Incidence of cystoid macular edema after Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty

AIM： To determine the incidence of cystoid macular edema（CME） after Descemet＇s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty（DSAEK）.METHODS： This study included all consecutive patients operated in a Spanish tertiary reference hospital over a period of four years. A total of 55 eyes from 47 patients matched the selection criteria. CME was diagnosed clinically at the slit-lamp and confirmed by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS： Six cases of CME were diagnosed postoperatively, which represented an incidence of 11%. Three patients had previously undergone DSAEK alone（7%; 3/41） and the other three, DSAEK combined with phacoemulsification（21%; 3/14）. Five out of six patients with CME responded to standard therapy.CONCLUSION： CME is a possible complication after DSAEK and can be treated with standard therapy. CME appears more frequently when DSAEK is combined with phacoemulsification and posterior chamber（PC） intraocular lens（IOL） implantation. Intraoperative damage to the corneal endothelial cells might play a role in the pathogenesis of CME. As long as the causes remain unclear, we recommend administering prophylaxis when risk factors are present or when combined surgery is planned.

Noncanonical intercellular communication in immune response

The classical view of signaling between cells of immune system includes two major routes of intercellular communication:Through the release of extracellular molecules or a direct interaction between membrane bound receptor and its membrane bound ligand,which initiate a cascade of signaling in target cell.However,recent studies indicate that besides these canonical modes of signaling there are also noncanonical routs of intercellular communications through membrane stripping/membrane exchange/trogocytosis,extracellular traps,exosomes and ectososmes/microparticles.In this review we discuss what are the components of noncanonical pathways of signaling and what role they play in immune cells interactions.

Separation of Trivalent Samarium through Facilitated Stripping Dispersion Hollow Fiber Liquid Membrane Using p204 as Mobile Carrier

The separation of Sm（III） through stripping dispersion hollow fiber liquid membrane system （SDHFLM） containing feed phase adding acetate buffer solution and dispersion solution with HC1 solution as the stripping solution and membrane solution of di（2-ethylhexyl） phosphoric acid （p204） dissolved in kerosene, has been studied. A set of factors were studied, including pH value, initial concentration of Sm（III） and different ionic strength of feed phase, volume ratio of membrane solution and stripping solution （O/W）, HC1 concentration, carrier concentration, different stripping agents of dispersion phase on Sm（III） separation. Experimental results indicate that the optimum separa- tion conditions of Sm（III） were obtained as that HC1 concentration was 4.00 tool/L, p204 concentration was 0.150 mol/L, and volume ratio of membrane solution and stripping solution （O/W） was 1.00 in the dispersion phase, and pH value was 4.60 in the feed phase. Ionic strength had no obvious effect on separation of Sm（III）. When initial Sm（III） concentration was 1.00 × 10^-4 mol/L, the separation rate of Sm（III） was up to 93.5% in 85 min. The kinetic equation was developed in terms of the law of mass diffusion and the theory of interface chemistry. The modeled results were in good agreement with the experiment data.

Stripping dispersion hollow fiber liquid membrane containing carrier PC-88A and HNO_3 for the extraction of Sm^(3+)

Stripping dispersion hollow fiber liquid membrane system（SDHFLM） containing feed phase adding acetate buffer solution and dispersion solution with HNO_3 solution as the stripping solution and membrane solution of 2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid-mono-2-ethylhexyl ester（PC-88A） dissolved in kerosene,has been studied for the extraction of Sm^（3＋）.Many factors including pH value, volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution（OAV） and carrier concentration on Sm^（3＋） extraction were investigated. Experimental results indicate that the optimum extraction conditions of Sm^（3＋） were obtained as that PC-88A concentration was 0.120 mol/L,and OAV was 1.00 in the dispersion phase,and pH value was 4.80 in the feed phase.When initial Sm^（3＋） concentration was 1.20×10^（-4） mol/L,the extraction percentage of Sm^（3＋） was up to 92.8%in 160 min.