Medical schools that received the PROMED (program for the encouragement of curricular changes in medical courses)—Preconditions and change process

Since the Curriculum Guidelines (CG) which were created in 2001 and PROMED (Program for the Encouragement of Curricular Changes in Medical Courses), several schools have applied for this incentive. Medical Schools (MS) have faced important changes in their curriculum throughout the years. The purpose is to verify if medical schools that received PROMED already had a historical of curricular changes. Several interviews, which were carried out with PROMED coordinators, were recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to the Bardin’s content analysis technique. Later, these interviews were later categorized into nine themes. This paper analyses the Medical School History category which encompasses three subcategories: existence of a former changing history;need to overcome the model and changing period. It is highlighted that medical schools that received PROMED had a previous changing historical which was sometimes located in anti-hegemonic niches. It is noticeable, however, that such changes were not enough to affect the comprehension of healthillness process and its consequent results. PROMED was, effectively, the reference for medical schools implementing the C.G. which represents, now, a benchmarking for all new and old schools in the country.

Clinical surgery-oriented subject librarian services in medical colleges and schools

Regarding subject librarian services for clinical studies, researchers outside China have been focusing on subject service performance,evidence-based medicine, and comprehensive consulting services. In contrast, Chinese researchers have concentrated on service systems and methods but have not established mature systems and methods for clinical surgery-oriented services. Therefore,subject librarians in medical schools should become involved in clinical research and expand their perspective on medical library research. In addition, they should collaborate with clinicians to improve the overall level of research in hospitals while increasing the impact of subject librarian services in medical colleges and schools.

Irritable bowel syndrome in Chinese nursing and medical school students—Related lifestyle and psychological factors

Background: Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is 10% - 15% in the general population. IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort and disordered defecation associated with a stressful lifestyle. However, the cause of IBS has not been clarified yet. Based on a similar, previous study in Japan, this study investigated the prevalence of IBS and the relationship between IBS and stress, lifestyle and dietary habits among nursing and medical school students in China. Methods: Designed to investigate IBS symptoms, life- style, dietary intake, life events, anxiety and depresssion, a blank self-administrated questionnaire was used to survey 2500 nursing or medical students in China. Questionnaires were collected from 2141 stu- dents (85.6%) and responses obtained from 1934 students (90.3%) were analyzed. Results: On the whole, the prevalence of IBS was 32.1% in this study, 26.6% in males and 33.6% in females. In females, the IBS group showed a bedtime later than that in the non-IBS group, and the length of time asleep in the IBS group was shorter than that in the non-IBS group (p p = 0.005). In females, the IBS group showed a frequency for the intake of vegetables and potatoes that was lower than that of the non-IBS group (p = 0.007, p = 0.023). The prevalence of IBS among nursing and medical school students in China (32.1%) was significantly lower than that in Japan (35.5%). Especially, the number of females in the constipation dominant IBS subgroup in China (11.8%) was less than that found in Japan (20.4%). Conclusions: The prevalence of IBS was high among nursing and medical students in China, but lower than that shown in Japan.

Characteristics and achievements of the Xin'an Medical School

The Xin'an Medical School began in the Jin Dynasty(266-420),developed in the Song Dynasty(960-1279),prospered in theMing and Qing dynasties(1368-1911),and has been passed down to the modern era.As a school of medicine with distinct regional characteristics,it has contributed to the development of traditional Chinese medicine and exerted farreaching influence,mainly in literature resources,medical theory,clinical application,and spiritual culture.This paper intends to discuss its academic characteristics and contribution to the development of traditional Chinese medicine,focusing on its formation,academic inheritance and innovation,overseas popularization,and integration of Confucianism,Taoism,and Buddhism in medicine.

Research on the Methodologies and Approaches for Enhancing College Students’ Humanistic Quality in Medical School

In this paper, we conduct research on the methodologies and the approaches for enhancing college students’ humanistic quality in medical school. The nature of medicine is medical education attaches great importance to the humanity quality education. Medical education and the humanistic quality education mutually harmony, to make the medical quality and humanity quality as the one, developed a new generation of high quality good. Since the 21st century, China’s medical colleges in explore the basic approaches and methods of the medical education, the teaching theory and research have made signifi cant progress, based on the analysis of humanistic quality curriculum structure in the universities of China, the concept of curriculum implementation, and some suggestions in aspects such as education method to explore new way of enhancing the medical student humanities quality education effectiveness that will be innovative.

