Gravity variations before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

In order to study the relationship between gravity variation and Menyuan Ms6.4 earth- quake, gravity variation characteristics in mid-eastern of Qilian Mountain were analyzed based on the 2012-2015 relative gravity datasets. The results indicated that the gravity changes in mid-eastern of Qilian Mountain increased gradually, while gravity changes around Menyuan remarkably. Besides, great positive-negative gravity changing gradients appeared along the Lengiongling Fault which was located at the north of Menyuan, and the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake occurred near the junction of positive and negative gravity changes.

Gravity changes and crustal deformations before the Menyuan,Qinghai Ms6.4 earthquake of 2016

In this study, the relative gravity data(2012 e2015), GPS data-derived horizontal deformation(2011 e2014) and the background vertical deformation from the leveling measurements(1970 e2011) in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau were processed to systematically analysis the mechanism of temporalespatial patterns and the relationship with Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake. It can be summarized in the following: 1) The regional gravity changes, the GPS and the vertical deformational showed an intense spatial relationship: the gravity increased along with the direction of horizontal movement, and decreased with the crustal uplift and vice versa, which reflected the inherited characteristics of geotectonic activities. 2) The crustal deformations were closely related to the active faults. The contour lines of gravity changes and vertical deformation were generally along with the Qilian-Haiyuan fault(strike is NWW), and the crustal horizontal deformation showed left-lateral strike slip motion near the Qilian-Haiyuan fault. 3) Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in the high negative gravity variation area and a high gradient formed in regions, positive and negative variation of gravity amount to 110 m Gal.Specifically, a borderline of positive and negative gravity located in the south of epicenter along the north edge of Qilianshan fault and Lenglongling fault, as well as the vertical and/or horizontal deformation is intensely. The extrusion deformation, surface compression rate and gravity changes were obvious near the epicenter of 2016 Menyuan Earthquake.

Representative value of cross-fault in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet block and case analysis of the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

The equation for determining cross-fault representative value is calculated based on hanging wall and foot wall reference level surfaces. The cross-fault data reliability are analyzed base on the stability of reference datum and observation points, thereby facili- tating plotting of the representative value curves after removing interference. The spatial and temporal characteristics of fault deformation abnormalities before the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake, as well as the fault-movement characteristics reflected by representa- tive value, are summarized. The results show that many site trends had changed 1-3 years before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake in the Qilian Fault, reflecting certain background abnormalities. The short-term abnormalities centrally had appeared in the 6 months to 1 year period before the earthquake near and in the neighborhood of the source region, demonstrating a significantly increased number of short-term abnormalities. Many sites near and in the neighborhood of the source region had strengthened inverse activities or had changed from positive to inverse activities in the most recent 2-3 years, which reflect stress-field enhancements or adjustment features.

Field source characteristic of gravity variation in Hexi region before Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake based on the Euler deconvolution

This study adopted the Euler deconvolution method to conduct an inversion and interpretation of the depth and spatial distribution pattern of field source that lead to gravity variation. For this purpose, mobile gravity data from four periods in the Hexi region between 2011 and 2015 were obtained from an observation network. With a newly established theoretical model, we acquired the optimum inversion parameters and conducted calculation and analysis with the actual data. The results indicate that one is the appropriate value of the structure index for the inversion of the mobile gravity data. The inversion results of the actual data showed a comparable spatial distribution of the field source and a consistent structural trend with observations from the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault zone between 2011 and 2015. The distribution was in a blocking state at the epicenter of the Menyuan earthquake in 2016. Our quantitative study of the field source provides new insights into the inversion and interpretation of signals of mobile gravity variation.

Seismogenic structure of the 2016 Ms6.4 Menyuan earthquake and its effect on the Tianzhu seismic gap

On January 21, 2016, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of Ms6.4 occurred at Menyuan, Qinghai Province of China. In almost the same region, there was another strong earthquake happened in 1986, with similar magnitude and focal mechanism. Based on comprehensive analysis of regional active faults, focal mechanism solutions, precise locations of aftershocks, as well as GPS crustal deformation, we inferred that the Lenglongiing active fault dips NE rather than SW as suggested by previous studies. Considering the facts that the 2016 and i986 Ms6.4 Menyuan earthquakes are closely located with similar focal mechanisms, both of the quakes are on the north side of the Lenglongling Fault and adjacent to the fault, and the fault is dipping NE direction, we suggest that the fault should be the seismogenic structure of the two events. The Lenglongling Fault, as the western segment of the well-known Tianzhu seismic gap in the Qilian-Haiyuan active fault system, is in a relatively active state with frequent earthquakes in recent years, implying a high level of strain accumulation and a high potential of major event. It is also possible that the Lengiongiing Fault and its adjacent fault, the Jinqianghe Fault in the Tianzhu seismic gap, are rupturing simultaneously in the future.

