Perceptions of Nurses at Ndola Teaching Hospital towards Sexual Health Needs of People with Mental Health Problems

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is among the fundamental packages of health care, which all clients seeking health care should receive. However, it is unclear how healthcare providers, in particular, nurses perceive the issue of people with mental problems having sexual health needs. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of nurses at Ndola Teaching Hospital towards sexual health needs of people with mental health problems. A general descriptive qualitative study design was utilized and data were collected using three focus group discussions (FGDs) that were recorded and later transcribed verbatim. Purposive sampling was used to select 21 nurses who participated in the study. Nine were male, while 12 were female. Each FGD comprised seven participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data, and six major themes: 1) physiological interplay among different body systems, 2) disease process and effects of psychotropic, 3) participant differences in age, gender, educational level, and cultural backgrounds, 4) staff shortages in mental health units, 5) deficient record keeping, and 6) Social stereotypes and labelling theories emerged. Despite acknowledging the existence of sexual activity among people with mental health problems;participants had both positive and negative perceptions. It is, therefore, recommended that interventions aimed at strengthening implementation of SRH guidelines among nurses caring for people with mental health problems should be put in place.

Perfectionism and mental health problems:Limitations and directions for future research

Research has indicated that perfectionism is prevalent among adolescents and may be harmful in terms of its association with mental health problems.This letter aims to create a paradigm for future studies of the perfectionism.Specifically,we suggest gaps and implications that must be considered at perfectionism future research in terms of assessments,interventions,settings,potential treatments,gender,and social media.

Healing in Rwanda,Understanding and Naming Mental Health Problems:Translating Kinyarwanda Into a Clinically Applicable Language

Before the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi,reported rates of mental health disorders in Rwanda were low;Rwandan society and traditional healers had their own strategies to diagnose and address different mental health issues.Following the genocide against Tutsi in 1994,reports of psychological and mental health issues―including post traumatic stress disorders(PTSD),substance abuse and depression―increased significantly.To tackle these challenges,mental health specialists were trained―mainly in English and French―with key mental health concepts and disorders defined and elaborated in these languages.Consequently,specialists adopted Western ways of defining mental disorders and primarily referenced DSM-IV and V criteria for diagnosis.For example,most research names mental health problems that people experience as related to genocide and other events as“trauma”and“associated co morbidities”.From the research conducted by the Rwandan Biomedical Centre(RBC)on situational analysis for development of a model for management of trauma cases during the commemoration period of the genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda through Ubuzima Burambye project named problems that people suffered from as trauma,some concepts(such as“Ihungabana”,“Ihahamuka”,and“Ibikomere”)have been used to name trauma.But mental health professionals still prefer to name them as emotional,traumatic,collective,and/or collective traumatic crises.However,this use of primarily Western terms is a challenge for many Rwandan psychologists,as counselling sessions and other therapeutic interventions are conducted in Kinyarwanda.Such names might simplify concepts,as they are unable to fully translate the nuances within Kinyarwanda.To further study this linguistic issue,this current study investigated how people in Rwanda contextualise,name and give representations to the mental health problems they suffer from.It combined clinical and participatory action 88research,which started in February 2019.Participants were young survivors of genocide,people addicted to drugs from WAWA Rehabilitation Centre,as well as people who were received in the clinic/Uyisenga Ni Imanzi.Responses from the participants were classified according to their life experience on mental health pains.Twenty-nine percent of names of mental health problems from the participants were reflected on darkness,25%of them have named as emptiness,11%of participants have named their problems as heaviness,while rejection,bondage,physical pain each represent 8%,addictiveness or deviance is at 5%whereas dirtiness and judgement each has 3%.Different mental health symptoms―such as guilt,pessimism,anxiety,loneliness,depression and panic attacks―were identified to assess the respondents’mental health.The data collected from this group showed that guilt among respondents takes a higher number of 22%of names for mental health related to pains,compared to the other symptoms.On other side,pessimism is ranked at 19%,anxiety at 18%,loneliness at 17%expressivity at 16%and panic attacks is ranked at 8%.Looking at the effect of mental health pains on different aspect of life,data represented that the most affected aspect of life is the human mind at 52%,social problems and emotions at 18%each,human body at 9%and relations among people are affected at 4%.Human senses(e.g.,touch,taste,smell,hearing,sight)were used to identify and describe mental health pains.Results show that 62%of the identified unique names of the problems were found to belong to what people can feel,followed by sight(37%),touch(15%),hearing(13%),and smell(1%).However,there was no name for mental health pains related to taste.Clearly identifying and describing mental health issues in participants’local language is an essential step towards finding effective solutions.Naming a problem helps practitioners and patients develop a shared understanding of the issue at hand and what can be jointly done to address it.Conversely,the inability to name the actual disorder leaves patients in a state of confusion,unable to progress with their treatment despite the availability of professional assistance.

