristics, and the relationship between the interaction parameters and the covered area of a membrane structure for the static interaction and the relationship between the interaction parameters and wind direction and speed for the dynamic interaction. Experimental data show that the dynamic interaction is strongly correlated with the structural modes, i.e., the interaction of the symmetric modes is much larger than the anti-synmletric modes; and the influence of the dynamic interaction is significant in wind-induced response analysis and cannot be ignored. In addition, it is concluded that the structural natural frequency is remarkably decreased by this interaction, and the frequency band is significantly broadened.展开更多
A multi-objective optimization method based on Pareto Genetic Algorithm is presented for shape design of membrane structures from a structural view point.Several non-dimensional variables are defined as optimization v...A multi-objective optimization method based on Pareto Genetic Algorithm is presented for shape design of membrane structures from a structural view point.Several non-dimensional variables are defined as optimization variables,which are decision factors of shapes of membrane structures.Three objectives are proposed including maximization of stiffness,maximum uniformity of stress and minimum reaction under external loads.Pareto Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm is introduced to solve the Pareto solutions.Consequently,the dependence of the optimality upon the optimization variables is derived to provide guidelines on how to determine design parameters.Moreover,several examples illustrate the proposed methods and applications.The study shows that the multi-objective optimization method in this paper is feasible and efficient for membrane structures;the research on Pareto solutions can provide explicit and useful guidelines for shape design of membrane structures.展开更多
Microporous membranes of low-high density polyethylene and their blends were prepared bythermally-induced phase separation of polymer/long-aliphatic chain alcohol (diluent) mixtures.The microstructures of this particu...Microporous membranes of low-high density polyethylene and their blends were prepared bythermally-induced phase separation of polymer/long-aliphatic chain alcohol (diluent) mixtures.The microstructures of this particular membrane, which depends on the diluent properties,polymer concentration and cooling rate, were observed by scanning electron microscopy.'Beehive-type,'leafy-like, and lacy porous structure morphologies can be formed,depending onthe blend composition and phase separation conditions, which were discussed by the polymer anddiluent crystallization processes.展开更多
Water management has been proven significant for enhancing both performance and durability of anion exchange membrane fuel cell. Besides searching new material, decreasing membrane thickness and modifying operation pa...Water management has been proven significant for enhancing both performance and durability of anion exchange membrane fuel cell. Besides searching new material, decreasing membrane thickness and modifying operation parameters, a simple and universal method of altering membrane structure is proposed in this work. Composite membranes made by unique processing method that includes both casting and electrospinning processes were compared with traditional casting membrane, all with the same thickness of 40 μm. Comparing to traditional casting membrane, the composite membrane put at proper position shows a higher water permeability, thus even more than 50% enhancement of the peak performance.展开更多
To know the effects of irradiation on the konjac glucomannan (KGM) molecular chain membrane, KGM membrane solution was treated with the irradiation dose of 0-20 kGy in this study, and the structure and properties of...To know the effects of irradiation on the konjac glucomannan (KGM) molecular chain membrane, KGM membrane solution was treated with the irradiation dose of 0-20 kGy in this study, and the structure and properties of KGM membrane were analyzed with Infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum, X-ray, SEM scanning and so on. The results revealed that the effects of different irradiation doses on the KGM molecular chain structure were different. Higher irradiation dose (20 kGy) resulted in partial damage against KGM membrane crystal structure, and there was no obvious change for the amorphous structure; with membrane property test, the tensile strength of KGM membrane gradually increased with the increase of irradiation dose and its elongation at break reduced, but these changes were not significant, WVP value reduced; with SEM, the membrane surface treated with irradiation was smoother even than the membrane without treatment. In addition, when increasing the irradiation dose, membrane surface became more even, and arrangement was more orderly and compact. KGM membrane nrooerties, and it is an ideal Irradiation modification could effectively improve the modification method.展开更多
In this article, the mathematical model of the coupling of the three-dimensional fluid flow and the large deformation of membrane structure is established. The fluid-structure coupling interaction is simulated using t...In this article, the mathematical model of the coupling of the three-dimensional fluid flow and the large deformation of membrane structure is established. The fluid-structure coupling interaction is simulated using the computational codes developed by the authors. By analyzing the interactions of membrane and flow field, the aeroelasticity of the airship is detailed. All the results are adopted in the focused study of the stratosphere airship in trimmed state.展开更多