"History of Medicine"-a neglected topic in medical schools in India, Nepal, and the Caribbean

History of medicine is not addressed in medical schools in India,Nepal,and the Caribbean.The history of medicine in these areas include indigenous medical systems,the western medicine introduced by the colonial powers,and the medical systems developed after independence or overthrow of feudalism.In the meantime,less attention has been paid to teaching"history of medicine".There are several advantages in teaching the history of medicine to medical students.Courses on the history of medicine can be offered both face-to-face and online.

Impacts and challenges of United States medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic

The delivery of medical student education has changed rapidly during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Students in their pre-clinical years have transitioned to online courses and examinations.Students in their clinical years are not permitted on clinical rotations,and face uncertainties in career exploration and the residency application process.Medical students in all stages of training are volunteering and helping their communities.The future presence of COVID-19 throughout the United States is unknown,and medical students are eager to return to their training.This paper outlines current challenges in medical student education and the various responses that have been adopted.We also discuss possible future directions for students through involvement in telemedicine,outpatient clinic visits,and non-respiratory inpatient care tasks as adequate personal protective equipment,COVID-19 testing,and resources become more widely available.

Effect of basic life support training on the knowledge and skills of first aid of first year medical students

Objective:To determine the timing of first aid training in the medical school curriculum and the training method with the 8-hour first aid training given to the first-grade students of the faculty of medicine.Method:The study was conducted prospectively with 168 first year medical students at Faculty of Medicine,Maltepe University in October 2019.An 8-hour course plan consisting of theoretical and practical applications was prepared.Theoretical courses included cardiopulmonary resuscitation,basic life supports,epileptic seizures,heatstroke,aspiration,and drowning issues,while practical applications included cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques,basic life support scenarios,Heimlich’s Maneuver and the coma position.Students were sent a link consisting of 17 questions created with Google forms at the beginning and the end of the course.Learned knowledge was measured with the posttest,and pre-and post-training results were compared.Results:A significant increase was found in the rate of correct answers compared to the pre-training period.Even the rate of correct post-test answers increased significantly in all questions;the increase in the questions related to the subjects supported by practical applications was more remarkable.It was found that more incorrect answers were given to questions about environmental injuries.Conclusions:It is possible to improve the public recognition of first aid,even with one day of theoretical and practical training.Thus,adding first aid practical courses to the first-year medical school curriculum and raising awareness at an earlier age will play an essential role in medical education.

Situation, problems and approaches to medical English teaching

With a brief review of the ESP （English for Special Purpose） teaching in Medical Schools over the past 30 years, this paper elaborates on the changes and situation of English teaching and leaming in some Medical Schools. Through a survey which throws light on the importance of ESP, the paper analyzes the problems facing Medical Schools, such as materials suitable for medical students who want to cultivate their ability in listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating in their own field and teachers who are supposed to be qualified for medical English teaching, and then discusses the top priorities in these Medical Schools and examines what has been done and will be done in order to work out practicable approaches to meet the requirements of medical students.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Back Pain among Medical Students in Sudan

Background: Back pain affects old and young adults, and it is a common complain among medical students. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of back pain and associated factors among medical students in Sudan. Method: An observational multi-universal cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to February 2022, involving 433 medical students selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected by electronic Google Form questionnaire designed to assess demographic features, back pain characteristics, and triggering factors. Data analysis was done by statistical package for social sciences. Result: The prevalence of back pain among medical students in Sudan is 69.3%, with a statistically insignificant difference between preclinical and clinical students (p value: 0.378), and between male and female students (p value: 0.826). The lower back is the commonest site of pain (75%). The majority of the students experience moderate pain (53.9%). They did not use medications (81%). Sitting for long hours is the most common trigger (87.9%) and the pain did not interfere with the daily activities (71%). Conclusion: Back pain is a common complain among medical students in Sudan. Medical schools should raise the awareness of the students about back pain.