Characteristics of regional crustal deformation before 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

On January 21, 2016, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of Ms6.4 happened at Menyuan, Qinghai Province of China. In almost the same place, there was another strong earthquake happened in 1986, with similar magnitude and focal mechanism. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of regional crustal deformation before the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earth- quake by using the data from 10 continuous Global Positioning System （GPS） stations and 74 campaign-mode GPS stations within 200 km of this event： （a） Based on the velocity field from over ten years GPS observations, a regional strain rate field is calculated. The results indicate that the crustal strain rate and seismic moment accumulation rate of the Qilian- Haiyuan active fault, which is the seismogenic tectonics of the event, are significantly higher than the surrounding regions. In a 20 km~ 20 km area around the seismogenic region, the maximum and minimum principal strain rates are 21.5 nanostrain/a （NW-SE extension） and -46.6 nanostrain/a （NE-SW compression）, respectively, and the seismic moment accumulation rates is 17.4 Nm/a. The direction of principal compression is consistent with the focal mechanism of this event. （b） Based on the position time series of the continuous GPS stations for a time-span of about 6 years before the event, we calculate the strain time series. The results show that the dilatation of the seismogenic region is continuously reduced with a ＂non-linear＂ trend since 2010, which means the seismogenic region has been in a state of compression. However, about 2-3 months before the event, both the dilatation and maximum shear strain show significant inverse trends. These abnormal changes of crustal deformation may reflect the non-linear adjustment of the stress-strain accumulation of the seismogenic region, when the accumulation is approaching the critical value of rupture.

Regional fault deformation characteristics before and after the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

This study analyzes data regarding cross-fault deformations within the seismogenic zone of the 2016 Qinghai Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake and its surrounding area. The results showed that the tendency anomaly sites near the epicenter had relatively long anomaly durations prior to the earthquake, while sudden-jumping anomaly sites started to increase in the middle eastern Qilian Mountains approximately a year before the earthquake and continued to increase and migrate towards the vicinity of the epicenter two to six months before the earthquake. Intensive observations a few days after the earthquake indicated that abnormal returns and turns before the earthquake were significant, but all had small amplitudes, and the coseismic effect was generally minor. In addition, the post-seismic tendency analysis of individual cross faults in the Qilian Mountain fault zone revealed an accelerating thrust tendency at all cross-fault sites in the middle Qilian Mountains after the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. This indicates that the Wenchuan mega-earthquake exerted a great impact on the dynamic environment of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plate and significantly enhanced the extrusion effect of the Indian plate on the middle Qilian Mountains, generating favorable conditions for the occurrence of Menyuan thrust earthquakes.

Dynamic evolution of crustal horizontal deformation before the Ms6.4 Menyuan earthquake

An Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in the Menyuan county of Qinghai Province on Jan 21, 2016. In order to recognize the development of horizontal deformation and distinguish precursory deformation anomalies, we obtained coordinates time series, velocity and strain model around the seismic zones from processing of continuous observations from 2010 and 6 times of surveying Global Positioning System （GPS） data since 2009. The results show that, before the earthquake, the eastern segmentation of the Qilian tectonic zone where the Lenglongling Fault located is in strong crustal shortening and compressional strain state with dilatational rates of -15 to -25 ppb. The Lenglongling Fault has a strike-slip rate of 3.1 mm/a and a far-field differential orthogonal rate of 7 mm/a, while differential rate is only 1.2 mm/a near the fault, which reflects its locking feature with strain energy accumulation and high seismic risks. Dynamic evolution of deformation model shows that preevent dilatational rates around the seismic zones increases from 15 ppb/a to -20 ppb/a with its center moving to the source areas. Time series of N components of G337 station, which is 13.7 km away from the Lenglongling Fault, exhibit a 5 mm/a acceleration anomaly. Time series of base-station QHME （in Menyuan） displays a reverse acceleration from the end of Sep. to Dec., 2016 when it comes to a largest deviation, and the accumulative displacement is more than 4 mm and the value reverse till the earthquake. In our results, coseismic displacement of N, E, U components in QHME site are 3.0 mm, 3.0 mm, -5.4 mm, respectively. If we profile these values onto the Lenglongling Fault, we can achieve a 1.1 mm of strike slip and 4.1 mm updip slip relative to the hanging wall.