A second shape finding method was developed to improve the nonlinear finite element based shape finding method. The curved shape is obtained by raising the control points above the projection plane. The convergence wa...A second shape finding method was developed to improve the nonlinear finite element based shape finding method. The curved shape is obtained by raising the control points above the projection plane. The convergence was improved using pseudo material properties to get a preliminary shape, and then using the real properties to get the final shape. A large number of examples were analyzed to verify the validity and practicality of this method. The results show that the final curved surface after the second shape finding process is always quite similar to the first one. Moreover, the curved surface obtained after the second shape finding process is accurate and will be realized in real materials.展开更多
The Enterovirus 71(EV71)VP4 is co-translationally linked to myristic acid at its amino-terminal glycine residue.However,the role of this myristoylation in the EV71 life cycle remains largely unknown.To investigate thi...The Enterovirus 71(EV71)VP4 is co-translationally linked to myristic acid at its amino-terminal glycine residue.However,the role of this myristoylation in the EV71 life cycle remains largely unknown.To investigate this issue,we developed a myristoylation-deficient virus and reporter(luciferase)pseudovirus with a Gly-to-Ala mutation(G2A)on EV71 VP4.When transfecting the EV71-G2 A genome encoding plasmid in cells,the loss of myristoylation on VP4 did not affect the expression of viral proteins and the virus morphology,however,it did significantly influence viral infectivity.Further,in myristoylation-deficient reporter pseudovirus-infected cells,the luciferase activity and viral genome RNA decreased significantly as compared to that of wild type virus;however,cytopathic effect and viral capsid proteins were not detected in myristoylation-deficient virus-infected cells.Also,although myristoylation-deficient viral RNA and proteins were detected in the second blind passage of infection,they were much fewer in number compared to that of the wild type virus.The replication of genomic RNA and negative-strand viral RNA were both blocked in myristoylation-deficient viruses,suggesting that myristoylation affects viral genome RNA release from capsid to cytoplasm.Besides,loss of myristoylation on VP4 altered the distribution of VP4-green fluorescent protein protein,which disappeared from the membrane structure fraction.Finally,a liposome leakage assay showed that EV71 myristoylation mediates the permeability of the model membrane.Hence,the amino-terminal myristoylation of VP4 is pivotal to EV71 infection and capsidmembrane structure interaction.This study provides novel molecular mechanisms regarding EV71 infection and potential molecular targets for antiviral drug design.展开更多
The Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen was constructed and inserted into vaccinia virus, Tian-tan strain in order to study the effect of this virus on EB infection and tumorogenesis. The EBV-derived membrane antigen ...The Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen was constructed and inserted into vaccinia virus, Tian-tan strain in order to study the effect of this virus on EB infection and tumorogenesis. The EBV-derived membrane antigen was expressed under the control of a 7.5 K promoter of vaccinia virus. The antibody against the membrane antigen of EB virus was produced on rabbits vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia virus.展开更多
Prediction of wrinkling characteristics is strongly correlated with the strain perpendicular to wrinkling direc- tion. In this paper, the strain field of wrinkled membrane is tested by VIC-3D system based on the digit...Prediction of wrinkling characteristics is strongly correlated with the strain perpendicular to wrinkling direc- tion. In this paper, the strain field of wrinkled membrane is tested by VIC-3D system based on the digital image correlation technique. Experimental results are validated by the tension wrinkling simulation. The experimental strain perpendicular to wrinkling direction is analyzed in depth. The wrinkling strain of a square wrinkled membrane under corner tension is extracted from experimental strain perpendicular to wrinkling direction. A quantitative characterization format of the experimental wrinkling strain is proposed. A modified prediction method of wrinkling amplitude is presented based on the experimental wrinkling strain. The re- sults show that the precision of modified prediction model has improved 13.2% compared with the classical prediction model. The results reveal that the modified model can give an accurate prediction of the wrinkling amplitude.展开更多
An eigenvalue method considering the membrane vibration of wrinkling out-of-plane deformation is introduced, and the stress distributing rule in membrane wrinkled area is analyzed. A dynamic analytical model of rectan...An eigenvalue method considering the membrane vibration of wrinkling out-of-plane deformation is introduced, and the stress distributing rule in membrane wrinkled area is analyzed. A dynamic analytical model of rectangular shear wrinkled membrane and its numerical analysis approach are also developed. Results indicate that the stress in wrinkled area is not uniform, i.e. it is larger in wrinkling wave peaks along wrinkles and two ends of wrinkle in vertical direction. Vibration modes of wrinkled membrane are strongly correlated with the wrinkling configurations. The rigidity is larger due to the heavier stress in the part of wrinkling wave peaks. Therefore, wave peaks are always located at the node lines of vibration mode. The vibration frequency obviously increases with the vibration of wave peaks.展开更多
