The short communication discusses the interrelationships of loxodromes,isometric latitudes and the normal aspect of Mercator projection.It is shown that by applying the isometric latitude,a very simple equation of the...The short communication discusses the interrelationships of loxodromes,isometric latitudes and the normal aspect of Mercator projection.It is shown that by applying the isometric latitude,a very simple equation of the loxodrome on the sphere is reached.The consequence of this is that the isometric latitude can be defined using the generalized longitude,and not only using the latitude,as was common until now.Generalized longitude is the longitude defined for every real number;modulo 2πof generalized and usual longitude are congruent.Since the image of the loxodrome in the plane of the Mercator projection is a straight line,the isometric latitude can also be defined using this projection.Finally,a new definition of theMercator projection is given,according to which it is a normal aspect cylindrical projection in which the images of the loxodromes on the sphere are straight lines in the plane of the projection that,together with the images of the meridians in the projection,form equal angles,as do the loxodromes with the meridians on the sphere.The short communication provides additional knowledge to all those who are interested in the theory of maps in navigation and have a piece of requisite mathematical knowledge,as well as an interest in map projections.It will be useful for teachers and students studying cartography and GIS,navigation or applied mathematics.展开更多
Genome sequences from over 200 plant species have already been published, with this number expected to increase rapidly due to advances in sequencing technologies. Once a new genome has been assembled and the genes id...Genome sequences from over 200 plant species have already been published, with this number expected to increase rapidly due to advances in sequencing technologies. Once a new genome has been assembled and the genes identified, the functional annotation of their putative translational products, proteins, using ontologies is of key importance as it places the sequencing data in a biological context. Furthermore, to keep pace with rapid production of genome sequences, this functional annotation process must be fully automated. Here we present a redesigned and significantly enhanced MapMan4 framework, together with a revised version of the associated online Mercator annotation tool. Compared with the original MapMan, the new ontology has been expanded almost threefold and enforces stricter assignment rules. This framework was then incorporated into Mercator4, which has been upgraded to reflect current knowledge across the land plant group, providing protein annotations for all embryophytes with a comparably high quality. The annotation process has been optimized to allow a plant genome to be annotated in a matter of minutes. The output results continue to be compatible with the established MapMan desktop application.展开更多
文摘The short communication discusses the interrelationships of loxodromes,isometric latitudes and the normal aspect of Mercator projection.It is shown that by applying the isometric latitude,a very simple equation of the loxodrome on the sphere is reached.The consequence of this is that the isometric latitude can be defined using the generalized longitude,and not only using the latitude,as was common until now.Generalized longitude is the longitude defined for every real number;modulo 2πof generalized and usual longitude are congruent.Since the image of the loxodrome in the plane of the Mercator projection is a straight line,the isometric latitude can also be defined using this projection.Finally,a new definition of theMercator projection is given,according to which it is a normal aspect cylindrical projection in which the images of the loxodromes on the sphere are straight lines in the plane of the projection that,together with the images of the meridians in the projection,form equal angles,as do the loxodromes with the meridians on the sphere.The short communication provides additional knowledge to all those who are interested in the theory of maps in navigation and have a piece of requisite mathematical knowledge,as well as an interest in map projections.It will be useful for teachers and students studying cartography and GIS,navigation or applied mathematics.
文摘Genome sequences from over 200 plant species have already been published, with this number expected to increase rapidly due to advances in sequencing technologies. Once a new genome has been assembled and the genes identified, the functional annotation of their putative translational products, proteins, using ontologies is of key importance as it places the sequencing data in a biological context. Furthermore, to keep pace with rapid production of genome sequences, this functional annotation process must be fully automated. Here we present a redesigned and significantly enhanced MapMan4 framework, together with a revised version of the associated online Mercator annotation tool. Compared with the original MapMan, the new ontology has been expanded almost threefold and enforces stricter assignment rules. This framework was then incorporated into Mercator4, which has been upgraded to reflect current knowledge across the land plant group, providing protein annotations for all embryophytes with a comparably high quality. The annotation process has been optimized to allow a plant genome to be annotated in a matter of minutes. The output results continue to be compatible with the established MapMan desktop application.
