Socio-economic and Environmental Implications of the Hydroelectric Projects in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India

This paper deals with de the fiasco created by the Tehri Uttarakhand, India, particularly resettlement and rehabilitation tailed analysis of High Dam in in terms of of the local inhabitants. Aspects pertaining to the environmental issues are also discussed. Currently, the river valleys in Uttarakhand state of India are the targets of increasing hydroelectric projects. Virtually all rivers are being exploited for generating environmental friendly power. Having being learned the hard lesson from Tehri Dam, it has been decided to opt for such schemes in which comparatively little submergence hnd tempering with the fragile eco-systems is involved However, our observations suggest that even in such schemes if due care is not taken they may turn out to be a failure.

Impact of hydroelectric projects on river environment: Analysis of water quality changes in Ningxia Reach of Yellow River

In this paper, the relationship between hydroelectric projects and the river environment is analyzed. Recently, the large-scale regulation of runoff by large hydroelectric projects in the Ningxia Reach of the Yellow River has altered natural runoff processes, causing an increase in the probability of low discharge and an overall adjustment of riverbed evolution and river characteristics. During low-flow years, the combined effects of these two changes can weaken the self-purification capacity and reduce the water environmental capacity of the river. This is one of the main reasons for the recent decrease of water quality in the Ningxia Reach. This research shows that it is necessary to implement river training projects to maintain stable flow paths, not only for adjusting river regimes and for flood control, but also for increasing the self-purification capacity and the water environmental capacity of the river. Methods and proposals for coordinating the operation of hydroelectric projects with the protection of the river environment are presented in the interest of promoting sustainable development.

Assessment of Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status and Preparation of Management Plan for Medicinal Plants in the Catchment Area of Parbati Hydroelectric Project Stage-Ⅲ in Northwestern Himalaya

The developmental activities, particularly the construction of hydroelectric projects are causing a great loss of biodiversity in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Himaehal Pradesh, a part of IHR is well known for the development of hydroelectric projects. The Parbati H.E. Project is amongst the major projects of the State. The different stages of the project are all causing loss of biodiversity of the area. Stage Ⅲ of the Parbati H.E. Project is a run of the river scheme on the Sainj River downstream of Power House of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ. The project shall utilize regulated discharge of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ and inflow of River Sainj for power generation, and has been contemplated as a peaking station operating in tandem with Stage Ⅱ. The present study has been undertaken to see the impact of hydroelectric project on the biodiversity, particularly on medicinal plants. A total of 104 species of medicinal plants, belonging to different life forms, i.e., trees （23 spp.）, shrubs （22 spp.）, herbs （57 spp.） and ferns （2 spp.） were recorded. The species have been analyzed and studied for their distribution, classification, altitudinal zones, part （s） used, indigenous uses, nativity, endemism and rarity.Different parts of these species, such as whole plants, roots （including rhizomes and tubers）, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, barks, spikes, nuts and insect galls are used by the inhabitants for curing various diseases and ailments. 3o species are native to the Himalayan region, 9 species native to the Himalayan region and adjacent countries also and 65 species are non-natives. 9 species are near endemics. Considering the whole Himalaya as a biogeographie unit （sensu lato）, the near endemics are endemic to the Himalaya. Among these species, Zanthoxylum armature is categorized as Endangered and Valeriana wallichii as Vulnerable. Hedychium spicatum, Rhus javanica, Berberis lycium, Thalictrum foliolossum, Salvia lanata, Rubia cordifolia and Bergenia ligulata may be considered as threatened species due to their over exploitation for trade. 90 species are propagated by seeds, 8 species by seeds and rhizomes/roots/tubers, 4 species by seeds and cuttings, and 2 species by sori. A management plan for the cultivation and conservation of the medicinal plants in the dam submergence area, and the commercially viable medicinal plants with high value in the catchment area is suggested.