Wrinkling analysis of a rectangular membrane with a single crease under shearing is performed to understand the wrinkle-crease interaction behaviors. The crease is considered by introducing the residual stresses from ...Wrinkling analysis of a rectangular membrane with a single crease under shearing is performed to understand the wrinkle-crease interaction behaviors. The crease is considered by introducing the residual stresses from creasing and the effective modulus into the baseline configuration with assumed circular cross-sectional crease geometry. The wrinkling analysis of the creased membrane is then performed by using the direct perturb-force (DP) simulation technique which is based on our modified displacement components (MDC) method. Results reveal that the crease may influence the stress transfer path in the membrane and further change the wrinkling direction. The crease appears to improve the bending stiffness of the membrane which has an effective resistance on the wrinkling evolution. The effects of the crease orientation on wrinkle-crease interaction are studied toward the end of this paper. The results show that the wrinkling amplitude, wavelength, and direction increase as the crease orientation increases, and the wrinkling number decreases with the increasing crease orientation. These results will be of great benefit to the analysis and the control of the wrinkles in the membrane structures.展开更多
This paper proved that octodecyl propylenediamine could form vesicles in pure water and aqueous solution of CuCl2 or Cu(NO3)2. The structure and morphology of vesicles were different when the copper (Ⅱ) salt was ...This paper proved that octodecyl propylenediamine could form vesicles in pure water and aqueous solution of CuCl2 or Cu(NO3)2. The structure and morphology of vesicles were different when the copper (Ⅱ) salt was added to the solution. The results showed that both the counterions and the ligands had strong influence on the configuration of coordinated structures and packing model in bilayer membrane of vesicles.展开更多
The bending stiffness of the inflated beam is considered as a constant before wrinkles appear, and it decreases obviously as wrinkles propagate. The formula of the bending stiffness is obtained based on the membrane t...The bending stiffness of the inflated beam is considered as a constant before wrinkles appear, and it decreases obviously as wrinkles propagate. The formula of the bending stiffness is obtained based on the membrane theory in this paper. Furthermore, the definition of dimensionless bending stiffness factor is presented; the relationship of bending stiffness factor and wrinkling factor is derived; the bending stiffness factor is simplified as different linear functions with wrinkling factor, and the simplified model of bending stiffness of inflated beam under bending is also obtained. The bending stiffness including expression of wrinkling factor is substituted into the deflection differential equation, and then the slope and deflection equation of the inflated beam is deduced by integrating the deflection differential equation. Finally, the load-deflection curve is obtained, which is compared with the experimental data in a previous paper. It has a good agreement with each other.展开更多
The characteristics of normal inflatable antennas are described in this paper.For its deficiency such as low stiffness,a new-style of rigid-flexible coupling inflatable antenna is introduced.The advantages and system-...The characteristics of normal inflatable antennas are described in this paper.For its deficiency such as low stiffness,a new-style of rigid-flexible coupling inflatable antenna is introduced.The advantages and system-composition are presented.Airbag is an important component,and the shape and stress distribution of airbag is important for the whole structure.Thus,shape-state analysis is performed.The uniformity of constrained force at joint between airbag and rib will impact the state of joint,or even the deployment process.Therefore,a shape optimization of airbag is developed on the base of genetic algorithms,and the best shape of airbag is finally obtained.Therefore,the stress distribution of airbags will be uniformed and the antenna structure system will be more reliability.展开更多
Stratospheric airship is a special near-space air vehicle which has lots of advantages than other traditional flying aircrafts, such as long endurance, strong survival ability, low cost, excellent resolution detector ...Stratospheric airship is a special near-space air vehicle which has lots of advantages than other traditional flying aircrafts, such as long endurance, strong survival ability, low cost, excellent resolution detector etc. In addition, the stratospheric airship can be an ideal stratospheric bearing platform. This paper firstly gave an overview describing some technical differences between the stratospheric airship and the traditional airship, including the working environment, design specifications, structure characteristics, energy system, flying modes, and so on. Some technical difficulties including the materials, power system which apply to the stratospheric airship and deformation of the huge hull, super-heating effect, and station-keeping were discussed. Furthermore, technical target, technical specifications, design concept, and overview of flying tested about two stratospheric demonstration airships which were representative achievements of the research on the stratospheric airship in China were introduced. Finally, the predictions about the progress and direction of development were discussed.展开更多