Ecological Momentary Assessment with smartphones for measuring mental health problems in adolescents

AIM To analyze the viability of Ecological Momentary Assessment(EMA) for measuring the mental states associated with psychopathological problems in adolescents.METHODS In a sample of 110 adolescents,a sociodemographic data survey and an EMA Smartphone application over a oneweek period(five times each day),was developed to explore symptom profiles,everyday problems,coping strategies,and the contexts in which the events take place.RESULTS The positive response was 68.6%.Over 2250 prompts about mental states were recorded.In 53% of situations the smartphone was answered at home,25.5% of casesthey were with their parents or with peers(20.3%).Associations were found with attention,affective and anxiety problems(P < 0.001) in the participants who took longer to respond to the EMA app.Anxious and depressive states were highly interrelated(rho = 0.51,P < 0.001),as well as oppositional defiant problems and conduct problems(rho = 0.56,P < 0.001).Only in 6.2% of the situations the subjects perceived they had problems,mainly associated with inter-relational aspects with family,peers,boyfriends or girlfriends(31.2%).We also found moderate-high reliability on scales of satisfaction level on the context,on positive emotionality,and on the discomfort index associated with mental health problems.CONCLUSION EMA methodology using smartphones is a useful tool for understanding adolescents' daily dynamics.It achieved moderate-high reliability and accurately identified psychopathological manifestations experienced by community adolescents in their natural context.

The Role of Moral Intelligence and Identity Styles in Prediction of Mental Health Problems in Healthcare Students

Background: Assessment of healthcare students’ mental health problems is an important aspect of health promotion. This study examined the roles of moral intelligence (MI) and identity styles in prediction of mental health problems in healthcare students. Methods: In a correlation study, two hundred healthcare students (100 girls, 100 boys) of Medicine, Density, and Paramedicine Colleges of Bobol University of Medical Sciences were selected. The subjects filled out three questionnaires;General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Moral Competency Inventory (MCI), and Identity Style Inventory (ISI), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Pearson correlation, multivariate analysis variance model (MANOVA), and multivariate regression used to analyze the data. Results: Boys and girls did not have a meaningful difference in the mean of total GHQ, MCI, normative and informational identity. Girls had significantly higher mean level of diffused-avoidant identity than boys. There was a positive and significant relationship between moral intelligence, normative identity and mental health problems of students. Also, there was a negative relationship (p < 0.05) between diffused-avoidant identity and mental health problems of students. Moral intelligence, informational and normative identity predicted 25.8% of the variance in mental health problems for girls’ students. Normative and diffused-avoidant identity predicted 21.6% of the variance in mental health problems for girls’ students. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that moral intelligence and identity status contributed to the mental health problems of healthcare students. University administrators should adopt strategies that strengthen the moral intelligence and identity maturity associated with university students’ mental health.

Mental Health Problems Experienced by HIV Positive Adolescents;A Case of Choma District, Zambia

Several scholars have reported high mental health problems among adolescents with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) globally. However, little is known about the mental health of this peculiar group of young people in Choma district. This study aimed to determine the mental health problems experienced by HIV positive adolescents in Choma District. Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), data were obtained from 103 HIV positive adolescents receiving treatment at Choma General Hospital plus a corresponding number of parents/care givers. Information about mental health services was obtained qualitatively from 10 nurses working in the mental health unit and the Antiretroviral (ART) clinic. The results showed that more than three quarters of the adolescents had mental health problems. Of this number, 57.3 percent had multiple mental health problems: predominantly emotional and peer problems. The study also found a statistically significant relationship between level of stigma and presence of mental health problems (X2 = 1.123, P = 0.003). In conclusion, the study demonstrated that multiple mental health problems particularly emotional and peer problems are prevalent among adolescents with HIV/AIDS yet are most often undiagnosed. In addition, adolescents with high levels of internalized stigma are more likely to have multiple mental health problems. The findings suggest the need to integrate psychiatric services into routine care of HIV infected adolescents, routine screening for mental health problems and provision of continued professional development among nurses managing these patients.