Engineering geological classification of the structural planes for hydroelectric projects in Emeishan Basalts

The scale and characteristics of rock mass are important indexes of the rock mass structural plane classification. This paper firstly analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics, the structural plane types （original structural plane, tectonic structural plane and hypergenic structural plane） and the associated features of the Emeishan basalts and then studies the classification schemes of the built hydropower structure planes of different rock areas （the east district, the central district and the west district） in the Emeishan basalt distribution area, Southwest China. Based on the analysis and comparison of the scale and the engineering geological characteristics of the typical structure planes in the basalt hydroelectric Stations, the types of structural planes are used in the first order classification. The secondary order classification is made by considering the impact factors of rock mass quality, e.g., the state of the structural planes, infilling, joint opening, extending length, the grade of weathering and strength. The engineering geological classification for Emeishan basalt is proposed. Because there are no evidences of a large structure presenting in study area, the first-order （Ⅰ） controlling structural planes do not appear in the classification, there only appear Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ grade structural planes influencing the rock-mass quality. According to the different rock-block types in bedding fault zone, the second-grade （Ⅱ） structural planes consisted of bedding fault zone is further classified into Ⅱ1, Ⅱ2 and Ⅱ3. The third-grade （Ⅲ） structural planes constructed by intraformational faulted zones are not subdivided. According to the different characteristics of intrusion, alteration and weathering unloading structural planes, the Ⅳ grade structure plane is divided into Ⅳ1, Ⅳ2 and Ⅳ3. According to the development characteristics of joints and fractures, the V grade structure plane is divided into fracture Ⅴ1 and columnar joint Ⅴ2. In all, the structural planes are classified into four groups with nine subsets. The research proposes the engineering geological classification of the structural plane for the hydropower project in the Emishan basalts, and the result of the study has a potential application in similar regions.

Perceived ill-health and health seeking behavior in two communities in the nam theun 2 hydroelectric project area in Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

Objective:To compare perceived ill-health and health seeking behavior between two communities affected by the large Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric project in central Lao People’s Democratic Republic(PDR).Methods: Two different affected areas;Nakai plateaubeing remote,sparcely populated and mountainous,and Xe Bang Fai lowland plains,more densely populated and comparatively affluent were included.Data were obtained from two cross-sectional household-based health and socio-economic surveys.Results:We found pronounced differences in the frequency of self-reported fever,cough,headache and myalgia according to location.On the Nakai plateau,45.1%of the individuals with ill-health report(recall period;2 weeks) went to a local health volunteer compared to only 7.2%in the Xe Bang Fai area(P 【 0.001 ).In Nakai,there were disproportionately more illiterates seeking help from local health volunteers when compared to those who attended at least primary schooling(49.2%versus 17.5%,P 【0.01 ).Self-medication with antimalarials was more common in Xe Bang Fai than on Nakai(32.3%versus 7.0%,P 【 0.001).The mean amount of money spent per health consultation was US $ 1.7 in Nakai and US $ 7.2 in Xe Bang Fai.Conclusion:The observed differences in self-reported ill-health and health seeking behavior among these two Lao communities need to be considered when implementing setting-specific mitigation measures as part of the public health action plan of the Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric project.

Vulnerability assessment of the Satluj catchment for sustainable development of hydroelectric projects in the northwestern Himalaya

Hydropower if scientifically developed is considered to be one of the clean and non-polluted renewable energy sources.But its impacts always exist on physical and social environment of the area.The present study was conducted in the River Satluj basin which is well known for its hydropower potential.The main objective of the study was to understand the vulnerability of the Satluj basin and to develop a strategy for the development of hydropower projects.This basin has been facing many problems relating to construction of haphazard development of hydropower projects.This has led multi-hazards like landslides,floods,earthquakes,etc.Here,vulnerability assessment index was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively.Geographical Information System and people’s perception were used to study these aspects in the basin.The parameters considered for vulnerability assessment were slope,slope profile,relative relief,curvature,slope aspect,soil texture,lithology,river morphometry,precipitation,hydroelectric projects,land use and land cover,mass-movement,flood,geological elements and earthquake occurrences.The highest vulnerability was found in the middle zone,and finally on the basis of parameters analyzed;the hydropower’s development strategy was developed.