In this study, controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) with five different nitrogen release periods were pre- pared by coating large urea particles with polyethylene (PE) membranes under various experimental conditi...In this study, controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) with five different nitrogen release periods were pre- pared by coating large urea particles with polyethylene (PE) membranes under various experimental conditions. The preliminary and differential solubility rates, release periods, and membrane pore sizes of the obtained CRFs were measured using water immersion, scanning electron microscopy, and mercury porosimetry. For all CRF samples, the median pore diameters of the membranes were equal to 4.5-5.3 nm and pores with sizes smaller than 10 nm accounted for 86-96% of the total pore surface area. The obtained pore diameter distributions differed for the five studied types of CRF, having release periods of 1,2, 4, 6, and 8 months. Thus, for the CRFs with a 1-month release period, the maximum pore diameter reached a magnitude of 4000 nm, while this value did not exceed 30 nm for the CRFs with a release period of 8 months. Hence, we have established a relationship between the release period of CRFs and their effective maximum pore sizes.展开更多
Ultrasound simulation for carotid arteries is helpful to the performance assessments of vessel wall detection and signal processing methods by using ultrasound techniques. An ul- trasound simulation method of carotid ...Ultrasound simulation for carotid arteries is helpful to the performance assessments of vessel wall detection and signal processing methods by using ultrasound techniques. An ul- trasound simulation method of carotid artery wall with a three-membrane structure is proposed in present study. According to the ultrasound speckle distributions varying with the shapes and densities of scatterer distributions, as well as the statistic results of the clinical images, the parameters of distributions, densities and intensities of scatterers for different kinds of tissues in the carotid artery phantoms are determined. Each region is acoustically characterized using FIELD II software to produce the radio frequency echo signals, from which ultrasound images are derived. The results based on 30 simulations show that the echo distributions of the intimae, mediae, adventitias and blood are consistent with the clinical ones. Moreover, compared with the results from the central frequency of 8 MHz, the mean measurements for thicknesses of the intima, media and adventitia membranes, as well as the lumen diameter from the simulation images based on 12 MHz are the same as the preset ones, and the maximum relative errors are the 4.01%, 1.25%, 0.04% and 0.15%, respectively. The simulation under this condition is more realistic.展开更多
This paper introduces a blended membrane which is prepared by coagulation of sodium alginate and konjac glucomannan(KGM) in an aqueous solution, and studies the effect of different concentrations of KGM on sodium al...This paper introduces a blended membrane which is prepared by coagulation of sodium alginate and konjac glucomannan(KGM) in an aqueous solution, and studies the effect of different concentrations of KGM on sodium alginate films. The structural characterization of prepared blend film was implemented by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), and the optimum ratio was determined by comparing fracture elongation, moisture absorption and moisture retention. The results indicate that the two polysaccharide molecules, sodium alginate and KGM, in the blend membrane have a good compatibility. The surface of blend film is smooth and uniform. The addition of KGM can significantly improve the moisture absorption and moisture retention performance of sodium alginate film, and its mechanical performance is also improved to some extent. The ratio of sodium alginate and KGM is 3.2∶1.5.展开更多
A solar power sail demonstrator“IKAROS”demonstrated solar sailing technology in 2010.The membrane of the spinning solar sail IKAROS is estimated to be deformed toward the Sun.The deformation was kept even under low ...A solar power sail demonstrator“IKAROS”demonstrated solar sailing technology in 2010.The membrane of the spinning solar sail IKAROS is estimated to be deformed toward the Sun.The deformation was kept even under low spin-rate.Previous studies suggest that curvature of thin-film solar cells on the membrane increases the out-of-plane stiffness by finite element analysis.Shape,out-of-plane stiffness,and natural frequency of membranes have to be predicted for solar sails with thin-film devices,such as thin-film solar cells,dust counters,and reflectivity control devices in order to reduce the margins of sail size and propellant mass against disturbance solar pressure torque acting on the membrane.In this paper,the effect of a curved thin-film device on the natural frequency of a rectangle membrane under uniaxial tension was investigated.Three types of membranes were evaluated:a membrane with a curved thin-film device,a membrane with a flat thin-film device,and a plane membrane.Geometric nonlinear finite element analysis and eigenvalue analysis were conducted to investigate the natural frequencies under varying tension.The simulations were verified by vibration experiments.It was found that under low tension,the natural frequency of the membrane with the curved thin-film device is significantly higher than that of the others and that under high tension,the natural frequency of the membrane with the thin-film device is slightly lower than that of the plane membrane.In addition,parametric analysis on the curvature of the thin-film device shows that natural frequency at low tension is sensitive to the curvature.The eigenvalue analysis of a whole solar sail with the curved thin-film devices also suggests that the curvature remarkably affects the vibration modes.In conclusion,curved thin-film devices have a significant impact on the out-of-plane stiffness of a membrane under low tension.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No. 50725826, 90815021