A Study on the Seismic Velocity Changes before and after the 2016 M_S6.4 Menyuan Earthquake Using the Active Source Data in the Qilian Mountain

The Qilian Mountain active source network data was processed using the methods of stacking, cross-correlation and interpolation, and the airgun travel time variation characteristics of P and S waves around the January 21,2016 MS6. 4 Menyua,Qinghai earthquake. The results show that about 6 months before the earthquake,the relative travel time of three stations near the epicenter showed a declined change( travel time decrease),and such a change of low value anomaly was recovered about 3 months before the earthquake. The travel time decrease then appeared again, and the earthquake occurred during the recovery process. The maximum decrease of the S-wave travel time was 18 ms,and the change in travel time returned to normal after the earthquake. The variation trend of the 3 stations is consistent,including the S-wave travel time change of station ZDY38,which is nearest to the epicenter and changed obviously,and the variation range of the travel time is smaller at the stations afar. This variation pattern is related to the position of the seismic source. The shorter travel time means the velocity increase,which may be related to the regional stress accumulation.

Ultra-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Emissions Registered during the 21 May 2021 Yangbi <i>M</i>_S6.4 Earthquake in China

Four ULF (0.01 Hz - 20 Hz) electromagnetic stations had been gradually established and put into service from 2010 to 2011 in Zhaotong area, Yunnan province. Two stations of Qiaojia and Yongshan have been running with continuous and high quality recordings and free of influence of solar activities, like magnetic storms. In this investigation, daily recordings from 1 January 2020 to 22 May 2021 have been examined of these both stations. The results show that weak anomalous signals appeared at the beginning of March 2021 with relative low magnitudes of 0.6 nT at Qiaojia station and 0.3 nT at Yongshan station. At the end of this month, the emissions gained an abrupt increase and the amplitudes reached up to 3.8 nT at Qiaojia station and 1.2 nT at Yongsha station. Then, the amplitude decreased to be 0.5 - 1.5 nT and 0.6 - 1.3 nT respectively at both stations but with a high variation frequency in all components. This situation lasted till the Yangbi MS 6.4 earthquake happened on May 21, 2021, more than 300 km away from these two ULF observing stations. Totally, the ULF magnetic emissions had been characterized by a synchronous variation in all components at two observing stations.

2022年青海门源M S_(6.9)地震灾害致灾机理

2022年门源M S_(6.9)地震发生在青藏高原东北缘祁连-海原断裂带冷龙岭和托莱山断裂的阶区部位。兰新高铁硫磺沟大桥及南侧大梁隧道被完全毁坏,致使高铁干线首次因地震破坏而完全中断。在地处极震区的硫磺沟内未见大规模地震滑坡和崩塌,只有规模较小的滚石和滚石堆积体及局部河床存在砂土液化现象,显然很不合常理。此次地震除形成2条走滑型地表破裂带外,还在冷龙岭断裂西段北侧的硫磺沟内产生了1条长约7.9km的逆冲型地表破裂带。该破裂带的走向不稳定,倾向S,主要由断续分布的弧形挤压破裂、挤压鼓包、张裂隙和地震陡坎组成;经统计,沿地表破裂带共获得了35个垂直位移量数据,最小位移量为(8±1)cm,最大位移量为(49±3)cm,平均垂直位移量约为24cm,位移沿走向分布不均匀。该条地表破裂带近垂直穿过兰新高铁硫磺沟大桥,产生了宽泛的地表变形与位错,这可能是导致硫磺沟大桥毁坏的直接原因。这些调研成果启示我们在对跨断层重大线状工程进行抗震设防时,需要关注逆冲型地表破裂带宽泛的剪切作用。

２０１６年１月２１日青海门源Ｍ６．４地震发震构造模式

2016年1月21日门源M6.4地震发生在祁连山—河西走廊构造带内,该构造带历史上曾发生多次强震,其中较为重要的2次地震为1927年古浪8级地震及1986年门源M6.4地震。这次地震的发震断面及发震构造模式研究较少,前人的研究仅基于地震地质、遥感及震源机制解结果等进行了一定的分析,仍有待深入分析。文中基于这次地震的等烈度线、余震空间分布、震中区地震地质等资料,对地震的发震构造环境及发震构造进行了解析。同时,利用已有资料计算了1986年M6.4地震及1927年古浪8级地震在2016年门源M6.4地震2个节面上产生的库仑应力变化。结果表明,2次地震在2016年门源M6.4地震2个节面上产生的库仑应力存在差异,节面Ⅱ上产生了应力加载,节面I上产生应力卸载或延迟,个别节面应力触发值接近或达到0.01MPa的阈值。结合等震线、余震空间分布、震中区地震构造资料及2次地震在2016年门源M6.4地震节面I、节面Ⅱ上产生的库仑应力变化存在的差异,综合确定了这次地震的发震断面可能为节面Ⅱ。通过分析前人的区域浅层及深部地球物理资料,初步建立了2016年门源M6.4地震的发震构造模式,认为这次地震为发生在走滑断裂系上的逆冲破裂,剖面上表现为上缓下陡的正花状构造,是走滑断裂系发生逆冲型破裂地震的可能模式。