“国医楷模”陈景河辨治寒地慢性头痛经验

“国医楷模”陈景河先生认为寒地病邪致病具有寒邪重、风邪盛、痰湿蕴结、瘀血相兼的特点,因此,寒地慢性头痛的病因病机主要与风寒或风热伏邪、气血凝滞、虚、痰相关。治疗寒地慢性头痛当明三因之宜忌、审机制变。伏邪滞络者,治当辨别寒热,以宣散之法祛伏邪外出;气血凝滞者,治当活血通络,气血兼理;气血不足者,治当补虚而防壅,少佐宣药;痰浊阻络者,治以调气清热为本。附验案1则。

孟河医派大黄煨制工艺优化及炮制后化学成分含量变化研究

目的优化孟河医派大黄煨制工艺,并比较炮制前后的化学成分含量差异。方法以外观性状评分以及没食子酸、5-羟甲基糠醛、番泻苷A+番泻苷B、结合蒽醌、游离蒽醌含量为评价指标,采用层次分析(AHP)-熵权法计算评价指标的综合评分;再以文火温度、煨制时间、纸张层数、纸裹时间为考察因素,采用正交实验优选大黄煨制工艺,并进行验证。比较按最优工艺制备的煨大黄和生大黄中5种蒽醌类成分(芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚)、5种蒽醌苷类成分(芦荟大黄素苷、大黄酸苷、大黄素苷、大黄酚苷和大黄素甲醚苷)、2种番泻苷类成分(番泻苷A、番泻苷B)以及没食子酸和5-羟甲基糠醛的含量变化。结果大黄的最优煨制工艺为:每80 g大黄用1层湿纸包裹0.5 h,大火煨制20 min后转文火140℃煨制,总煨制时间2.5 h;3次验证实验的综合评分均值为94.10(RSD<1.0%)。大黄煨制后,5种蒽醌苷类成分和2种番泻苷类成分的含量均大幅降低,而5种游离蒽醌类成分和没食子酸的含量均不同程度升高,且有新成分5-羟甲基糠醛生成。结论本研究成功优化了大黄的煨制工艺;大黄煨制前后化学成分含量差异较大,其成分变化可阐释煨制对生大黄缓性增效的作用。

“三全育人”背景下医学生实习前阶段实施思政教育的路径探索

该文通过论述“三全育人”这一新时代教育背景下医学生实习前阶段开展思政教育的重要性,同时,总结医学院该阶段开展传统思政教育课程中普遍存在的问题,从而探索医学生实习前阶段开展思政教育的新路径。该阶段的思政教育需要提升教学者和医学生对思政教育的重视程度、切实结合学生专业特长、强化榜样模范作用、融入地域和红色文化拓展思政课程内容及建立长效反馈监测机制,以期进一步完善社会对医学人才的育人保障及满足医学生对个人发展的需求。

明清以来吴门中医师承教学模式的思考

师承是中医药人才培养的重要模式。在中医药发展过程中,以吴门医派为例,吴门中医在传承教学方面积累了丰富的经验,培养了大量中医药人才。在时代进步、教育发展的背景下,作者通过研究明清以来吴门中医教学模式,在开展师承工作时不断探索和检验,提出重视中医经典与临床实践、宽进严出、突出流派特色等观点,以提高现代化中医药人才培养成效。

Oliver Wendell Holmes’1836 doctorate dissertation and his journey in medicine

Oliver Wendell Holmes’1836 hand written doctorate dissertation on acute pericarditis was discovered in the archives of the Boston Medical Library 101 years after it was successfully defended.It was then printed as an unabridged monograph with an explanation of its provenance.The dissertation has received little scrutiny since then.Holmes gathered materials for the scholarly work while he was a third and fourth year student at Ecole de Medecine in Paris.His mentor,Pierre-Charles-Alexandre-Louis insisted on the meticulous gathering and recording of every patient’s history and findings.Each category of data was given a weighted numerical value of diagnostic importance and the information was placed in a registry.Holmes became a disciple of Louis in gathering data by direct observation and measuring outcomes in a“statistical”fashion.Holmes dissertation on acute pericarditis describes the state of knowledge about the illness in the 1830s.When Holmes and other students who had studied in Paris returned to the United States,they helped turn American Medicine from opinion and strong personal bias toward scientific objectivity.Oliver Wendell Holmes eventually became both a professor of anatomy/physiology and a dean at Harvard Medical School.He is recognized as a leader in medicine and a popular author in America and beyond.In his late and infirmed years,Holmes questioned the wisdom of his unswerving advocacy for the scientific underpinnings of medicine.In retrospect he had overlooked the importance of also advocating that each patient be approached with comforting compassion.