文摘The interaction between membrane structures and their environment can be either static or dynamic. Static interaction refers to interaction with static air, while dynamic interaction refers to wind and its effects. They can be evaluated by two parameters, added mass and radiation/aerodynamic damping, which are experimentally investigated in this study. The study includes the effects of both the static and dynamic interaction on structural dynamic characteristics, and the relationship between the interaction parameters and the covered area of a membrane structure for the static interaction and the relationship between the interaction parameters and wind direction and speed for the dynamic interaction. Experimental data show that the dynamic interaction is strongly correlated with the structural modes, i.e., the interaction of the symmetric modes is much larger than the anti-synmletric modes; and the influence of the dynamic interaction is significant in wind-induced response analysis and cannot be ignored. In addition, it is concluded that the structural natural frequency is remarkably decreased by this interaction, and the frequency band is significantly broadened.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50608022)
文摘A multi-objective optimization method based on Pareto Genetic Algorithm is presented for shape design of membrane structures from a structural view point.Several non-dimensional variables are defined as optimization variables,which are decision factors of shapes of membrane structures.Three objectives are proposed including maximization of stiffness,maximum uniformity of stress and minimum reaction under external loads.Pareto Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm is introduced to solve the Pareto solutions.Consequently,the dependence of the optimality upon the optimization variables is derived to provide guidelines on how to determine design parameters.Moreover,several examples illustrate the proposed methods and applications.The study shows that the multi-objective optimization method in this paper is feasible and efficient for membrane structures;the research on Pareto solutions can provide explicit and useful guidelines for shape design of membrane structures.
文摘Microporous membranes of low-high density polyethylene and their blends were prepared bythermally-induced phase separation of polymer/long-aliphatic chain alcohol (diluent) mixtures.The microstructures of this particular membrane, which depends on the diluent properties,polymer concentration and cooling rate, were observed by scanning electron microscopy.'Beehive-type,'leafy-like, and lacy porous structure morphologies can be formed,depending onthe blend composition and phase separation conditions, which were discussed by the polymer anddiluent crystallization processes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFB0101205)the Natural Science Foundation-Liaoning United Fund (Grant No. U1508202)+1 种基金the Key Laboratory of Fuel Cells&Hybrid Power SourcesChinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Water management has been proven significant for enhancing both performance and durability of anion exchange membrane fuel cell. Besides searching new material, decreasing membrane thickness and modifying operation parameters, a simple and universal method of altering membrane structure is proposed in this work. Composite membranes made by unique processing method that includes both casting and electrospinning processes were compared with traditional casting membrane, all with the same thickness of 40 μm. Comparing to traditional casting membrane, the composite membrane put at proper position shows a higher water permeability, thus even more than 50% enhancement of the peak performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30871749,30901004 and 31071518)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2011J01285)+3 种基金the Key Research Project of Guangdong Province(2010B080701079)the doctoral program of higher education of the specialized research fund for the project funded by the United(20113515110010)the Yangcheng Scholars Technology Project of Guangzhou(10B005D)the Fuzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(2011-N-44)
文摘To know the effects of irradiation on the konjac glucomannan (KGM) molecular chain membrane, KGM membrane solution was treated with the irradiation dose of 0-20 kGy in this study, and the structure and properties of KGM membrane were analyzed with Infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum, X-ray, SEM scanning and so on. The results revealed that the effects of different irradiation doses on the KGM molecular chain structure were different. Higher irradiation dose (20 kGy) resulted in partial damage against KGM membrane crystal structure, and there was no obvious change for the amorphous structure; with membrane property test, the tensile strength of KGM membrane gradually increased with the increase of irradiation dose and its elongation at break reduced, but these changes were not significant, WVP value reduced; with SEM, the membrane surface treated with irradiation was smoother even than the membrane without treatment. In addition, when increasing the irradiation dose, membrane surface became more even, and arrangement was more orderly and compact. KGM membrane nrooerties, and it is an ideal Irradiation modification could effectively improve the modification method.