How Are Minor Mental Health Problems Perceived by Traditional Chinese Medicine?

The purpose of this study was to reach a better understanding of how minor mental health problems (MMP) are perceived in China by professionals practicing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and by well-educated people living in three urban locations. The results derive from interviews with three TCM doctors, three TCM students and eight other students. Psychological problems are separated into two different categories: “serious” and “not serious”. MMP are labelled not as disorders or illnesses but looked upon as ordinary problems in daily living or as “heart problems”. MMP seem to have less serious consequences according to the Chinese than from a modern Western perspective. “Problems of life” rather than sickness was the category that best summarized perceptions of MMP. TCM professionals’ advice to change lifestyle and most Chinese regulate by themselves less serious mental problems. Both lay people and TCM professionals associate serious problems with pathological mental function in a disease perspective. Some reasons for and consequences of these comprehensions are discussed.

Parental Educational Expectations,Academic Pressure,and Adolescent Mental Health:An Empirical Study Based on CEPS Survey Data

Background:This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental educational expectations and adolescent mental health problems,with academic pressure as a moderating variable.Methods:This study was based on the baseline data of the China Education Panel Survey,which was collected within one school year during 2013–2014.It included 19,958 samples from seventh and ninth graders,who ranged from 11 to 18 years old.After removing missing values and conducting relevant data processing,the effective sample size for analysis was 16344.The OLS(Ordinary Least Squares)multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between parental educational expectations,academic pressure,and adolescents’mental health problems.In addition,we established an interaction term between parents’educational expectations and academic pressure to investigate the moderating effect of academic stress.Results:The study found that adolescents whose parents had high educational expectations reported less mental health problems.(β=−0.195;p<0.001).Additionally,adolescents who had high academic pressure reported more mental health problems.(β=0.649;p<0.001).Furthermore,the study found that academic pressure had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between parental educational expectations and adolescents’mental health problems(β=0.082;p<0.001).Conclusion:Parental educational expectations had a close relationship with adolescents’mental health problems,and academic pressure moderated this relationship.For those adolescents with high levels of academic pressure,the association between high parental educational expectations and mental health problems became stronger.On the contrary,for those adolescents with low levels of academic pressure,the association between high parental educational expectations and mental health problems became weaker.These findings shed new light on how parental educational expectations affected adolescent mental health problems and had significant implications for their healthy development.

Self-esteem enhancement as a strategy for promoting the mental health and averting the occupational problems of nurses

In recent years, shortage of nurses, high turnover rate, low self-worth, and team instability have become increasingly serious. With the development of positive psychology, more and more nursing managers have begun to attach great importance to the mental health of nurses. Self-esteem, as one of the core indicators of individual mental health, has received extensive attention from researchers in different fields since its inception. This paper reviews and summarizes the research status and development trends of nurses' selfesteem considering the aspects of self-esteem as a concept, assessment tools, significance, and intervention methods. At the same time, it also puts forward problems that need to be solved by undertaking research into nurses' self-esteem, in order to provide a reference for further studies on nurses' self-esteem.

Perinatal mental health in China:views of health system professionals in Shanghai

Background:Mental health has recently been receiving a growing amount of attention in China's Mainland,with mental disorders increasingly being recognized as a major public health concern.However,the treatment gap for mental health care is markedly high in China.Previous research and clinical practice have focused on high-risk physical disorders but overlooked psychosocial factors,especially during the perinatal period.Aims:To explore Chinese professionals'perception and attributions of perinatal mental health in China.Method:The study was conducted in Shanghai,China,in 2018,drawing on interviews with 15 key informants including health professionals,government officials,and policymakers recruited through snowball sampling.Content analysis of the semi-structured interviews was performed.Results:The study yielded insights into the perceptions of perinatal mental health among health professionals in Shanghai.Three themes emerged from the informants'reports:(1)mental health influenced by tradition—describing traditions affecting the perception of mental health at both the societal and individual level;(2)societal changed contributing perinatal mental health problems—referring to a rapidly changing cultural and economic backdrop as a source of stress leading to mental health problems;and(3)existing and required resources—demonstrating a lack of professional training,staff shortages,and inadequacy of resources to provide the required mental health care.Conclusion:Our results provide new insights into key health professionals'perceptions of mental health problems in Shanghai.Hesitation to seek care owing to a lack of knowledge,and resource shortages in health care systems are obstacles to improve mental health among women in urban China.