2021年云南漾濞6.4级地震序列重定位及震源机制解特征分析

2021年5月21日云南省大理白族自治州漾濞县发生6.4级强烈地震。为了深入研究漾濞6.4级地震序列的时空分布、震源特性以及发震构造等,文中利用双差法对漾濞地震序列中约2000个地震进行重新定位,并且利用MTINV程序包反演了地震序列中31个地震的震源机制解。结果显示:漾濞6.4级地震是一次右旋走滑型地震事件,发震断层走向NW,倾角近直立;序列震源机制与主震的一致性较好,以走滑型为主,存在少量混合类型;精定位结果显示序列呈明显的NW向展布特征,震源深度主要集中在10km以浅;与走向垂直的深度剖面显示,南、北段断层倾向均为SW,但倾角不同;P轴的优势方位为SN向,倾俯角近水平,与区域应力场特征一致。综合重定位和矩张量反演结果推测,漾濞地震的发震断层是一条整体呈NW走向、倾向SW、倾角可能具有分段性的右旋走滑活动断裂,震源区断裂破裂可能存在分段现象,且局部小区域构造形态可能较为复杂。

2016年1月21日青海门源M_S6.4地震甘肃灾区震害特点分析

通过对2016年1月21日青海门源M_S6.4地震的发震构造、房屋震害的现场科学考察,系统的介绍了本次地震的发震构造、烈度分布、建筑物震害特征、地震地质灾害分布及特点、不同烈度区房屋震害特点,并对破坏机理进行分析讨论总结此次地震灾害的特征及影响,对今后抗震设防和防震减灾工作有启示作用。

门源6.4级地震前后加卸载响应比的异常变化

研究了门源６．４级地震前后加卸载响应比的异常变化．门源地震前响应比呈明显高值异常．门源地区响应比的动态变化反映了该区域的地震孕育过程．

2022年门源M_(S)6.9和2016年门源M_(S)6.4地震序列比较分析

2022年1月8日青海省海北州门源县发生M_(S)6.9地震,震中距离2016年1月21日门源M_(S)6.4地震震中约33km,两次门源地震均发生在冷龙岭断裂附近,但在震源机制、主发震断层破裂过程及地震序列余震活动等方面显著不同。针对两次门源地震序列的比较分析,对研究冷龙岭断裂及其附近区域强震序列和余震衰减特征等具有重要研究意义。通过对比分析2022年门源M_(S)6.9地震和2016年门源M_(S)6.4地震余震的时空演化特征,发现二者在震源过程和断层破裂尺度上存在明显差异,前者发震断层破裂充分,震后能量释放充分,余震丰富且震级偏高;而后者发震断层未破裂至地表,余震震级水平偏低。综合分析两次门源地震序列表现出来的差异性,认为其可能与地震发震断层的破裂过程密切相关,且同时受到区域构造环境的影响。

2008—2016年青海地区M_S≥5.0显著地震短临跟踪

对2008—2016年青海地区M_S≥5.0显著地震短临跟踪过程进行回顾总结,对地震活动规律及特点进行分析。通过客观呈现当时进行地震观测、决策的过程和思想,总结有效的地震活动规律,以期望对未来区域强震的短临预测预报及震情跟踪提供借鉴。

门源县居民对地震保险的引致需求研究

地震保险对于防范化解地震灾害具有重要意义。为了解居民的地震保险引致需求,以2022年1月8日青海门源6.9级地震发生后两周内门源县居民的心理恐慌程度和地震保险购买意愿作为主要调查内容,运用描述性统计、方差分析及逻辑回归等分析方法展开研究。研究结果显示,破坏性地震会对居民造成财产损害和心理创伤等不利影响,居民的恐慌程度与地震保险购买意愿呈现显著的正向影响关系。最后从救灾行为、宣传方式等方面提出了提升居民地震保险购买意愿的建议。

门源6.4级地震前后倾斜异常的识别与分析

门源2套倾斜仪在2016年门源6. 4级地震前后4～8个月的时间均出现倾斜的异常变化。围绕这2次异常变化进行分析,通过2次异常变化特征的对比和与地震的关系检验得出:2015年8月17日出现的异常属于门源6. 4级地震的前兆异常,而2016年10月25日出现的异常变化应为震后调整性异常。结合门源地震的震源机制解和发震构造分析认为倾斜异常均有向东的指示意义,与区域应力挤压方向大体保持一致,表明门源倾斜对区域应力变化具有较好的响应。

门源M_S 6.4地震形变同震响应特征分析

整理2016年1月21日1时13分青海门源M_S 6.4地震数字化形变观测资料,分析此次地震同震响应记录,重点研究地倾斜同震响应随空间的变化特征。结果发现:地倾斜同震响应与地震台站位置有关,对于不同台站,同震响应具有不同的变化形态。统计认为,同震响应曲线形态具有的优势指向对发震断层走向具有一定指示意义。