文摘In this article, the mathematical model of the coupling of the three-dimensional fluid flow and the large deformation of membrane structure is established. The fluid-structure coupling interaction is simulated using the computational codes developed by the authors. By analyzing the interactions of membrane and flow field, the aeroelasticity of the airship is detailed. All the results are adopted in the focused study of the stratosphere airship in trimmed state.
文摘A second shape finding method was developed to improve the nonlinear finite element based shape finding method. The curved shape is obtained by raising the control points above the projection plane. The convergence was improved using pseudo material properties to get a preliminary shape, and then using the real properties to get the final shape. A large number of examples were analyzed to verify the validity and practicality of this method. The results show that the final curved surface after the second shape finding process is always quite similar to the first one. Moreover, the curved surface obtained after the second shape finding process is accurate and will be realized in real materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31770184)
文摘The Enterovirus 71(EV71)VP4 is co-translationally linked to myristic acid at its amino-terminal glycine residue.However,the role of this myristoylation in the EV71 life cycle remains largely unknown.To investigate this issue,we developed a myristoylation-deficient virus and reporter(luciferase)pseudovirus with a Gly-to-Ala mutation(G2A)on EV71 VP4.When transfecting the EV71-G2 A genome encoding plasmid in cells,the loss of myristoylation on VP4 did not affect the expression of viral proteins and the virus morphology,however,it did significantly influence viral infectivity.Further,in myristoylation-deficient reporter pseudovirus-infected cells,the luciferase activity and viral genome RNA decreased significantly as compared to that of wild type virus;however,cytopathic effect and viral capsid proteins were not detected in myristoylation-deficient virus-infected cells.Also,although myristoylation-deficient viral RNA and proteins were detected in the second blind passage of infection,they were much fewer in number compared to that of the wild type virus.The replication of genomic RNA and negative-strand viral RNA were both blocked in myristoylation-deficient viruses,suggesting that myristoylation affects viral genome RNA release from capsid to cytoplasm.Besides,loss of myristoylation on VP4 altered the distribution of VP4-green fluorescent protein protein,which disappeared from the membrane structure fraction.Finally,a liposome leakage assay showed that EV71 myristoylation mediates the permeability of the model membrane.Hence,the amino-terminal myristoylation of VP4 is pivotal to EV71 infection and capsidmembrane structure interaction.This study provides novel molecular mechanisms regarding EV71 infection and potential molecular targets for antiviral drug design.
文摘The Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen was constructed and inserted into vaccinia virus, Tian-tan strain in order to study the effect of this virus on EB infection and tumorogenesis. The EBV-derived membrane antigen was expressed under the control of a 7.5 K promoter of vaccinia virus. The antibody against the membrane antigen of EB virus was produced on rabbits vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia virus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11172079)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-11-0807)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HIT.BRETIII.201209 and HIT.NSRIF.201156)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2013ZA77001)Open-End Fund of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments
文摘Prediction of wrinkling characteristics is strongly correlated with the strain perpendicular to wrinkling direc- tion. In this paper, the strain field of wrinkled membrane is tested by VIC-3D system based on the digital image correlation technique. Experimental results are validated by the tension wrinkling simulation. The experimental strain perpendicular to wrinkling direction is analyzed in depth. The wrinkling strain of a square wrinkled membrane under corner tension is extracted from experimental strain perpendicular to wrinkling direction. A quantitative characterization format of the experimental wrinkling strain is proposed. A modified prediction method of wrinkling amplitude is presented based on the experimental wrinkling strain. The re- sults show that the precision of modified prediction model has improved 13.2% compared with the classical prediction model. The results reveal that the modified model can give an accurate prediction of the wrinkling amplitude.