An Analysis on Mental Health Education of College Students with Financial Difficulties

With the enrollment expansion of college and continuous reform of college education system and college charging system,the number of college students with financial difficulties is increasing. The college students with family financial difficulties not only bear the huge economic burden,but also bear the huge pressure of learning and mental stress,and they have many kinds of psychological problems including psychological distress of tension and anxiety,psychological conflict of self-respect and self-abasement,conflict of desire for interpersonal interaction and self-containment and strong vanity and dependence mentality. This paper puts forward the corresponding recommendations to solve these problems.

Mental Health and Quality of Life of Disable Palestinian Children in the Gaza Strip

The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of mental health problems and quality of life among Palestinian disable children. The sample consisted of 391 disable Palestinian children in the Gaza Strip which was selected randomly from the data base of two NGOs working with such group of children. The age of children ranged from 6 - 18 years with mean age (11.73). Instruments: The children and adolescents demographic data were collected by questionnaire include sex, age, class, and place of residence, Gaza Child Health Study Scales (parents and children forms), and The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory generic core (version 4.0) scale. The results showed that children reported mean conduct disorder was 1.33;oppositional disorder was 5;mean overanxious was 6.75;separation anxiety mean was 6.36;and depression was 7.57. There were statistically significant differences toward boys in depression. According to parents, mean conduct disorder mean was 1.94;mean oppositional disorder was 6.09;mean overanxious was 7.47;separation anxiety mean was 6.48;and mean depression was 9.6. The study showed that mean depression in boys was 10.4 compared to 8.9 in girls. There were statistically significant differences toward boys in depression. Parents of children with physical disabilities reported more overanxious problems in their children compared to other parents with other types of disabilities (vision, mental, and multiple). Also, parents of children with physical disability had more separation anxiety than other groups (mental and multiple disabilities). Quality of life of children was scored by children themselves;mean emotional functioning was 8.24;mean social functioning was 6.65;school functioning mean was 9.17;and cognitive functioning was 8.57. The study showed that mental health problems rated by children such as conduct disorder was positively correlated with emotional and cognitive functioning;oppositional disorder was correlated with emotional, social, and cognitive function;overanxious disorder was correlated emotional, school, and cognitive functioning;separation anxiety was correlated emotional functioning;and depression was correlated emotional, social, and cognitive functioning.

A Survey of Adolescent Mental Health from the Perspective of Sinology

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mental health status of adolescents. In this paper, the MHT test paper was used to evaluate the mental health status of 226 students in different places. MHT refers to the mental health test for primary and middle school students. Results: 1) 34 students had serious psychological tendency, which was mainly manifested in learning anxiety, anxiety about people, self-accusation tendency and impulse tendency;2) There are gender differences in mental health problems among school students, with more girls than boys. There are also regional differences, with more students in Guangdong than in other regions. There are also differences in learning stages, and there are more senior high school students than junior middle school students. Conclusion: 1) Students in school have different degrees of mental health problems. 2) These mental health problems are different due to three different factors.

心理健康问题的当代诠释:学理与系统视角

在百年未有之大变局下,心理健康问题需要从多维的系统角度重新诠释。就心理健康问题的性质而言,要反对诊断主义、还原主义、教育万能论等“本本主义”倾向;就心理健康问题的特点而言,它是一个连续性与阶段性统一的发展系统;就心理健康问题的影响因素而言,它是人与环境相互作用的一个生态系统;就心理健康问题的作用机制而言,它是一个集文化潮流、时代变迁等社会心理因素叠加的复杂系统。因此,心理健康教育不能“就事论事”,心理健康问题更不能“头痛医头,脚痛医脚”,它应该是一个有章可循的系统工程,需要创新系统思维,以学校教育、卫生健康、社会建设三个领域为横坐标,以个体、人际、群体、社会和环境五个维度为纵坐标,纵横交错、抓住结点,“综合治理、网格化治理”。