新医科背景下基于校院合作的妇产科护理学混合式教学模式的构建研究

目的探讨新医科背景下基于校院合作的混合式教学模式在妇产科护理学课程中的应用与效果。方法选择我校2019级110名护理本科生为对照组、2020级113名护理本科生为观察组。对照组采用传统教学模式,观察组采用新医科背景下基于校院合作的妇产科护理学混合式教学模式。课程结束后,比较两组的期末考试成绩、自我导向学习能力、评判性思维能力和教学满意度。结果观察组的期末考试成绩及优良率高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的自我导向评定量表各维度得分及总分均高于对照组(P<0.01)。观察组的评判性思维能力各维度得分及总分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的各项教学满意度评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论新医科背景下基于校院合作的妇产科护理学混合式教学模式能有效提高学生的学习成绩、自我导向学习能力和评判性思维能力,进而能提高护理本科生整体教学质量。

基于中和医派以丹参注射液治疗肺动脉高压所致右心衰竭临床观察

目的 研究中和派思想指导下,以丹参注射液治疗肺动脉高压所致右心衰竭的临床效果。方法 收集2021年1月—2022年2月九江市第一人民医院收治的肺动脉高压伴右心衰竭患者111例,按随机数字表法分为3组,分别为对照组、西药组和联合组,每组37例;对照组采用临床常规治疗方案,西药组在对照组的基础上加用托伐普坦,联合组在西药组基础上加用丹参注射液,3组均治疗28 d,观察临床疗效及血清N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)水平。结果联合组总有效率为94.59%(35/37)、西药组总有效率为89.19%(33/37),均显著高于对照组的78.38%(29/37)(P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,3组中医临床症状体征积分均明显降低,且治疗后联合组中医临床症状体征积分低于西药组及对照组(P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,3组患者NT-proBNP、β2-MG水平均明显降低(P<0.05),且联合组NT-proBNP、β2-MG水平明显低于西药组及对照组(P<0.05)。结论 丹参注射液联合托伐普坦治疗肺动脉高压伴右心衰竭,能够显著提高临床效果、改善临床症状、降低患者血清NT-proBNP、β2-MG水平,值得临床应用。

医学技术类本科生专业分流选择成因的质性研究——以天津医科大学为例

目的明晰独立医学院校医学技术类专业本科生大类招生专业分流的选择成因,以期为高校医学技术类专业分流政策提供建议。方法选取当前就读于天津医科大学医学技术学院并参与过专业分流的本科生20名进行半结构化访谈,采用Colaizzi七步分析法,探究其在专业分流时选择专业的原因。结果参与访谈的本科生选择现就读专业的因素包括个人因素、学科因素、就业因素、他人因素。结论专业分流对学生的个人发展、素质提升和能力培养方面起到了重要作用,现行专业分流政策存在学生在专业分流时具有一定盲目性、分流前职业规划课程内容不足、专业分流缺乏灵活性、招生比例不合理等问题。针对此类问题,学校应当为参与专业分流的学生丰富职业规划课程;专业分流后学校也可以给予学生二次选择专业的机会;学校还需要对医学技术类专业的学院规模与招生比例等方面进行统筹规划。

基于数据挖掘分析娄东医学流派膏方用药规律

目的:挖掘娄东医派膏方辨证用药规律,丰富学术内涵及指导临床膏方施药。方法:以清末娄东名医钱艺所著《慎五堂治验录》为研究对象,选取具有明确症状描述、就诊记录、临证用药的医案记载及医话论述,提取记录完整的方剂及药物,构建膏方用药多维数据库。采用Medcase V5.2仓公诊籍国医脉案数据记录挖掘系统统计分析,运用Medcase Chart、K-means等算法对药物频次频率、四气五味、药物组合规律和配伍特点进行分析,总结钱氏膏方辨证思路、常用方剂及特色药物,挖掘潜在新方。结果:共纳入25首膏方,涉及中药123味,使用频次≥5的中药共32味;使用频次最高的药物为参类,包括党参、沙参、人参、西洋参、丹参;单药使用频次居前10位的药物分别是当归、白芍、黄芪,甘草、生地黄、枸杞子、茯神、陈皮、川楝子、白术;药物四气以温最多,五味以甘为主,药物归经以脾经为首,其次为肝经、肺经、肾经;挖掘出核心药对组合10组、潜在新方4首。结论:《慎五堂治验录》注重膏方使用时机,反对无病服膏、无病进补;强调辨证施膏,一人一膏;辨证立法以甘温补脾为主,兼顾五脏制衡,善从脾胃气血入手,喜用小剂开路方探明病机;用药精当,选材考究,制作精良,服膏方法注重个体化,注重后期调摄等,具有地域流派特色,值得深入研究和借鉴。