Study on engineering-hydrogeological problems of hydroelectric project

Engineering-hydrogeological problems arise from the interaction between engineering activities and geological environment, in which rock-soil mass and groundwater are especially important constituents. However, up-to-date research on them is relatively dispersive and simple due to their complexity and lack of comprehensive and systematic study methods. Starting from geological analysis of mechanism to geological model based on geological regularities, the paper predicts the tendency of geological evolvement and puts forward proper measures to solve problems. In this paper, elevated water-sensitive structure in rock-soil mass, which mainly causes engineering hydrogeological problems, and problems in hydropower is discussed based on unique construction in Chinese Western hydropower projects. Engineering hydrogeological problems are reservoir induced earthquakes leakage from reservoir bottom in karst, stability of high slope at reservoir banks, sliding of dam foundation and dam abutment, and confined water at key positions which are introduced and determined by using water-sensitive factors(or structure) according to special hydrogeological conditions.

Delineation of Cavity in Downstream Surge Chamber at Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project, Bhutan

On 3^rd March, 2016, there occurred a massive roof fall incidence in one of the major caverns of Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project (PHEP-II), Bhutan which halted the operations in the major caverns and required additional strengthening measures. Prior to concluding any thing on the treatment measures for the muck flown into the cavern and the cavity formed over the crown of Downstream Surge Chamber, there was a strong need to determine the extents of cavity. Even to understand the influence of cavity formation on adjacent caverns, the cavity needs to be delineated. Therefore, the management of PHEP-II adopted several techniques to decipher the shape and dimensions of the cavity like, surveying, geophysical, cross-hole seismic surveys, borehole scanning, and exploratory drilling. The tentative shape of the cavity could finally be established. The findings from each method are explained in this paper.

基于业主视角的工期延误索赔管理研究——以F水电站工程项目为例

从业主视角出发,以F水电站工程项目索赔管理为研究对象,对该项目实施进程中两个工期延误索赔案例的处理过程和结果进行介绍,结合现有研究对比分析F水电站业主面对两索赔事件时实施索赔管理的思路与模式,总结工程项目在索赔应对过程中应遵循的管理原则,并提出工期延误索赔管理的启示,以期为业主方工期延误索赔管理提供参考。

改进LEC法在水利水电工程建设期危险源评价中的应用

在水利水电工程建设期的安全管理中,危险源的管理处于十分重要的地位。水利水电工程施工企业通常采用作业条件危险性评价法(LEC法)进行风险评价。LEC法十分依赖评估小组的实际经验。针对LEC法的局限性,提出用于水利水电工程建设期危险源评价的改进LEC方法,以提高企业的危险源管理水平。

水利水电工程中钢结构的腐蚀

水利水电工程中的钢结构分别处于大气、干湿交替、浸泡于水以及高速水流等环境中运行 ,遭受多种形式的腐蚀 .通过调研 ,总结了钢结构的腐蚀速率和腐蚀形态 ,以及环境条件。

基于效益共享的水电工程移民安置机制初探

运用社会学研究方法,对水电工程移民共享经济效益的机理依据进行了系统的论述。以此为基础,对水电工程移民共享效益的4种基本安置机制进行了阐述,并引用国内外案例对各机制进行了详细的分析。

黄河拉西瓦水电站建设对区域景观格局的影响

本文根据水利水电工程对景观格局的影响特征 ,从拼块类型尺度和景观尺度选出优势度、多样性、均匀度、分离度等 8个能全面反映景观格局变化的数量化指数 ,完善了水利水电工程环境影响评价内容。以黄河拉西瓦水电站为例 ,对该区域 Landsat TM7图像解译和 GIS处理 ,结合工程设计规划 ,绘制建设前后区域景观格局图 ,建立空间信息数据库 ,计算各景观指数 ,分析其变化趋势。结果表明 ,黄河拉西瓦水电站区域有 1 6种景观类型 ,分别属于 6种生态系统 ,拼块类型多样 ,景观格局复杂 ,其中草地景观优势度最高 ,接近 80 % ;建成后拼块类型的景观比例、密度、优势度、分离度等都有一定变化 ;景观均匀度、多样性指数和人为干扰强度都相应增加。总体上 ,景观格局没有发生大的变化 ,区域生态系统的功能和性质也不会改变。

水电工程施工进度三维动态可视化方法

针对水电工程施工进度计划难以用传统方法简便直观描述的难题,基于GIS平台,采用三维可视化技术,提出了水电工程施工进度三维动态可视化方法;构造了施工进度三维可视化数字模型,实现了模型的动态显示、交互操作、空间分析以及施工进度可视化仿真等功能.通过在水电工程中的实际应用,表明采用施工进度三维动态可视化方法能够形象表达施工进度,动态描述施工进度中各环节之间复杂的动态时空逻辑关系,对于提高水电工程设计与管理现代化水平具有现实意义.