新时代高职学报编辑心理健康问题探讨

高职学报编辑作为精神文化产品的传播者,这一群体存在着诸如紧张、焦虑、抑郁、强迫思维与强迫行为和职业倦怠等心理健康问题。他们的心理健康状况需要得到有关部门的高度重视与关注,并且要采取有效措施维护他们的心理健康。在分析高职学报编辑心理健康的重要意义后,归纳了高职学报编辑存在的若干心理健康问题,并提出了提升高职学报编辑心理健康水平的有效途径。

家庭嘈杂度对儿童青少年心理健康影响的研究述评

家庭环境是儿童青少年心理健康发展的基石。本文以家庭嘈杂度作为家庭环境的切入点,从家庭嘈杂度概念和测量的发展演变入手,系统探讨了家庭嘈杂度对儿童青少年心理健康内化问题、外化问题的具体影响。在此基础上,针对已有研究不足,提出了修订儿童青少年版家庭嘈杂度量表、探究我国儿童青少年群体中家庭嘈杂度的基本特点、与心理健康的关系及其作用路径和边界条件的研究思路,以期为家庭、学校及政府相关部门改善儿童青少年家庭教育环境提供一定的参考和依据。

中国内地幼儿教师心理健康问题检出率的元分析:2000~2022

整合和分析中国内地幼儿教师心理健康问题的检出率及其原因,是针对性地改善幼儿教师心理健康问题的关键。2000~2022年间相关研究的元分析表明:(1)幼儿教师心理健康问题检出率由高到低分别为抑郁(11.2%)、焦虑(8.2%)、强迫问题(8.1%)、躯体化问题(6.6%)、敌对问题(6.4%)、偏执问题(5.7%);(2)城市地区躯体化、强迫、敌对和偏执问题检出率高于农村;(3)幼儿教师心理健康问题检出率随年代逐渐上升,其中抑郁和强迫问题最为显著;(4)测量工具和检出标准是检出率差异的关键因素。因此,呼吁研究者开发精确测量工具,统一检出标准,增加对城市地区幼儿教师的关注,有效遏制幼儿教师抑郁、强迫问题的增长趋势,为针对性的预防和干预措施提供支持。

中国内地大学教师心理健康问题检出率的元分析:2000~2022

为考察我国大学教师心理健康问题的基本情况,采用元分析方法对2000年至2022年发表的检出率研究进行综合分析。结果发现:(1)大学教师心理健康问题的检出率由高到低依次是睡眠问题(22.6%)、强迫问题(22.3%)、抑郁(21.3%)、焦虑(18.6%)、躯体化问题(15.3%)、偏执问题(14.1%)和敌对问题(14.0%)。(2)出版年代、测量工具、学校类型和经济区域是影响大学教师心理健康问题的重要因素。具体而言,大学教师的焦虑问题随年代呈上升趋势;焦虑、抑郁和睡眠问题的检出率与所使用的测量工具密切相关;普通高校教师的心理健康问题发生率普遍高于高等职业学校教师;东部地区教师的焦虑和抑郁问题比中西部教师更严重。未来应开发专门针对大学教师心理健康问题的测查工具,增加对普通高校和东部地区高校教师的心理援助,遏制大学教师焦虑的蔓延趋势,实现教师心理健康水平的整体提升。

中国内地小学教师心理健康问题检出率的元分析:2000~2022

小学教师心理健康问题的检出率在既有研究中存在较大分歧,难以准确掌握其总体心理健康水平。为明确小学教师心理健康问题的整体检出率并进一步分析其影响因素,对2000~2022年检索到的相关研究进行了元分析。结果发现:(1)小学教师心理健康问题的检出率由高到低依次是强迫问题(23.5%)、抑郁(18.3%)、躯体化问题(15.9%)、焦虑(14.7%)、敌对问题(13.8%)和偏执问题(12.4%)。(2)出版年代、测量工具和检出标准是影响小学教师心理健康问题的重要因素。(3)不同检出时间、性别、经济区域的小学教师心理健康问题检出率均不存在显著差异。总体而言,我国小学教师除强迫问题及抑郁检出率偏高外,整体心理健康状况尚可。结果提示未来研究应明晰检出标准,选择适合目标群体的心理健康测评工具;此外还应健全学校心理健康服务体系,防止教师抑郁、强迫问题转化为学生师源性心理障碍。