文摘An eigenvalue method considering the membrane vibration of wrinkling out-of-plane deformation is introduced, and the stress distributing rule in membrane wrinkled area is analyzed. A dynamic analytical model of rectangular shear wrinkled membrane and its numerical analysis approach are also developed. Results indicate that the stress in wrinkled area is not uniform, i.e. it is larger in wrinkling wave peaks along wrinkles and two ends of wrinkle in vertical direction. Vibration modes of wrinkled membrane are strongly correlated with the wrinkling configurations. The rigidity is larger due to the heavier stress in the part of wrinkling wave peaks. Therefore, wave peaks are always located at the node lines of vibration mode. The vibration frequency obviously increases with the vibration of wave peaks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10902027)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (200802131046)+1 种基金Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (2010ZA77001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HIT.NSRIF.201156)
文摘Wrinkling analysis of a rectangular membrane with a single crease under shearing is performed to understand the wrinkle-crease interaction behaviors. The crease is considered by introducing the residual stresses from creasing and the effective modulus into the baseline configuration with assumed circular cross-sectional crease geometry. The wrinkling analysis of the creased membrane is then performed by using the direct perturb-force (DP) simulation technique which is based on our modified displacement components (MDC) method. Results reveal that the crease may influence the stress transfer path in the membrane and further change the wrinkling direction. The crease appears to improve the bending stiffness of the membrane which has an effective resistance on the wrinkling evolution. The effects of the crease orientation on wrinkle-crease interaction are studied toward the end of this paper. The results show that the wrinkling amplitude, wavelength, and direction increase as the crease orientation increases, and the wrinkling number decreases with the increasing crease orientation. These results will be of great benefit to the analysis and the control of the wrinkles in the membrane structures.
文摘This paper proved that octodecyl propylenediamine could form vesicles in pure water and aqueous solution of CuCl2 or Cu(NO3)2. The structure and morphology of vesicles were different when the copper (Ⅱ) salt was added to the solution. The results showed that both the counterions and the ligands had strong influence on the configuration of coordinated structures and packing model in bilayer membrane of vesicles.
基金Sponsored by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-08-0150)
文摘The bending stiffness of the inflated beam is considered as a constant before wrinkles appear, and it decreases obviously as wrinkles propagate. The formula of the bending stiffness is obtained based on the membrane theory in this paper. Furthermore, the definition of dimensionless bending stiffness factor is presented; the relationship of bending stiffness factor and wrinkling factor is derived; the bending stiffness factor is simplified as different linear functions with wrinkling factor, and the simplified model of bending stiffness of inflated beam under bending is also obtained. The bending stiffness including expression of wrinkling factor is substituted into the deflection differential equation, and then the slope and deflection equation of the inflated beam is deduced by integrating the deflection differential equation. Finally, the load-deflection curve is obtained, which is compared with the experimental data in a previous paper. It has a good agreement with each other.
基金Sponsored by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(Grant No. NCET-08-0150)
文摘The characteristics of normal inflatable antennas are described in this paper.For its deficiency such as low stiffness,a new-style of rigid-flexible coupling inflatable antenna is introduced.The advantages and system-composition are presented.Airbag is an important component,and the shape and stress distribution of airbag is important for the whole structure.Thus,shape-state analysis is performed.The uniformity of constrained force at joint between airbag and rib will impact the state of joint,or even the deployment process.Therefore,a shape optimization of airbag is developed on the base of genetic algorithms,and the best shape of airbag is finally obtained.Therefore,the stress distribution of airbags will be uniformed and the antenna structure system will be more reliability.
文摘Stratospheric airship is a special near-space air vehicle which has lots of advantages than other traditional flying aircrafts, such as long endurance, strong survival ability, low cost, excellent resolution detector etc. In addition, the stratospheric airship can be an ideal stratospheric bearing platform. This paper firstly gave an overview describing some technical differences between the stratospheric airship and the traditional airship, including the working environment, design specifications, structure characteristics, energy system, flying modes, and so on. Some technical difficulties including the materials, power system which apply to the stratospheric airship and deformation of the huge hull, super-heating effect, and station-keeping were discussed. Furthermore, technical target, technical specifications, design concept, and overview of flying tested about two stratospheric demonstration airships which were representative achievements of the research on the stratospheric airship in China were introduced. Finally, the predictions about the progress and direction of development were discussed.
基金This work described above was financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFD0200703), and the General Program of Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31572204). The authors would like to thank Hongying Cai from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua Univer- sity for his help with SEM observations and Dongwu Chang from the Department of Thermal Energy Engineering of Tsinghua University for assistance with MP measurements.
