Erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged carrier-free nanoassembly of FRET photosensitizer pairs with high therapeutic efficiency and high security for programmed cancer synergistic phototherapy

Phototherapy has been intensively investigated as a non-invasive cancer treatment option.However,its clinical translation is still impeded by unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy and severe phototoxicity.To achieve high therapeutic efficiency and high security,a nanoassembly of Forster Resonance Energy Transfer(FRET)photosensitizer pairs is developed on basis of dual-mode photosensitizer co-loading and photocaging strategy.For proof-of-concept,an erythrocyte-camouflaged FRET pair co-assembly of chlorine e6(Ce6,FRET donor)and 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide(DiR,FRET acceptor)is investigated for breast cancer treatment.Notably,Ce6 in the nanoassemby is quenched by DiR and could be unlocked for photodynamic therapy(PDT)only when DiR is photobleached by 808-nm laser.As a result,Ce6-caused phototoxicity could be well controlled.Under cascaded laser irradiation(808-660 nm),tumor-localizing temperature rise following laser irradiation on DiR not only induces tumor cell apoptosis but also facilitates the tumor penetration of NPs,relieves tumor hypoxia,and promotes the PDT efficacy of Ce6.Such FRET pair-based nanoassembly provides a new strategy for developing multimodal phototherapy nanomedicines with high efficiency and good security.

Engineering white blood cell membrane-camouflaged nanocarriers for inflammation-related therapeutics

White blood cells(WBCs)play essential roles against inflammatory disorders,bacterial infections,and cancers.Inspired by nature,WBC membrane-camouflaged nanocarriers(WBC-NCs)have been developed to mimic the“dynamic”functions of WBCs,such as transendothelial migration,adhesion to injured blood vessels,etc,which make them promising for diverse medical applications.WBC-NCs inherit the cell membrane antigens of WBCs,while still exhibiting the robust inflammation-related therapeutic potential of synthetic nanocarriers with excellent(bio)physicochemical performance.This review summarizes the proposed concept of cell membrane engineering,which utilizes physical engineering,chemical modification,and biological functionalization technologies to endow the natural cell membrane with abundant functionalities.In addition,it highlights the recent progress and applications of WBC-NCs for inflammation targeting,biological neutralization,and immune modulation.Finally,the challenges and opportunities in realizing the full potential of WBC-NCs for the manipulation of inflammation-related therapeutics are discussed.

Biointerface engineering nanoplatforms for cancer-targeted drug delivery

Over the past decade,nanoparticle-based therapeutic modalities have become promising strategies in cancer therapy.Selective delivery of anticancer drugs to the lesion sites is critical for elimination of the tumor and an improved prognosis.Innovative design and advanced biointerface engineering have promoted the development of various nanocarriers for optimized drug delivery.Keeping in mind the biological framework of the tumormicroenvironment,biomembrane-camouflaged nanoplatforms have been a research focus,reflecting their superiority in cancer targeting.In this review,we summarize the development of various biomimetic cell membrane-camouflaged nanoplatforms for cancertargeted drug delivery,which are classified according to the membranes fromdifferent cells.The challenges and opportunities of the advanced biointerface engineering drug delivery nanosystems in cancer therapy are discussed.

Delivery strategies for macromolecular drugs in cancer therapy

With the development of biotherapy,biomacromolecular drugs have gained tremendous attention recently,especially in drug development field due to the sophisticated functions in vivo.Over the past few years,a motley variety of drug delivery strategies have been developed for biomacromolecular drugs to overcome the difficulties in the druggability,e.g.,the instability and easily restricted by physiologic barriers.The application of novel delivery systems to deliver biomacromolecular drugs can usually prolong the half-life,increase the bioavailability,or improve patient compliance,which greatly improves the efficacy and potentiality for clinical use of biomacromolecular drugs.In this review,recent studies regarding the drug delivery strategies for macromolecular drugs in cancer therapy are summarized,mainly drawing on the development over the last five years.

Defect self-assembly of metal-organic framework triggers ferroptosis to overcome resistance

The emergence of multidrug treatment resistance presents a hurdle for the successful chemotherapy of tumours.Ferroptosis,resulting from the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides,has the potential to reverse multidrug resistance.However,simultaneous delivery of the iron sources,ferroptosis inducers,drugs,and enhanced circulation carriers within matrices remains a significant challenge.Herein,we designed and fabricated a defect self-assembly of metal-organic framework(MOF)-red blood cell(RBC)membrane-camouflaged multi-drug-delivery nanoplatform for combined ferroptosis-apoptosis treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer.Ferroptosis and chemotherapeutic drugs are embedded in the centre of the iron(III)-based MOF at defect sites by coordination with metal clusters during a one-pot solvothermal synthesis process.The RBC membrane could camouflage the nanoplatform for longer circulation.Our results demonstrate that this defect self-assembly-enabled MOF-membrane-camouflaged nanoplatform could deplete the glutathione,amplify the reactive oxidative species oxidative stress,and enable remarkable anticancer properties.Our work provides an alternative strategy for overcoming multidrug resistance,which could regulate the fluidity and permeability of the cell membrane by ferroptosis to downregulate of P-glycoprotein protein expression by ferroptosis.This defect self-assembly-enabled MOF-membrane-camouflaged multi-drug-delivery nanoplatform has great therapeutic potential.