山地河流生境快速评价模型与应用

从河流生境结构和功能出发,选用河流生境多样性指数、河道湿润率、生境单元质量指数,采用专家打分法确定权重系数,建立了山地河流生境快速评价指标体系及定量评价模型。选取三峡库区的典型山地河流东河进行河流生境质量定量评价。结果表明该河流生境质量从库尾以上河段起向下游逐步下降,在引水坝以下河段降至最低,其后呈逐渐恢复的态势。坝下河流生境主要受到河流减水影响;坝上河段河流生境主要受泥沙淤积影响。该评价结果能较直观地反映水电工程影响下山地河流生境状况,以及导致河流生境质量衰退的原因。

水利工程建设对自然保护区生态系统的影响

以糯扎渡水利工程及受影响的自然保护区为研究案例,在GIS支持下,应用缓冲区分析法,分析了水利工程建设前后自然保护区景观结构的梯度变化以及水利工程对景观结构的影响;选取分维数、斑块密度、优势度、聚集度等代表性指标揭示了区域景观格局的变化;在此基础上,选取自然性、多样性、稳定性和人为干扰性4项指标建立生态评价指标体系,应用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重,并对评价因子进行等级化处理,评价水利工程对影响区生态质量的影响。结果表明:不同缓冲距离内植被类型呈梯度变化,工程建设对季风常绿阔叶林、竹林、落叶季雨林有较大影响;水利工程建设使区域景观异质性增强,在缓冲距离800m范围内景观格局变化明显;建设前后受影响区生态质量评价表明,水利工程建设导致区域生态质量降低,但降幅不大。

水电工程干扰下澜沧江典型段的水温时空特征

以澜沧江流域漫湾库尾至大朝山坝下的水电工程干扰典型段为研究区域,利用1978～2005年建坝前后的水温实测资料,采用相关分析、线性回归的方法分析表层水温、下泄水温的时空分布特征.结果表明,水电工程建设后库区蓄水对表层水温有着明显的增温效应,坝前表层水温仅5～8月低于气温,其余所有月份坝前表层水温均高于建坝前的天然表层水温,时间分异性减弱.库区出水温度一般冬季(干季)高于气温和天然表层水温,而夏季(雨季)则相反,与天然水温和气温的变化趋势有2个月的滞后性.从库尾到坝前,表层水温与天然气温逐渐接近,水温/气温比与距离大坝距离之间存在正相关关系,漫湾库区下泄水对大朝山库区的水温具有一定的累积效应.本研究结果表明水电工程对澜沧江典型河段的水温时空分布存在显著效应.

才利水电工程建设项目的风险管理

论述了水电工程建设项目风险管理的内涵、方法和实现手段。通过对国内外数百座大型水利水电工程风险特性的识别,描述了风险管理规划的基本内容和编制基础,提出了风险管理规划要围绕工程建设中的主要风险研究对策;认识到设计不周是工程建设的最大的风险;指出了风险管理必须落实到承包合同,工程保险可以增加承包商承担风险的能力,以及评标时就要进行全面的风险分析;给出了大型工程建设应设置专门风险管理部门的建议。

水电工程农村移民入股安置模式初探

根据水电开发"十一五"规划和2020发展目标,平均每年需新增水电装机1425万kW,水电事业迅速发展必将带来大量农村移民,需要妥善安置。按产业划分对两种传统安置模式特点与问题进行分析,从利益相关者和资源价值转移理论角度,论述入股安置模式的理论依据。回顾了中国近代历史上的工程征地入股安置案例。在对水电工程农村移民入股安置模式进行定义的基础上,阐述了入股安置的"以集体土地使用权作价入股"和"以征地补偿安置费用入股"两种基本方式,并探讨了水电开发企业上市条件下移民持股选择种类。通过与传统安置模式的比较,得出水电工程农村移民入股安置模式的四大优势:从非自愿性移民到自愿性移民的转变;从开发性移民到参与性移民的升华;缓解项目业主资金筹措压力;推动小城镇建设事业的发展。