文摘In this study, controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) with five different nitrogen release periods were pre- pared by coating large urea particles with polyethylene (PE) membranes under various experimental conditions. The preliminary and differential solubility rates, release periods, and membrane pore sizes of the obtained CRFs were measured using water immersion, scanning electron microscopy, and mercury porosimetry. For all CRF samples, the median pore diameters of the membranes were equal to 4.5-5.3 nm and pores with sizes smaller than 10 nm accounted for 86-96% of the total pore surface area. The obtained pore diameter distributions differed for the five studied types of CRF, having release periods of 1,2, 4, 6, and 8 months. Thus, for the CRFs with a 1-month release period, the maximum pore diameter reached a magnitude of 4000 nm, while this value did not exceed 30 nm for the CRFs with a release period of 8 months. Hence, we have established a relationship between the release period of CRFs and their effective maximum pore sizes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 61261007)the Key Program of Yunnan Natural Science Foundation(Grant 2013FA008)
文摘Ultrasound simulation for carotid arteries is helpful to the performance assessments of vessel wall detection and signal processing methods by using ultrasound techniques. An ul- trasound simulation method of carotid artery wall with a three-membrane structure is proposed in present study. According to the ultrasound speckle distributions varying with the shapes and densities of scatterer distributions, as well as the statistic results of the clinical images, the parameters of distributions, densities and intensities of scatterers for different kinds of tissues in the carotid artery phantoms are determined. Each region is acoustically characterized using FIELD II software to produce the radio frequency echo signals, from which ultrasound images are derived. The results based on 30 simulations show that the echo distributions of the intimae, mediae, adventitias and blood are consistent with the clinical ones. Moreover, compared with the results from the central frequency of 8 MHz, the mean measurements for thicknesses of the intima, media and adventitia membranes, as well as the lumen diameter from the simulation images based on 12 MHz are the same as the preset ones, and the maximum relative errors are the 4.01%, 1.25%, 0.04% and 0.15%, respectively. The simulation under this condition is more realistic.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(5107312)
文摘This paper introduces a blended membrane which is prepared by coagulation of sodium alginate and konjac glucomannan(KGM) in an aqueous solution, and studies the effect of different concentrations of KGM on sodium alginate films. The structural characterization of prepared blend film was implemented by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), and the optimum ratio was determined by comparing fracture elongation, moisture absorption and moisture retention. The results indicate that the two polysaccharide molecules, sodium alginate and KGM, in the blend membrane have a good compatibility. The surface of blend film is smooth and uniform. The addition of KGM can significantly improve the moisture absorption and moisture retention performance of sodium alginate film, and its mechanical performance is also improved to some extent. The ratio of sodium alginate and KGM is 3.2∶1.5.
基金This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17H01349 and the ISAS/JAXA solar power sail preparation team.
文摘A solar power sail demonstrator“IKAROS”demonstrated solar sailing technology in 2010.The membrane of the spinning solar sail IKAROS is estimated to be deformed toward the Sun.The deformation was kept even under low spin-rate.Previous studies suggest that curvature of thin-film solar cells on the membrane increases the out-of-plane stiffness by finite element analysis.Shape,out-of-plane stiffness,and natural frequency of membranes have to be predicted for solar sails with thin-film devices,such as thin-film solar cells,dust counters,and reflectivity control devices in order to reduce the margins of sail size and propellant mass against disturbance solar pressure torque acting on the membrane.In this paper,the effect of a curved thin-film device on the natural frequency of a rectangle membrane under uniaxial tension was investigated.Three types of membranes were evaluated:a membrane with a curved thin-film device,a membrane with a flat thin-film device,and a plane membrane.Geometric nonlinear finite element analysis and eigenvalue analysis were conducted to investigate the natural frequencies under varying tension.The simulations were verified by vibration experiments.It was found that under low tension,the natural frequency of the membrane with the curved thin-film device is significantly higher than that of the others and that under high tension,the natural frequency of the membrane with the thin-film device is slightly lower than that of the plane membrane.In addition,parametric analysis on the curvature of the thin-film device shows that natural frequency at low tension is sensitive to the curvature.The eigenvalue analysis of a whole solar sail with the curved thin-film devices also suggests that the curvature remarkably affects the vibration modes.In conclusion,curved thin-film devices have a significant impact on the out-of-plane stiffness of a membrane under low tension.